Feed Factories Research Articles

Determination of Equilibrium Moisture Content in Trade Distribution

Maize is one of essential crop in Indonesia. Maize trade distribution showed economic condition in society. If the distribution trade was poor, the quality and quantity of product will be low, consequences to uncontrolled condition in society. Every actor in distribution trade play important role. Farmer for instance, if the farmer produces low quality of maize grain, will resulted unacceptable product in factory. The acceptance of maize in feed factory is determined by several factor, such as moisture content, microorganism contamination, and presence of pest. To know the best recommendation treatment to prevent rejected product in feed factory, it is important to de-termine the moisture content in trade distribution, because the higher mois-ture content would increases the possibility of microorganism contamina-tion. Besides, the best condition storage is also critical for keeping the quali-ty of maize grain. Therefore, determination of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) will help the policies maker to consider environment condition for their storage. In this study, the maize EMC was determined using Hender-son’s equation. The results showed that the highest EMC was found in the maize after threshing (23.49±0.58%). The postharvest treatment, such as drying and sortation is very important apply in such point

Balıkesir Mixed Feed Production and Current Situations of Feed Mills in Province

Bu çalışmada, Balıkesir ilindeki yem fabrikalarının mevcut durumlarının tespit edilmesi ve karma yem sektörünün sorunlarına yönelik çözümler önerilmesi amacıyla ildeki fabrikaların idari ve teknik alt yapıları, üretim, pazarlama, hammadde, kalite, kapasite kullanım oranı (KKO), istihdam ve sorunları araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, ildeki faal haldeki 24 yem fabrikası ziyaret edilmiş ve toplam 48 sorudan oluşan anket uygulanarak elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Balıkesir ilindeki yem fabrikalarının kurulu kapasitelerinin yaklaşık 4.5 milyon ton yıl yem olduğu, bu kurulu kapasiteye karşılık 2018 yılında 1.87 milyon ton yem üretimi ile KKO’nun %41.5 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İldeki yem fabrikalarının 17’si anonim şirket, 7’si limitet şirket iken; fabrikaların %37.5’inin otomatik, %41.7’sinin yarı otomatik ve %20.8 ’inin ise manüel olduğu ve yem fabrikalarında toplam 1005 kişinin istihdam edildiği saptanmıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre ildeki yem fabrikalarının %66.7’sinde hammadde ve yem analiz laboratuvarlarının bulunduğu ve %83.3’ününde bir rasyon hazırlama programı kullandıkları, fabrikaların %95.8’i hammadde ve yem depolamada kullanılmak üzere hem dikey hem yatay siloya sahip olduklarını bildirmişlerdir. İlde 2018 yılında üretilen karma yemin %50’sini kanatlı, %45’ini büyükbaş, %5’ini ise küçükbaş hayvan yemleri oluşturmuştur. Üretim maliyetlerinin %79’unun hammadde, geri kalan %21’inin ise işletme maliyetlerinden oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Hammadde fiyatlarının yüksekliği ve temin zorluğu, döviz kuru yüksekliği ve kur oynaklığı, haksız rekabet ve kayıtsız üretim ile iç talep yetersizliği en önemli sorunlar olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ildeki yem fabrikalarının çoğunluğunun idari ve teknik donanımları ile laboratuvar altyapılarının yeterli olduğu, fabrikaların en önemli sorunlarının ise KKO’larının düşüklüğü ve hammadde fiyatlarının yüksek olması olarak belirlenmiştir.

Measurement and Development of Prediction Models for Metabolizable Energy Contents of Corn Samples Collected from Poultry Feed Factories in Iran using Regression Equations

Measurement and Development of Prediction Models for Metabolizable Energy Contents of Corn Samples Collected from Poultry Feed Factories in Iran using Regression Equations

Characteristics of Dairy Value Chain in Jordan

The objective of this report is to analyze the milk value chain in Jordan depending on information gathering by own experience and The Jordan’s ministry of agriculture report 2015.
 Total amount of milk production by dairy subsector is (266599) tons which represent 44% of total milk consumption, Sheep and Goat milk production is (78436) tons and the amount of imported milk converted as fresh milk is (262845) tons, which is represent more than 43% of total consumption.
 The agriculture sector in Jordan consists of two main sub-sectors: Crop production and livestock industry. Livestock is estimated to contribute to about one-half of the total agricultural GDP. The production of food producing animals is valued to around JD820 million; JD435 million generated from the poultry industry and JD385 million from dairy cattle and small ruminants (sheep and goats) enterprises Ministry of Agriculture.
 The livestock industry consists of facilities of food producing animals (dairy cattle, poultry, sheep, and goats) and several supporting services (factories of veterinary medicines, feed factories, milk processing plants, slaughter houses, and marketing services).

