Feed Mixture Research Articles

On the issue of substantiation of the mathematical model of the process of preparation of mixtures of protein-vitamin-mineral feed additives

The process of preparing feed mixtures using additives is a biotechnical system with deterministic relationships with technological and technical and economic characteristics, and a group of input, disturbing, control and output factors, taking into account which it is necessary to determine the rational machine technology, the structure of operations and the corresponding technical solutions that are embedded in the design of the unit. To describe the processes of mixing compound feeds, the main attention is paid to the analysis of energy parameters, the establishment by experimental means of rational parameters and modes of operation of mixers of different types, the determination of the speed of the product movement in the mixer, its performance and evaluation of the quality of mixing. The development of a general theory of the choice of rational modes and design features of mixers is carried out by compiling a system of equations that describes the functional behavior of individual elements, as well as the influence of connections with external factors imposed on their functioning.

Application of safflower, sainfoin and meadow clover in the feed mixture for cattle

Application of safflower, sainfoin and meadow clover in the feed mixture for cattle

СПЕКТРАЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА СМЕШИВАНИЯ МНОГОКОМПОНЕНТНОЙ КОРМОВОЙ СМЕСИ

In this paper, it is proposed to develop the theoretical foundations of spectral analysis of the quality of mixing feed components in various types of cooking and distribution machines. A camera equipped with a set of corrective light filters, a device containing a radiation source (excitation) and photodetectors, was developed and manufactured to conduct economic tests and test the scientific hypothesis. The number and size of objects obtained from the device on the binarized image allow us to judge the uniformity of mixing of the feed mixture. Qualitative assessment of indicators of features is reduced to the definition of clouds of points of objects (compound feed) and the calculation of their area. During the control of the mixing process of concentrated compound feed and coarse feed, the ratio of spectral characteristics increases, while the evaluation of the index Φ = f (ms, mk) allows you to build a map of the binarized image, where objects with a high content of chlorophyll (coarse feed) are highlighted in black, which absorb the radiation source, and concentrated compound feed is highlighted in white. The uniformity of distribution of the concentrated components of the feed mixture in the rough was evaluated by analyzing the binarized image map, while the maximum level of discrepancy in the analyzed samples was 5 % relative to the actual one.

HE PRODUCTIVITY OF DAIRY CATTLE UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING AND FEEDING TECHNOLOGIES

There have been analyzed the data of production activity of 32 experimental farms of NAAS system for the last 20 years. There have been established connections and peculiarities of influence of cattle housing and feeding technologies on energy efficiency of production in dairy cattle breeding. It is established that the amount of concentrated feeds on one cow per year was 6 metric cent more fodder units on loose housing farms than on tied one (p<0,01). Total feed costs per cow per year did not differ. Milk output per average cow per year was 1,290 kg higher in loose housing compared to tied housing with feed consumption per 1 kg of milk being 0.1 fodder unit lower (p<0.001). The strength of the effect of cow housing technology was 4.5% and 8.6% respectively. The feed consumption per cow per year and the amount of concentrated feed fed in the farms using the feed mixture feeding technology were 25% and 92% higher, respectively (p<0.001) compared to the separate feeding technology. In these farms, the milk output per average annual cow was 2070 kg higher and feed consumption per 1 kg of milk was 0.2 feed units lower (p<0.001). The strength of the impact of cow feeding technology was 10.8% and 38.4% respectively. Total feed intake and concentrate feed consumption probably did not differ between farms with different housing technologies for young cows. However, with loose housing, average daily gains of young animals were 45g higher compared to tied housing with 1.1 t of feed consumed per unit (p<0.05). There was a small effect of holding technology on these figures of 2.8% and 2.7% respectively. Consumption of forage per 1 head of young animals was higher by 3 cent of fodder units (p<0,001) while the amount of the consumed concentrated forage was not different when feeding with fodder mixtures. As a result, an average daily gain by 123g was higher in the farms that used the feed mixture feeding technology and the cost per unit of production was lower by 1.4 t of feed units. The strength of the influence of the factor in question was 23% and 6.2% respectively. The established relations and features of influence of technologies of the housing and feeding of dairy cattle indicate the greater energy efficiency of loose housing technology of cows and young cattle with feeding by full-feed mixture of fodder. Experimental farms pay insufficient attention to balancing feed rations, especially for young cattle, which leads to overconsumption of feed. Keywords: housing technology, feeding, feed consumption, dairy cattle, output, average daily gains, reproduction capability.

