Cat Feeding Research Articles

Loss of animal feed due to infestation by Rhyzopertha dominica

Despite the use of natural food for livestock production, different animal feeds are currently available at the market. Long-term storage of these animal feeds lead to deterioration and contamination by insects. Therefore, it is important that the loss of these animal feeds be determined and methods to control the damage be sought. This study was conducted to determine the loss of eleven types of animal feed commonly used in Sri Lanka due to infestation by Rhyzopertha dominica, a major granivorous insect species. Twenty newly emerged adults of R. dominica were introduced separately to each animal feed: fish feed, rabbit feed, dog feed, cat feed, chick mash, grower mash, layer mash, broiler starter, broiler finisher, bird feed (Bajiri), and rice polish. Each animal feed was maintained either aerated or air tight. These parent adults were maintained for 21 days in the media under ambient environmental conditions (30°C, 65% relative humidity), and then removed. The progeny adults emerged in each feed sample were removed and the weight of the samples was determined at monthly intervals. In general, weight loss of animal feed varied with the feed type, duration of exposure, and aeration condition. Attention needs to be paid to protect those animal feeds that recorded higher losses due to R. dominica during storage.

Safety and efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (Lactobacillus acidophilus CECT 4529) as a feed additive for cats and dogs.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL when used in feed for cats and dogs at a minimum dose of 5 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/kg complete feedingstuffs. The additive is a preparation of viable cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus CECT 4529. This species is considered by the European Food Safety Authority to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to establishing safety for the target species and the environment. The safety of L. acidophilus CECT 4529 was assessed by EFSA in 2014. Following the QPS approach to safety assessment, L. acidophilus CECT 4529 is assumed to be safe for the target species and the environment without the need for further studies. No concerns are expected from other excipients present in the product, so Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL is also considered safe for target animals, including cats and dogs, and the environment. The safety of the additive for the user was also considered in that opinion. The FEEDAP Panel is unaware of any new data that would lead it to revise its conclusions that the additive should be considered to be an eye/skin irritant and a skin/respiratory sensitiser. Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL has some potential to reduce the moisture of stools from dogs and cats receiving the additive at 5 x 109 CFU/kg feed. However, the biological relevance of the magnitude of the effect detected is questionable.

Activity patterns and interspecific interactions of free-roaming, domestic cats in managed Trap-Neuter-Return colonies

There is very little information on the activity and experiences of stray cats living in managed Trap-Neuter-Return colonies. We explored this issue on a barrier island in the southeastern USA. We analyzed activity patterns relative to both individual cat and colony variables. We used 645 h of point-of-view (Kittycam) video from 26 cats to determine that cats spent an average of 89.5% of time in inactive states (resting, sleeping), 9% of time roaming, 0.6% eating or drinking at colony feeding stations and 0.9% of time hunting wildlife. The averages did not differ by sex nor did activity levels differ by colony location (close to developed or undeveloped island habitat). A total of 142 interspecies interactions were recorded between 29 TNR colony cats and local wildlife. Non-predatory encounters were primarily comprised of interactions with four species: raccoons, black vultures, white-tailed deer, and Virginia opossums. All interactions occurred at cat feeding stations, the majority within 2 h of the daily feeding time. Understanding stray cat activity patterns may provide insight into the welfare of domestic cats in the environment, including their exposure to injury and disease from interacting with other animals.

Introduction and Establishment of Raccoon Rabies on Islands: Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA as a Case Study.