Empirical modelling the quality of pelleted feed for broilers and pigs

This study was developed to model the pellet quality to identify influential factors in an industrial pelleting process of feeds for broilers and pigs. Two independent databases were used to calibrate and to validate the models. Each column of the spreadsheet represented a descriptive variable of the manufacturing process (yield, amperage, pressure in the conditioner, and temperatures of the environment, the conditioner, and the cooler), feed characteristics (inclusion of the ingredients in the feed formula and bromatological composition of the main ingredients), and pellet quality (percentage of fines and pellet durability index - PDI). Each row of the spreadsheet represented one observation, or the equivalent of a lot of feed produced. The data were submitted to graphical analysis, descriptive statistics, and regression analysis by step-wise procedure. Three models were developed for each variable (yield, percentage of fines, and PDI): Model I, characteristics of the manufacturing process and inclusion of the ingredients in the formula; Model II, characteristics of the manufacturing process and weighted bromatological composition; and Model III, characteristics of the manufacturing process, inclusion of the ingredients in the formula, and weighted bromatological composition. The accuracy of the models (validation) was evaluated by the mean square of the predicted error (MSPE). The models obtained in this study differed from each other in the number of predictors selected in the statistical procedure. However, the main factors have been found repeatedly in the models. The amperage represented at least 22.84 % of the total variance, the cooling temperature responded by at least 2.93 %, and the inclusion of soybean oil in the feed formula accounted for at least 4.21 %. The models that considered characteristics of the manufacturing process and the inclusion of the ingredients in the formula (Models I) were the most accurate (lower MSPE) in relation to the Models II and III of each response. The pelletizing process requires constant monitoring in the feed factories and the models generated in this study are useful in the quality assurance sectors, providing a better definition of the monitoring parameters.

Globalization of the Market for Vegetable Protein Feed and Its Impact on Sustainable Agricultural Development and Food Security in EU Countries Illustrated by the Example of Poland

In recent years, food security—defined as the economic and physical availability of food—has become a topic of particular importance to European countries, including Poland. In the European Union, the production volume of protein raw materials has failed to meet the demand for many years now. The deficiency reaches 60–80% of protein raw material and is covered by imported goods, primarily including soya bean meal sourced from the Americas. This type of dependency could pose a threat to food security in Poland and in many other EU countries. The main purpose of this paper was to identify the condition of the market for vegetable protein feed around the world, in the EU and in Poland and to use the example of Poland to indicate the economic and environmental consequences of globalization processes affecting the feed industry. An attempt was also made to determine the impact of these processes on sustainable development and on self-sufficiency in vegetable proteins. As a source of information, this study relied on numeric data from databases delivered by the FAO, FEFAC, Alltech, Oil World, Central Statistical Office and the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics—the National Research Institute. The study period was 2010–2018. The methodology proposed by Chechelski was used to assess the globalization process in the Polish feed industry. Primary data used to meet the objective defined above were retrieved from empirical studies carried out with 180 selected farms from all over the country and 74 feed factories. One of the conclusions is that the globalization process in the Polish market for vegetable protein feed resulted in changing the feed production technology by marginalizing the use of native sources of plant protein. As the farmers lack interest in cultivating these plants, they cannot reap the natural benefits derived from them. From the perspective of environmental impacts, this perturbs the sustainable agriculture concept.

Yem Fabrikalarında Uygulanan Teknolojik İşlemlerin Karma Yem Besin Maddesi İçeriklerine Etkisinin Belirlenmesi ve Kalite Kritik Noktaları Oluşturulması