Determination of flight time of particle after reflection from lid of mixing chamber of mixer

An improved design of the continuous mixer cover is proposed. The mixer cover has reflectors mounted on the work surface and made as plates. The reflectors are positioned at an acute angle to the working surface of the mixer lid. The top of the reflector is facing in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the feed particles. The aim of the study is the theoretical study of the trajectory of the feed particles to determine the axial velocity of the feed mixture in the free space of the mixing chamber of the continuous mixer. The trajectory of the feed particles in the mixing chamber of the mixer has been studied. The equations for determining the flight time of the particle after reflection from the lid of the mixing chamber of the mixer are obtained.

Selection and justification of the optimal multifunctional design of the unit for the preparation and distribution of liquid feed mixtures in animal husbandry

The article deals with the problem of using various installations for mixing and preparing liquid feed mixtures in animal husbandry. The analysis of domestic and foreign installations capable of performing this function is carried out. But during the review process, many shortcomings and problems were identified that needed to be solved by developing a new design that would eliminate all the identified problems. Therefore, the design of two installations in horizontal and vertical versions is proposed, while the values of their pressure-energy (hydraulically) characteristics are given. This allowed us to determine their further expansion of functionality. This is how the process of drinking and feeding was considered, using experimental installations. The parameters for each livestock room are analytically calculated, which shows the effectiveness of the use of experimental installations.

Изучение видового состава грибов, обладающих токсигенным, патогенным и аллергенным влиянием, в кормах для куньих клеточного содержания

The aim of the research was to study the species composition of microscopic fungi with toxigenic, pathogenic and allergenic effects in feeds for cage keeping marten. The 120 samples of feed for martens from fur farms of the Russian Federation were selected. A microbiological study with pure culture of microscopic fungi isolation was performed to establish the species affiliation. Determination of the total toxicity of feed was carried out on white mice and rabbits. The allergy test was performed by applying a fungal allergen to the rabbits’ skin. To determine the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi, a bioassay was conducted on white mice. It was found that the species composition of microscopic fungi in the feeds for cage keeping marten is represented by eight species: Fusarium sporotrichioides, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus nigricans, Candida albicans. Pathogenic fungi account for 51 % of the total number of species found. Determin ation of the total toxicity of feed showed that 85,7 % of the studied feed mixture samples and 51,4 % of barley samples have toxicity, due to the presence of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Mucor genus fungi.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING DIFFERENT FORMS OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENT BASULIFOR TO CALVES DURING THE PREWEANING PERIOD

Feeding of probiotic supplements Basulifor to calves up to six months of age in dry (C) and liquid (G) forms containing strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus Licheniformis at 14.7-10.7 MJ of metabolic energy per 1 kg of dry matter of feed mixtures included in the diet had a positive effect on productivity and morphobiochemical parameters of blood. In the first scientific and economic setting, with the inclusion into the diet of calves from the second group of 15 g and from the third group of 20 g Basulifor-S per head per day, the average daily gains in live weight increased by 8.5% and 19.3%, respectively, relative to the control group, the increase in which was 686.0 ± 8.8g. In the second scientific and economic setting, when giving calves of the second and third experimental groups, respectively, 0.4 ml and 0.5 ml of Basulifor-Zh per liter of whole milk per head per day the average daily gains in live weight increased by 15.2% and 21.6% against the control, and amounted to 730±29.5g and 770±23.3 g. Morphobiochemical blood parameters were in the reference values of the norm in both settings. In the first setting, the blood counts did not differ significantly in all groups. In the second setting, an increase by 16.09% in the concentration of erythrocytes in the second experimental group and by 17.24% in the third was found, with a simultaneous decrease in the level of leukocytes by 22.16% and 18.29%, respectively, and an increase in the globulin fraction of proteins when using the liquid form of the probiotic supplement Basulifor-Zh, which allows us to talk about optimizing metabolism and increasing productivity.