The introduction of rabies virus (RABV) to barrier islands, which are often popular tourist destinations with resource-rich habitats and connectivity and proximity to the mainland, is especially concerning because it can easily become endemic due to factors like dense rabies-vector populations (e.g., raccoons [ Procyon lotor]), high inter- and intraspecies contact rates, and anthropogenic activities such as supplemental feeding of feral cats ( Felis catus). In January 2013, a neurologic raccoon found on the Jekyll Island (JI), Georgia, US causeway tested positive for rabies. Mortality investigations of 29 raccoons have been conducted between December 2012-May 2017. The two most common diagnoses were RABV ( n=11) and canine distemper virus (CDV; n=8). Parvoviral enteritis was diagnosed in four raccoons but no coinfections were diagnosed. There was no apparent seasonality for rabies cases, but all CDV cases occurred in spring-fall. Most (64%) rabies submissions came from residential or recreational use areas located near feral cat feeding stations. Jekyll Island is a popular destination where tourists engage in numerous outdoor activities which facilitate human-wildlife interactions. Concerns regarding public and animal health highlight the importance of rabies surveillance, prevention, and control on islands. This is the first report of rabies on JI and emphasizes the importance of disease investigations because the assumption that neurologic raccoons have CDV, an endemic pathogen, can miss the establishment of novel pathogens such as RABV.

Why Do People Feed Free-roaming Cats? The Role of Anticipated Regret in an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior in Malaysia

ABSTRACTFree-roaming cats are common in residential and public areas in Malaysia and approach people for food. However, the psychological determinants of public feeding are unknown. This study investigated public perceptions of feeding free-roaming cats, based on an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). It consisted of qualitative belief-elicitation interviews with 25 participants, followed by a quantitative survey of 167 participants, representative of the country’s population. The majority (87.2%) of the sample had fed free-roaming cats. The mean intention score (4.88 out of 7) indicated the public was likely, and would make an effort, to feed free-roaming cats in the future. The public’s benevolence toward animals largely explained the findings, based on generally positive attitudes and perceptions of moderate social credence and capability and confidence, underpinned by affective and cognitive beliefs. An important finding was the role of anticipated regret in predicting and explaining intentions, which contributed variance over and above that explained by the TPB constructs. The extended framework is explained by the influence of anticipated regret on the perceived evaluation of potential TPB outcomes, which in turn leads to the behavior becoming less volitional. Therefore, future TPB studies of people’s interactions with animals, such as free-roaming cats, should take account of affective and emotional antecedents of behavior, such as anticipated regret, to improve explanatory power. The study also has implications for managing public feeding of free-roaming cats, such as drawing on and strengthening the Malaysian public’s positive attitudes and emotional concern to redirect current feeding practices toward more constructive animal welfare initiatives. Such humane approaches align with the public’s sensitivity toward animal welfare and the historical development of cat population control from lethal methods to humane non-lethal methods to ensure adequate care.

Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Dry Feeds for Dogs and Cats

Cat and dog feed production has increased worldwide, and much emphasis has been placed on the importance of determining the mineral composition of pet foods. In this work, the concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Sr, V and Zn in dry feed for cats and dogs employing inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) were determined and evaluated according to regulatory agencies. Forty-one dry feed samples (24 dog feed and 17 cat feed) were analyzed. The obtained concentrations ranged from 2.3 mg kg-1 (Ba) to 2.8 g kg-1 (Ca) in cat feeds, and from 3.8 mg kg-1 (Cu) to 3.4 g kg-1 (Ca) in dog feeds. The concentrations of P are in accordance with the Brazilian legislation, and Mn and Zn contents met the American legislation. The concentration values of Cu, K and Mg presented in some samples were below the limits established by American regulatory agency. Based on multivariate data analysis evaluated from flavors of the products and brands, it was concluded that the feed samples were uniform since there was no trend to group formation and classification according to their mineral composition, except one dog feed brand, which had a significant content of Al and Cu.

Nutritional composition and evaluation of different methodologies for fat determination in wet feed for dogs and cats