Bu çalışmada, karma yem fabrikalarında hazırlanan yemlerin kalitesinin üretimden önce belirlenmesi için kalite kritik noktalarının oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için, karma yem üretiminde kalite kontrol noktalarının oluşturulması ve bu noktaların sürekli denetlenmesi gerekmektedir. Yaptığımız çalışma ile, karma yem üretiminde kullandığımız hammaddelerin kalitesini (yem besin maddesi içeriklerini) belirleyip daha sonra yem fabrikalarında karma yemde önemli teknolojik değişime sebep olan; değirmen, mikser, melasiyer, tavlama, pelet presi, soğutucu ve paketleme bölümlerinde kalite kritik noktaları oluşturulmuştur. Söz konusu bölgelerden 4 farklı karma yemden (bıldırcın yemi, yumurtacı, süt sığırı ve besi karma yemi) numune alınmıştır. Çalışma özel bir yem fabrikasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öncelikle bu karma yemlere ait bilgisayarda formülasyon programı ile rasyonlar hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra belirlenen noktalardan numuneler alınmış ve besin madde içerikleri (kuru madde, ham protein, ham yağ, ham selüloz, ham kül, nişasta, şeker, metabolik enerji değeri) kimyasal ve NIRS yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Değirmen çıkışından alınan numuneler, kimyasal ve NIRS yöntemi ile yapılan analiz sonuçları karma yemlerin formülasyon değerlerinden çok farklı olmuştur. Diğer gerçekleştirilen kalite kritik noktalarından (değirmen, mikser melasiyer, tavlama, pelet pres girişi, pelet pres çıkışı, soğutucu ve paketleme) alınan değerler ise büyük oranda formülasyon verileri ile benzer özellik göstermiştir. Böylece, yem fabrikalarında değirmen hariç, söz konusu belirlenen noktalardan örnekler alınarak, karma yemin kalitesi tahmin edilebilecektir. Araştırma sonucunda elde ettiğimiz bulgulara göre, mikser altı bunkerden alınan numunesinden elde edilen sonuçlar, karma yemlerin formülasyon değerlerinden yakın değeri göstermiş ve en uygun kalite kritik noktası olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

PSVIII-13 Assessment of broiler chickens meat productivity

Abstract At present, modern high-yielding crosses of broiler chickens are used to produce high-quality meat with high technological and consumer properties. To assess the meat productivity of broiler chickens grown on fodder produced in the conditions of the poultry factory at our own feed factory, a control slaughter was carried out at the age of 42 days. Analysis of the data obtained shows that with an average poultry live weight of 2000 ± 50 g, the slaughter yield of broiler chickens was 71.8 ± 0.13%. At the control slaughter, we found that the weight of the gutted carcass was 75.23%, offal 10.32%, and technical waste 14.45% (Figure 1).When studying the quantitative and qualitative composition of by-products, we found that liver accounted for 18.42%, stomachs 7.47%, heart 3.39%, neck 12.59%, legs 33.9%, heads 24.23 % by weight of offal.In the structure of technical waste feather is 24.92%, blood is 32.87%, intestine is 42.21% (Figure 3).Thus, the results of our research show that when cutting broiler chickens grown on self-made feeds under the conditions of modern poultry enterprises with a closed production cycle, gutted carcass weight is 75.23%, while legs and heads constitute the main bulk of the mass of by-products.

Detection of Aflatoxin in Poultry Feed and Feed Materials through Immuno Based Assay from Different Poultry Farms and Feed Factories in Bangladesh

Current study investigated the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed and feed materials in different poultry farms and feed factories in Bangladesh. A total of 100 samples of finished feed and raw feed materials were collected and tested through direct competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for total aflatoxin detection. Overall, 97% samples (n=97/100) in our study, were found positive for aflatoxin contamination. Among finished feed categories, layer grower feed contained highest level of aflatoxin with a mean value of 21.64 ppb whereas layer feed was less susceptible for aflatoxin contamination (mean value 9.49 ppb). Between raw feed materials, maize samples were highly contaminated (n=15/15, 100%) with aflatoxin while 86.67% soybean samples showed positive result. Twenty one percent (21%) of the samples in our study contained aflatoxin concentration more than the acceptable limit employed by USFDA and many other countries which might pose severe health risk to poultry and human consumer. Proper surveillance and immediate control measures should be taken to ensure safe poultry feed and feed materials.
 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 1 June 2018, pp 75-78