Effect of supplementation of polyherbal feed additives on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in crossbred (LWY X Desi) finisher pigs

The present experimental trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of polyherbal feed additives on the growth performance and nutrient utilisation of pigs during the finisher phase. Five groups of six pigs each with body weight of 35 kg were fed a common concentrate feed mixture (CFM) without any herbal feed supplements (T0), CFM with Restobal @ 15ml/day/animal mixed with feed once in every three days (T1), CFM with Stresomix @ 250g/tonne (T2), CFM with Ruchamax (T3) and Nbiotic (T4) each @ 500g/tonne, respectively up to attaining of live weight about 70 kg. During the experiment, the daily feed intake as well as weekly body weight was recorded. A digestion trial of seven-day duration was conducted at the end of feeding trial. Addition of herbal feed supplements did not significantly (p>0.05) influence the initial, final body weights and feed consumption (kg/day) of pigs. Among all experimental groups of pigs, pigs fed with Stresomix (T2) attained 70 kg from 35 kg body weight in 75 days, followed by T3 and T4 groups in 79 days and T1 group in 82 days and T0 groups in 90 days. Significant (p<0.05) increase in CP digestibility was found in pigs fed with herbal feed supplements (T1 to T4) than control diet (T0) and there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in digestibility of other nutrients.It was observed that including polyherbal preparations at an acceptable dose with concentrate feed will improve pig performance and nutrient digestibility while having no negative impact on their health.

The Effect of Using Catfish Feed, Pollard Flour, and Rice Bran as a Hatching Substrate of Black Soldier Fly Larvae

BSF larvae have become a concern of researchers because it is a source of protein that can be used as an alternative feed. It also benefits the environment in the food cycle process and waste reduction. These various potentials must be balanced with an optimal BSF larvae cultivation process, using suitable materials to produce good and quality BSF larvae. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition of good BSF larvae hatching media, considering that hatching is the initial stage of BSF larvae cultivation which determines the growth process of BSF larvae. This study aims to choose the best medium between a mixture of catfish feed with pollard flour and rice bran. By knowing the optimal media for the growth of BSF larvae, optimal BSF larvae results will be obtained so that the provision of BSF larvae can be achieved economically. The method used is experimental method by applying two treatments and six replications. The parameters measured were the average body weight of the BSF larvae and the body length of the 8-day-old BSF larvae. The results then was analyzed using an independent statistical t-test. The results showed that the second treatment of a mixture of 250 grams of catfish feed with 250 grams of pollard flour was the best medium for maggot cultivation, with the results of 7,607 ± 1,505 body length and 0.153 ± 0.582 body weight.

Mycotoxicological monitoring of feed and its role in prevention of animal mycotoxicoses

Mycotoxins can accumulate in raw materials of plant origin at different technological stages of its production. Most often, the producers of mycotoxins are fungi of the genera Aspergillus , Fusarium , Penicillium and some others. The clinical symptoms of mycotoxicoses vary significantly, and lethal outcomes are possible. For this reason, the mycotoxicological study of various types of feed under production conditions is an indispensable component of veterinary support of industrial animal husbandry. As part of this study, a retrospective analysis of the results of a mycotoxicological study of feed for different animal species was carried out in the Omsk region in 2017-2021. All feeds received by the Omsk Regional Veterinary Laboratory for 5 years for the determination of mycotoxins were examined for the presence of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, aflatoxin B 1, deoxynivalenol. It was established that almost 70 % of the studied samples contained mycotoxins, including their maximum allowable level was exceeded in 74 samples. Exceeding the permissible levels was noted for the content of T-2 toxin (34 samples), zearalenone (27 samples), ochratoxin A (6 samples), aflatoxin B 1 (4 samples) and deoxynivalenol (3 samples). The largest number of cases of contamination was recorded in the study of feed and feed mixtures. The greatest danger is the multiple contamination of feed with mycotoxins. This increases the risk of developing comorbid conditions and the spread of opportunistic infections.