As a consequence of the increasing number of dog and cat owners, the pet food industry is expanding the range of pet food products in the market. In order to obtain more necessary information about the wet food segment for dogs and cats, the aim of this study was to determine the nutritional composition, to evaluate the information declared on the labels, and to compare the composition with the FEDIAF recommendations for protein and fat. Furthermore, three different methodologies of fat analysis were compared: crude fat (CFa), crude fat after acid hydrolysis (CFAH), and fat content obtained with Ankom XT15 (ANKOM) to determine the most adequate method for fat determination in wet foods. Twenty-five wet food products were evaluated, 13 wet foods for dogs and 12 for cats. Centesimal composition analyses obtained in this study were compared with guaranteed analysis declared on the label and with FEDIAF minimum recommended requirements for each species. The results of the nutritional composition and the values described on the label and the evaluation of the three fat determination methods were compared using the mixed model test with repeated measurements in the same samples, respectively (p < 0.05) in the SAS program, evaluation of protein adequacy and fat content were analyzed by mathematical calculations of difference and proportion. No difference was observed between nutritional composition of wet foods and the values declared on the labels for the majority of the diets analyzed, and there was a predominance of products that exceeded FEDIAF minimum recommendations of protein and fat for both species. No difference was observed between the three methods of fat content evaluation (p = 0.68). It was concluded that wet foods evaluated in this study match the label information and FEDIAF nutrient requirement recommendations, considering recommended calorie intake. All three fat determination methodologies evaluated were similar, justifying the choice of the easiest or cheapest method.

Conducta del Puma Andino Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) en cautiverio Bajo un Programa de Enriquecimiento Ambiental en el Parque Zoológico «Taraccasa» (Apurímac, Perú)

Se aplicó un programa de enriquecimiento ambiental a pumas (Pumas concolor) del Parque Zoológico Taraccasa en Abancay (Apurímac, Perú) con el objetivo de monitorear cambios de conducta. Se observaron cuatro pumas (tres hembras, un macho) de 3 a 9 años de edad. Se utilizaron cuatro tipos de enriquecimiento ambiental: físico (taburetes de madera, troncos), alimenticio (carne de equino, alimento balanceado de gatos), sensorial (costales con esencias aromáticas y especias, orines de zorros y venados), y social (pelotas con piel de equino). El estudio consideró la etapa previa al enriquecimiento ambiental (24 días) y la etapa durante el enriquecimiento ambiental (24 días). Se registraron las conductas entre 09:00 a 12:00 y entre 16:00 a 18:00 con cámara de video. Las conductas individuales con incremento significativo fueron el cuidado corporal, locomoción, observación, exploración, búsqueda (p<0.001) y disminución de un comportamiento anormal como el pacing (p<0.001), mientras que en las conductas grupales que incrementaron la aproximación y marcaje (p<0.001) y disminuyó la persecución (p<0.001). Se concluye que el programa de enriquecimiento ambiental aplicado a los pumas tuvo un efecto positivo, al aumentar los comportamientos de actividad y sociales normales y disminuir la estereotipia.

Understanding the context for pet cat and dog feeding and exercising behaviour among pet owners in Ireland: a qualitative study

BackgroundPet cat and dog obesity contributes to increased risk of several diseases, including cancer and diabetes mellitus as well as a worsening of orthopaedic problems, and a reduction in survival rate. This study aims to develop a better understanding of cat and dog owners’ self-reported beliefs and factors that influence owner behaviour around feeding and exercising their pet cat or dog, as there is a lack of in-depth understanding in this area. Seven focus group discussions, with 43 pet owners in total, were conducted.ResultsPet owners often reported a perceived a low level of control over feeding; often undermined by other people feeding of their pet, their pets begging for food, and their pets attitude towards food. Treats were used in the absence of owner control over pet begging and emotional attachment, and to influence pet behaviour. The majority of participants had positive attitudes to pet exercise, which could be related to pet specific requirements, especially differences in cats and dogs. There were some negative experiences of stress associated with dog walking and fears over aggressive confrontations with other dogs.ConclusionFeeding one’s pet is influenced by beliefs about pet specific needs, pet food and pet health, pet owners’ perceived control over feeding, and the implications for the pet owner. Pet exercise is influenced by beliefs about pet specific exercise needs, and the implications of exercising one’s pet for the pet owner. Understanding owner behaviours on feeding and exercise allows for a more targeted approach to preventing and treating pet obesity.