Aspergilli and aflatoxin B in finished feed for farmed Nile tilapia

In aquaculture, Aflatoxins are the most recorded between all mycotoxins. It seems to be particularly prone to deposition in several fish tissues representing a risk for human consumption. Aspergillus flavus is the major producer of aflatoxin that commonly contaminates food and feed all over the world. A total of 57 finished fish feed samples were collected from feed factories in Cairo, Dakahlia and Kafr El Sheikh governorates, Egypt. Twenty nine fungal isolates belonging to four species were recovered from the collected feedstock. A. flavus was the most frequently isolated species (29.82%) compared with the other fungal species which include: A. parasiticus (12.28%), F. oxysporum (7.01%) and F. sporotrichioides (1.75%).Mycotoxin profile was determined using high performance liquid chromatography, Aflatoxins were detected in the culture filtrate of only 4 isolates of A. flavus out of the 17 examined these four isolates were deposited under the strain codes: AUMC 13909, AUMC 13910, AUMC 13911 and AUMC 13917. A. flavus strain AUMC13917 can produce both aflatoxins B1 (1.016 µg /L) and B2 (0.314 µg /L). while, the remaining three isolates AUMC13909, AUMC 13910 & AUMC 13911 were able to produce only aflatoxin B1 (8.082 µg/L, 1.617 µg/L & 0.141µg/L, respectively). Naturally occurring aflatoxin B1 was also detected in 4 samples of fish feed and a single sample was contaminated with aflatoxin B2. Aflatoxin B1 was the prevalent mycotoxin within the collected feed samples, which is the most toxic aflatoxin chemotype. Yield of this aflatoxin differed between A. flavus strains and concentrations ranged from 0.106 to 11.546 mg/kg. The levels of aflatoxin detected in this study point to possible potential risks to fish health, performance and to aquaculture future investment.

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Assessment on abiotic factors and the presence of storage mites in an animal feed factory</span>

Pest mites found in grain, flour, and feed warehouses and also on the shelves of business establishments are common in Brazil. This study aimed at describing the mite fauna associated with environmental factors and several production-line environments inside animal feed factories. Mites were collected from: package depositing (PD), rice bran milling machine (RB), corn conveyor belt (CB), soybean silo (SS), pigeon nests (PN), animal product elevator (AP), pellet cooler (PC), and from the roof of an animal feed factory (R). A total of 2401 mites were collected, belonging to 13 species in 12 families, along with Uropodina and the suborder Oribatida. Higher richness was observed for Cheyletidae, and the highest richness was observed in PN and SS. Dermatophagoides farinae was the most abundant species (883 specimens), followed by T. putrescentiae (654) and C. malaccensis (506). In PC, the place with the highest infestation, we observed 36% of total mite populations, followed by CB with 17.5%, and RB and SS, with 14% each. There was no significant correlation among mite infestation, temperature, and relative humidity (RH). The period with the highest abundance was between March and August. The most abundant species in March was D. farinae, and T. putrescentiae was the most abundant in August. From December to February, C. malaccensis was the most predominant species. Thus, this study showed the prevalence of two pest species (D. farinae and T. putrescentiae) in several production-line environments in an animal feed factory and the presence of a potential predator, C. malaccensis.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE FLOATING AQUATIC FEED PELLETS QUALITY

Production of high quality floating aquatic feed has in recent years accounted more than 65% of the market needs of fish feed. Most of fish feed factories have tended to develop their production lines by adding extrusion units to produce floating fish feed after increasing demand from farmers for this type of feed for many reasons, such as :the high conversion rates than sinking feed , decreased the consumed amounts of fish feed in aquaculture farms about 30%,easy to follow the fish vitality during feeding process and reduced the chances of infection by fish diseases. The parameters under studied were water addition site (just pre-conditioner- just extruder barrel zones -pre-conditioner and extruder barrel zones), extruder screw configurations profile (high configuration shear, medium configuration shear and low configuration shear) and drying cooling process after extrusion (cooling only and drying with cooling). Steam percentage of (13%) added into the pre-conditioner for all study treatments as constant parameters. The floating die specifications of the extruder were L/D ratio of 30:1, land length diameter of 2.5 mm and the die consists of 10 holes each outer diameter of 2.5mm. The optimum running parameters for proceeds floating aquatic feed were water addition into both pre-conditioner and extruder barrel zones (9%PC+5%EX), high shear screw configurations profile, and drying process for 10.5 min at air temperature of 210oC with cooling process for 5.5 min. The result of extruder performance and floating pellets quality measurements for these parameters were, extruder production rate of 196.6 kg/h, extruder specific mechanical energy (SME) of 130.7 kJ/kg, floating pellets bulk density of 332.9 kg/m3, final product pellets expansion ratio of 2.28, and floating pellets water stability of 100% after 33 h in water.