Feed preference and feeding behavior of different mouse species in laboratory housing

The feed preference of two species of wild mice, the house mouse (Mus musculus), and the mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus) was investigated (kept in our laboratory for 25 generations). Our interest focused on the feed preference (i.e. if the mice choose the type of feed closest to their natural food). The proximate composition of the two granulated feeds offered to mice differed minimally; the crude fat and crude fibre content of the natural feed mixture was higher, and only this feed contained insect protein. Based on the obtained results, both wild mice species approached the natural feed mixture more frequently than the two other granulated feeds. The same tendency was observed for feed consumption where the animals mostly consumed the natural feed mixture. During the 5-day long study, the consumption of the natural feed mixture increased continuously, while the consumption of the granulated laboratory feed decreased significantly. The average feed consumption was also influenced by room temperature. Our studies can help to develop the optimized indoor keeping and breeding of small domesticated mammals.

ИНТЕНСИФИКАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССА СМЕСЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ КОРМОВЫХ СМЕСЕЙ

The quality and reliability of the technological process of preparing feed mixtures has a significant role both on the properties of the manufactured product and on the productivity of animals. The use of standard mixer designs, as a rule, does not ensure the quality of mixtures, economy, efficiency and leads to an increase in energy costs for the implementation of the technological process. Despite the presence of a wide variety in mixer designs, the need for new mixer developments remains an urgent problem associated with the constant increase in requirements for the uniformity of feed mixtures. When preparing combined feeds of own production, the degree of uniformity should be 90...95%. The study of the mixing process was carried out for a two-shaft bladed mixer of continuous operation. During the research, three variants of the operation of the paddle mixer were considered, differing from each other in the number and size of the blades. The greatest intensity of mixing was in a mixer with smaller blades, but at the same time the segregation period was more than 50%. In all variants, 30...50% of the time is spent on convective mixing. High-quality mixing will be ensured by increasing the number of force impacts of the blades in the elementary mixing zones, which determine the total length of the continuous mixer. A new theoretical dependence of the mixing kinetics in a continuous-action paddle mixer is obtained. The formula shows that increasing the uniformity of the finished feed mixture can be achieved by controlling the mixing process and improving the working bodies of mixers. The efficiency of the mixing process is ensured first by creating a preliminary value of the homogeneity of the mixture Θ0, outside the mixing chamber, and then by varying the mixer parameters to ensure the required quality of the feed mixture. The obtained dependence is the basis for a new method of gravitational mixing and a device for its implementation.

Influence of sugarcane bagasse on in vitro degradability, rumen characteristics, nutrients digestibility, blood parameters and milk production of lactating buffaloes

This study aimed to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as exclusive roughage in lactating buffaloes on digestibility, milk production and composition, and microbial protein. In vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD) and organic matter digestion (IVOMD) for SCB as a replacement for barley straw (BS) of the control ration have been determined. In vivo experiment, 55 lactating buffaloes were randomly assigned into five groups. First group was fed the control ration (60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 40% BS), second group was fed 60% CFM and 30% BS + 10% SCB, third group was fed 60% CFM and 20% BS + 20% SCB, fourth group was fed 60% CFM and 10% BS + 30% SCB and fifth group was fed 60% CFM and 40% SCB. Results indicated that IVDMD% and IVOMD% degradability were increased with the inclusion SCB in rations compared with the control. Full replacement of BS by SCB 40% significantly (p < 0.05) increased nutrients digestibility coefficient with improving ruminal basic parameters. Buffaloes fed SCB40 had higher milk component yields, 4% fat corrected milk and plasma proteins, and lower plasma creatinine and cholesterol than control buffaloes (p < 0.05). Finally, the inclusion of SCB up to 40% in lactating buffaloes rations favorably affected rumen fermentation characteristics (in vitro) and improved nutrients digestibility and milk production (in vivo).