Multivariate Optimization of Conditions for Digestion of Wet Feeds for Dogs and Cats Using a Closed Digester Block and Multielement Determination by ICP-OES

A full 24 factorial design was applied to find the best combination of diluted reagents (HNO3 and H2O2), time, and temperature for the digestion of samples of wet feed for dogs and cats using a closed digestion block. The residual carbon concentration (RCC) was used as the response in the factorial design. All variables and their interactions significantly influenced the digestion of the feed samples, as indicated by the RCC. The conditions established for the digestion of 0.05 g (dry mass) wet feed samples were the addition of 3.0 mol/L HNO3 and 5.0% m/m H2O2 in a final volume of 10 mL, followed by heating in a closed digestion block at a temperature of 170°C for 120 min. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometry (OES). LOQs ranged from 0.2 μg/g (Mg and Sr) to 51 μg/g (P). Accuracy of the analytical method was confirmed through the analysis of the Standard Reference Materials Tomato Leaves (NIST 1573), Apple Leaves (NIST 1515), and Peach Leaves (NIST 1547). The agreement values achieved ranged from 80.2 ± 0.3% for Ba to 113.8 ± 7.1% for Zn (n = 3). Addition and recovery tests were carried out by adding the analytes to a feed sample at two concentration levels, and the recoveries were between 84 ± 6 and 114 ± 10% for macroelements (Ca, K, Mg, and P; n = 3) and between 88 ± 3 and 113 ± 7% for microelements and trace elements (B, Cu, Fe, Sr, and Zn; n = 3). The precision values achieved for the different elements, expressed as RSDs, were better than 7.3% (Zn; n = 3) except for Cu determination, that was 14.6% (n=3). The optimized analytical method was applied to 10 commercial samples of wet feed for cats and dogs, with the concentrations of Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn determined by ICP-OES.

Safety of Allura Red AC in feed for cats and dogs

Safety of Allura Red AC in feed for cats and dogs

Update of the Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of erythrosine in feed for cats, dogs, reptiles and ornamental fish

Erythrosine is a sensory additive belonging to the functional group colourants, namely “substances that add or restore colour in feedingstuffs”. Derived from a No Observed Adverse Effect Level determined in a 60-day rat study (30 mg erythrosine/kg body weight per day based on perturbation of thyroid function) and applying an uncertainty factor of 100, safe concentrations in complete feed are estimated to be 16 mg/kg for dogs, 13 mg/kg for cats and 59 mg/kg for ornamental fish. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) is not in a position to derive a safe concentration of erythrosine in feed for reptiles. Regarding the iodine content of erythrosine (56 %) and the limitation in the analytical determination of erythrosine in feed, the use of erythrosine in complete feed for dogs, cats and reptiles would be limited to a maximum of 18 mg/kg and for ornamental fish would be limited to 35 mg/kg feed to comply with the currently authorised maximum content of total iodine in complete feed. Erythrosine has the potential to add red colour to feedingstuffs, which was demonstrated in complementary feed at a range of 50 to 500 mg/kg.

The assessment of daily dietary intake reveals the existence of a different pattern of bioaccumulation of chlorinated pollutants between domestic dogs and cats

Pet dogs and cats have been proposed as sentinel species to assess environmental contamination and human exposure to a variety of pollutants, including POPs. However, some authors have reported that dogs but not cats exhibit intriguingly low levels of some of the most commonly detected POPs, such as DDT and its metabolites. This research was designed to explore these differences between dogs and cats. Thus, we first determined the concentrations of 53 persistent and semi-persistent pollutants (16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 18 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)) in samples of the most consumed brands of commercial feed for dogs and cats, and we calculated the daily dietary intake of these pollutants in both species. Higher levels of pollutants were found in dog food and our results showed that the median values of intake were about twice higher in dogs than in cats for all the three groups of pollutants (ΣPAHs: 274.8 vs. 141.8; ΣOCPs: 233.1 vs. 83; ΣPCBs: 101.8 vs. 43.8 (ng/kgbw/day); respectively). Additionally, we determined the plasma levels of the same pollutants in 42 and 35 pet dogs and cats, respectively. All these animals lived indoors and were fed on the commercial brands of feed analyzed. As expected (considering the intake), the plasma levels of PAHs were higher in dogs than in cats. However, for organochlorines (OCPs and PCBs) the plasma levels were much higher in cats than in dogs (as much as 23 times higher for DDTs), in spite of the higher intake in dogs. This reveals a lower capacity of bioaccumulation of some pollutants in dogs, which is probably related with higher metabolizing capabilities in this species.