DNA barcoding, species-specific PCR for the identification of three stored-product pest species of genus Palorus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Flour beetles of the genus Palorus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are important secondary storage pests. Correct identification of these insects is urgently required for integrated pest management. However, traditional morphological classification methods cannot identify insect fragments or immature stages and require skilled taxonomists with training and experience. In this study, three Palorus species were distinguished with two molecular techniques; DNA barcoding and species-specific PCR based on the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Forty-nine individuals of Palorus subdepressus (Wollaston), Palorus ratzeburgi (Wissman) and Palorus cerylonoides (Pascoe) were collected from 19 different locations across rice processing factory, feed factory, flour mill and bulk storages China. The COI sequences were analyzed by K2P distances and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree for DNA barcoding. The results show that these three Palorus species can be successfully identified by DNA barcoding. For the species-specific PCR study, we designed specificity primer pairs for the three Palorus species and evaluated their sensitivity. The results showed that the three Palorus species can be identified by the species-specific PCR method. Our results indicated that the two techniques can be independently used to identify the Palorus species in China for integrated pest management and quarantine. This is the first time Palorus species have been identified using two molecular techniques and the P. ratzeburgi and P. cerylonoides data have filled a gap in BOLD and GenBank.

Geotechnical Investigations and Estimation of Earthquakes Factors at an Industrial Qift City, Qena, Egypt

The present work dealt with the estimation of geotechnical parameters and earthquakes factors of poultry feed factory project constructing at an industrial Qift city, Qena, Egypt. The geotechnical parameters were including gradation parameters, shear velocity (Vs), shear parameters (frictional angle and cohesion), and allowable bearing capacity. The earthquakes factors were including soil coefficient (S), limits of constant value for elastic response spectrum (TB and TC), and specified value for begin of the constant displacement spectrum (TD). The present study was interested also in an estimation of design ground acceleration (ag). To achieve these objectives, five mechanical wash boreholes were conducted at ten meter depth. Fifty disturbed samples were collected. Geotechnical laboratory tests were carried out like grain size analyses, direct shear box, and shear velocity (Vs). Standard penetration test (SPT) as geotechnical field test was conducted. The results showed that the studied soils were classified as well graded and poorly graded sands (SP and SW) according to the unified soil classification system (USCS). The earthquakes factors including S, TB, TC, and TD were 1.80, 0.10, 0.30, and 1.20 respectively. The ag-value of the studied area was 0.10. According to Egyptian code for vibration and dynamic load foundations, the studied project area was classified as low potential seismic. According to Egyptian code for shallow foundation, the allowable bearing capacity of the studied sands ranging from 1.5 to 3 kg/cm2 at shallow foundation width must be not less than one meter. Shallow foundations like isolated footing or structural mat were recommended.

A Decrease of Incidence Cases of Fumonisins in South Korean Feedstuff between 2011 and 2016.

Several plant pathogen Fusarium species produce fumonisins (FUMs); which can end up in food and feed and; when ingested; can exhibit harmful effects on humans and livestock. Mycotoxin intoxication by fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) can cause porcine pulmonary edema; leukoencephalomalacia in equines; esophageal cancer and birth defects by natural contamination. Herein; the occurrence of FB1 and FB2 in feedstuff (compound feed and feed ingredients) was investigated between 2011 and 2016 in South Korea. A total of 535 animal feed samples (425 compound feed samples and 110 feed ingredients) produced domestically were sampled four times between 2011 and 2016 (2011; 2012; 2014 and 2016) from feed factories in South Korea. The limit of detection (LOD) for FB1 and FB2 was 20 μg/kg and 25 μg/kg; respectively; and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 30 μg/kg and 35 μg/kg; respectively. The recovery range (%) was between 86.4% and 108.8%; and the relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) was 4.7–12.1%. Seven (swine feed samples) out of the 425 feed samples exceeded the European Union (EU) and South Korea commission regulations over the six-year test period; and no feed ingredients exceeded the guidelines.