Substantiation of the Directions of Technological Development of Small Livestock Farms for Further Improvement of Their Efficiency

One of the tasks facing animal husbandry at present is to preserve and increase productivity and increase the herd in order to provide the domestic market with livestock products. The successful completion of this task primarily depends on the creation of a solid food base. This issue can be solved through the introduction of feed production technologies and the effective use of feed, regardless of natural conditions. The effective use of feed in animal feeding is possible only if they are well prepared and mixed with other components. The use of feed mixtures is aimed at expanding the use of vegetable residues and industrial additives, ensuring proper nutrition and digestibility of feed, increasing animal productivity by 10-26%, and reducing feed consumption per unit of production by 15-20%. The preparation, directly on the farm, of concentrated compound feeds based on industrial additives helps to solve several tasks simultaneously. It becomes possible to reduce the costs of transporting grain and finished feed to farms as raw materials to a feed mill, accounting for the feed base of the farm, balancing feed in accordance with the needs of animals. In the technological processes of preparing the feed mixture, the mixing operation plays an important role, which is manifested in the productivity of animals. However, this operation is energy-consuming, which affects the cost of the final product. It should also be noted that the available feed mixers do not always meet the zootechnical requirements, do not provide a feed mixture of the desired quality. The working process of small-sized plants for the production of concentrated feed is insufficiently studied and requires improvement in the direction of reducing energy consumption and improving the quality of finished products. As can be seen, the improvement of the mixing process of plants for the production of full-fledged concentrated compound feed in the direction of reducing energy consumption, improving the quality of feed mixtures is an important urgent problem in agriculture.

Compound feed industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan: modernization trends

Relevance – feed industry is important in providing agricultural, industrial enterprises, farms with necessary and high-quality feed. Granular compound feeds are in great demand, which can significantly reduce their losses, consumption, eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. The basis for production of livestock products is supply of first-class fodder. Purpose – the issues of competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, achievement of which is possible with the use of new highly efficient technologies for production of combined feed, are considered. Methods – comparative and system analysis, statistical and economic, logical generalization. Results – the article notes that equipping the resource base in the required volumes is required for proportional and balanced development of farms for processing of grain products and livestock industry - main components of grain and meat product subcomplexes and the link between them. The directions of development of feed industry in Kazakhstan are shown. Emphasis was placed on the need to increase the capacity of large manufacturing enterprises to provide feed products on industrial scale, as well as manufacture of dry nutritional feed mixtures for cattle, pigs in feed mills and factories using their own raw materials, mineral and vitamin supplements. In the republic, the basis for production of high-protein haylage is fodder grain, the value and significance of which are determined from two positions: cereals are used in human nutrition and for obtaining valuable animal protein. Conclusions – the authors state that production volumes, quality and assortment of grain fodder do not meet the needs of livestock sector in concentrated feeds that are complete in terms of nutrition and affordability. New feed mills are being put into operation in the country to supply Kazakhstani agricultural producers with compound feed, without purchasing imported products.

Synergistic Effect of Raw Tribulus terrestris With Vitamin E on Some Biochemical and Physiological Parameters in local Male Rabbits

This study was designed to investigate the synergistic effect of adding Tribulus terrestris with vitamin E to the feeding of domestic male rabbits on some biochemical and physiological traits. Where the experiment was conducted in the animal house at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. University of Baghdad, for 60 days from January until the end of February 2022. The experiment was carried out using 28 domestic rabbits 3 to 4 months of age, were divided into four groups, all animals were fed the same traditional feed mixture – the first control group T1, the 2nd group T2 received (Tribulus terrestris) , 3rd group T3 received Tribulus terrestris with vitamin E and 4th group T4 only received vitamin E. The dose of Tribulus terrestris was 1 g /animal /daily while the dose of vitamin E was 60 mg/ animal/daily for 8 weeks. The results are shown the addition Tribulus terrestris with or without vitamin E increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) in hemoglobin levels also hematocrit while non-significant differences in leukocytes, erythrocytes count and glucose concentration, while the total protein, albumin and globulin increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) in rabbits as compared with the control group. From results concluded that the Tribulus terrestris plant and vitamin E have a positive effect on some blood traits and serum proteins.