The relationship between individual behavioural styles, dominance rank and cortisol levels of cats living in urban social groups

Individual animals show differences in temperament, often correlated with ecologically important behavioural patterns such as dominance, and with physiological responses to environmental perturbations, such as cortisol levels. Identifying these temperaments in animals may reveal adaptive patterns of behaviour and physiology that could be used to improve their fitness and welfare in human-controlled environments. We examined the possible relationship between individual temperaments, social dominance levels and cortisol levels in regularly fed urban groups of free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus L.) that are routinely subjected to the Trap-Neuter-Release procedure (TNR). We designed three behavioural tests that aimed at assessing the cats’ boldness levels and determining the individual temperaments using a principle component analysis. Individual social dominance rank was determined from observations of social encounters before and during feeding. Cortisol levels were measured from hair samples collected from the cats. Significant differences were exclusive to females, with the intact females scoring higher on the boldness factor compared to the neutered females (median of 0.47±0.981 and −0.168±1.015, respectively, Post hoc Chi square, P<0.05). A positive correlation was found between cortisol levels and dominance scores in the intact females: the more dominant an individual intact female was the higher her cortisol level was (n=14, Pearson correlation, R2=0.592, P<0.05). No correlation was found between dominance rank and boldness or between boldness and food dominance. In summary, our results suggest that in urban cat feeding groups, where cats are dependent on a regular food source and where their individual survival does not absolutely depend on their dominance rank, their social status was independent from their individual boldness. The differences found in the behavioural tests, between the neutered and the intact females are probably rooted in different motivation levels rather than different temperaments.

Effects of sitagliptin on plasma incretin concentrations after glucose administration through an esophagostomy tube or feeding in healthy cats

We investigated the effect of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, on plasma incretin concentrations after glucose administration through an esophagostomy tube or feeding in healthy cats. Six cats were used for the glucose administration experiment and 5 cats were used for the feeding experiment. Glucose administration through an esophagostomy tube increased plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations by 6-fold, whereas plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations did not change. Feeding increased both plasma GLP-1 concentrations by 1.5-fold and GIP concentrations by 4.6-fold. Sitagliptin was administered through an esophagostomy tube (25 and 50 mg per cat) in the glucose administration experiment and orally (25 mg per cat) in the feeding experiment. Sitagliptin treatment potentiated the GLP-1 response to glucose by 1.5-fold (P < 0.05). In addition, postprandial plasma GLP-1 concentration was higher by 2-fold when sitagliptin was administered (P < 0.05). In contrast, administration of sitagliptin did not affect plasma GIP concentrations after glucose administration or feeding. Sitagliptin enhanced insulin secretion following glucose administration by 1.5-fold (P < 0.05); however, it did not influence the plasma glucose concentration. Furthermore, sitagliptin had no effect on the postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. In conclusion, this study provides no evidence that sitagliptin is beneficial for management of feline diabetes mellitus.

Scientific Opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed

A critical review of (i) the zinc requirements of food-producing and pet animals, (ii) the zinc concentration of feed materials and (iii) the calculated background zinc concentration of complete feed supports the possibility of a considerable reduction of the currently authorised maximum concentration for total zinc in feed. The FEEDAP Panel developed, based on an approximation using zinc requirements and background data, potential new maximum contents, which could replace the current ones. The newly proposed total maximum contents are: 150 mg Zn/kg complete feed for piglets, sows, rabbits, salmonids, cats and dogs; 120 mg Zn/kg complete feed for turkeys for fattening; 100 mg Zn/kg complete feed for all other species and categories. The use of phytase in feeding piglets, pigs for fattening and sows would allow a further reduction of the newly proposed total maximum contents by 30 % (from 150 to 110 mg Zn/kg feed for piglets and sows and from 100 to 70 mg Zn/kg feed for pigs for fattening). The newly proposed total maximum contents ensure health, welfare and productivity of the target species and do not affect consumer safety. The FEEDAP Panel expects that the introduction of the newly proposed total maximum contents, provided they are applied in feeding practices, would result in an overall reduction of zinc emissions from animal production of about 20 %.

Halal Cat Food for the World Market

Currently, University Technology Malaysia (UTM) is engaged with a well-known private company in Malaysia to develop halal cat food for the world. A team of scientists from UTM was formed for the development of cat food from preparing palatants to producing canned cat and kibbled cat food formulation on a commercial scale to fulfil the vast market demand, as well as to act as contract manufacturer for this private company. Financial aid is made available by the university and Malaysian government. The promising market potential of cat food is estimated to be over USD27 billion with over 7 million tonnes produced in 2013 (35% of the pet food market). It is expected to grow at 5.5% in value and 2% in volume; and this had driven the project to be initiated by UTM. The idea of halal, itself is a selling point to the Muslim consumers and the world at large. The world’s Muslim population is estimated to be around 1.6 billion, while the world population is estimated to be at 4.6 billion. The demand for halal products is ever growing with emerging markets in India & China. In addition, the purchasing power of the Muslims is growing, where between 1990 and 2010, the Growth Domestic Product (GDP) per capita for Muslims globally had risen from a Cumulative Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.8% in comparison to global GDP per capita which is only at CAGR of 5.0%. Cat food will come in human contact during feeding, handling, cleaning of feeding utensils under the same washing basin and dishwasher. Many times cat food will engage with human food storage facilities such as in the refrigerator and May to some extent affect the human food chain if it is not halal. Most of the available cat feed produce worldwide is non halal and majority are known to contain residues of porcine, dog materials and blood meal, deem unhealthy and unclean by the Muslims community.

Risk factors and spatial distribution of urban rat infestations

Urban rat infestations have multifactorial causes and may result in severe public health and environmental problems, as well as heavy economic losses. The identification of putative environmental determinants of urban rat infestations and the mapping of areas prone to experiencing such infestations (hot spots) are crucial for effectively addressing intervention efforts. We investigated the associations between a selection of environmental factors and the occurrence of rat infestations in the city of Madrid, Spain. This was done by modelling 10,956 citizen-reported rat sightings from 2002 to 2008 using generalized additive models, both at municipality (Madrid) and district (Latina) levels. Increased age and density of housing, and decreased distance to vegetated areas, markets and cat feeding stations were factors associated with an increased risk of rat infestations. Risk maps for rat infestations were also developed and recurrent hot spots of rat activity were identified. Although a better fit to the data was obtained in the model for the smaller scale and possibly more environmentally homogenous study area of Latina, modelling the spatial distribution of rat sightings was useful for identifying factors associated with an increased risk of urban rat infestations, as well as for identifying hot spots of rat activity, providing local authorities with a practical tool for effectively targeting intervention efforts to high-risk situations based on the local environmental contexts.

Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) as a feed additive for cats and dogs

Brilliant Blue FCF, an authorised food colourant, is intended to be used as a feed additive for dogs and cats without a maximum content. The applicant reported a typical inclusion level in feed for the target species. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered Brilliant Blue FCF as safe for cats and dogs up to a maximum concentration of 278 and 334 mg/kg complete feed, respectively. Considering the large discrepancy between reported use and safe dietary levels of Brilliant Blue FCF, the FEEDAP Panel recommended the introduction of a maximum content of 300 mg/kg complete feed for cats and dogs. Brilliant Blue FCF should be regarded as an inhalation hazard. In the absence of data on skin and eye irritancy, it would be prudent to regard Brilliant Blue FCF as being potentially irritating to skin and/or eyes. Skin exposure of workers to Brilliant Blue FCF is not expected to cause skin sensitisation or local neoplasias. The FEEDAP Panel also considered Brilliant Blue FCF as effective in colouring feed for the target species.

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Allura Red AC (E 129) in feed for cats and dogs

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Allura Red AC (E 129) in feed for cats and dogs