Testing the aerobic stability of silage-based mixed rations using a multiple indicator approach

Total Mixed Rations (TMR) including silages are commonly fed to cattle in many parts of the world, but they tend to deteriorate on exposure to air, especially in the warm season. The aim of the study was to develop an easy to implement protocol in order to compare the aerobic stability of different feed mixtures for lactating dairy cattle and to test the potential of TMR stabilizing products to delay spoilage. The experimental conditions were standardized to 25 °C ambient, and the sample dry matter was adjusted to 400 g kg-1 to challenge shelf life. Temperature rise in an insulated vessel, which is frequently used when testing silages, was shown to be one promising indicator of spoilage activity. Furthermore, determination of pH, scores for visual occurrence of yeasts and moulds and condensation from 0–4 were successfully applied at the end of the 72 h period. A dosage of 4.5 l propionic acid t-1 proved suitable as a positive control when compared to 1.5 and 3.0 l t-1. The commercial products tested at the recommended dose had a similar efficacy. The stabilizing effect depended principally on the original hygienic condition of the ration. Visual evaluation plus the recording of pH, in addition to continuous temperature measurement facilitated this appraisal. Early signs of spoilage, in particular, can only be assessed by visual appraisal. Thus, an evaluation of a combination of indicators of aerobic stability is recommended.

Optimization of 17α-methyltestosterone dose to produce quality mono-sex Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

The 17α-methyltestosterone is the most common synthetic hormone used in male mono-sex production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The current research aimed at finding out the most effective dose of 17α-methyltestosterone to produce quality Nile tilapia fry. Soon after absorbing the yolk sac, Nile tilapia fry was fed with a mixture of commercial fish feed and 17α-methyltestosterone for 28 days. Five doses of 17α-methyltestosterone, i.e., 0 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, and 80 mg per kg feed, were used to treat tilapia that has been reared for additional 90 days to compare sex reversal, development, and survival rates. Both gonad histology and Squash test were performed to expose the sex percentage of O. niloticus accurately. The highest male 94.44% was obtained at 60 mg 17α-MT/kg feed dose followed by 91.67%, 88.89%, 86.11%, and 47.22% at 70, 80, 50, and 0 mg 17α-MT/kg feed dose. The groups treated with 17α-methyltestosterone hormone showed superior growth performance in comparison to the control group. The highest weight (14.62 ± 0.59 g) and length (92.18 ± 3.01 mm) were found at 60 mg dose whereas the lowest weight (8.64 ± 0.38 g) and length (70.17 ± 3.75 mm) were in the control group. The group given 60 mg 17α-MT feed represented the highest survival rate (84.10%) among other hormone-treated groups. The study disclosed that 60 mg 17α-MT/kg feed might be treated as the optimal dose for producing quality mono-sex male tilapia in the commercial hatchery.

Numerical Investigation on the Dynamics of Mixture Transport in Flexible Risers during Deep-Sea Mining

Mixture transport from a seabed mining vehicle to a buffer is a key procedure in deep-sea mining. Dynamic performances of the particle–seawater mixture in a single-peak flexible riser were numerically investigated using computational fluid dynamics and the discrete element method. Both the time-averaged local characteristics and the instantaneous flow behaviors in the riser are presented. The effects of key parameters, such as feeding concentration and mixture transport velocity, were evaluated by a sensitivity analysis. Large local concentration accompanied by small particle velocity occurs in the ascending sections and increases the risk of blockage. The particle–wall contact reaches the maximum value at both the peak and trough of the single-peak riser. A small feeding concentration would reduce both particle–wall contact, and hydraulic gradient, whereas a moderate mixture transport velocity may be appropriate for the transport in terms of operation safety and energy efficiency. In addition, the mixture transport in a double-peak riser was simulated to examine which configuration is better for engineering applications. The lower maximum local concentration, particle–wall contact and hydraulic gradient and the larger minimum particle velocity indicate that a double-peak flexible riser may be more suitable for the mixture transport.