Flour dust – aspiration fraction Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs

The term "flour dust" refers to particles derived from finely ground cereal grains and "non-cereal" grains. Flour flour usually also contains ingredients that play an important role in improving dough quality, such as enzymes, additives such as baker's yeast, flavors, spices and chemical ingredients such as preservatives. Flour is one of the basic raw materials used in the food industry and in the production of animal feed. Taking into account the nature of the production activities in mentioned industries, the highest occupational exposure to flour dust is usually observed in bakeries and grain mills. Significant exposure to flour dust is also found in factories of pasta, pizzeria and pastry, restaurant kitchens, malt factories, animal feed factories and agriculture. The main route of exposure to flour dust in occupational conditions is respiratory and skin. The main effect of repeated or long-lasting human exposure to flour dust is irritation and allergy. Epidemiological reports have shown that asthma, conjunctivitis, rhinitis and skin reactions are the main adverse health effects of flour dust exposure. Currently in Poland for flour dust the maximum admissible value (MAC, NDS) is the same as for organic dust (plant and animal origin). The MAC values are: for inhalable fraction 2 mg/m3 and for respirable fraction 1 mg/m3 when dust contains 10% or more crystalline silica and when dust contains less than 10% of crystalline silica, 4 mg/m3 for inhalable fraction and 2 mg/m3 for respirable fraction. The need to prepare documentation for flour dust resulted from the fact that existing documentation and MAC values mainly concern the effects of farmers' exposure to organic dust of plant and animal origin. It did not refer to flour dust for which the sensitization effect is critical. The basic mechanism of action of the flour dust on the body is the reaction of hypersensitivity with stimulation antibodies type E (IgE) developing shortly after exposure to the antigen. The value of hygienic norms for flour dust in Poland has not been established, yet. There is no data regarding animal experiments and in vitro studies with flour dust. On the basis of epidemiological studies, the risk of nasal symptoms has been found to increase with dust concentrations of 1 mg/m3 and the risk of asthma at concentrations above 3 mg/m3. The SCOEL assumes that exposure to the inhalable fraction of flour at a concentration of ≤ 1 mg/m3 protects most exposed workers from nasal mucositis and that the predicted symptoms, if present, are mild. However, the concentration of flour dust <1 mg/m3 may cause symptoms in already sensitized workers. The results of the study show that the full protection against allergens present in the flour dust in the air at low concentrations is difficult to achieve. At the same time, ACGIH's recommended TLV value for the inhalable flour dust fraction at 0.5 mg/m3 (8-h TWA). The "dose-response" results suggest that the symptoms of exposure to flour, especially from the lower respiratory tract, asthma, as well as the risk of sensitization, are rare in the inhalable fraction concentration in the range 0.5  1 mg/m3. Considering the above, the Interdepartmental Commission for MAC and MAI at the 84th meeting of 4.11.2016 adopted the TLV value for the inhalable fraction of flour dust at the level of 2 mg/m3, that is, at the level of the current MAC value for inhalable fraction of dust containing > 10% of the crystalline silica. No grounds for determining the short-term limit MAC(STEL) and the limit value in biological material. The standard is marked with "A" (sensitizing substance).

Arpa Çeşitlerinin Üretim, Pazarlama ve İşleme Açısından Önemi

Bu çalışma ile; Konya ilinde arpa üretim, pazarlama ve işleme aşamalarında arpa pazarlamasına etki eden kriterlerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada; Konya ilinde faaliyet gösteren; karma yem (37 adet) ve malt fabrikası (1 adet), arpa alım satımı yapan tüccarlar (50 adet) ve tarımsal faaliyetleri içinde arpa üretimine yer veren tarım işletmeleri (107 adet) ile yapılan anket sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Tarım işletmeleri tarafından arpa satımında fiyata etki ettiği düşünülen kriterlerin başında hektolitre ve arpanın içine başka bitki çeşidinin karışmaması öne çıkarken, arpa çeşitlerinin satış fiyatında önemli bir kriter olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Tüccarların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurduğu en önemli kriter arpanın hektolitresi olup, bu kriteri arpanın rutubeti, rengi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı izlemektedir. Fabrikaların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurdukları en önemli kriter arpanın rutubet oranı olarak belirlenirken, daha sonra arpanın hektolitresi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı gelmektedir. Malt sanayisi için ise; arpanın çeşidi alım kriterlerinde çok önemli bir faktör olup, bunu arpanın rutubet oranı ve rengi takip etmektedir.

The Determination of Nutrient Value, Digestibility and Energy Levels of Compound Feeds Used for Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region‘s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

The Occurrence of Zearalenone in South Korean Feedstuffs between 2009 and 2016.

Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium plant pathogen species have harmful effects on humans and livestock by natural contamination in food and feed. Zearalenone, one of the well-known Fusarium mycotoxins, causes hyperestrogenism and toxicosis resulting in reproductive dysfunction in animals. This study investigated the occurrence of zearalenone in feedstuffs (compound feeds, feed ingredients) between 2009 and 2016 in South Korea to obtain information on zearalenone contamination in feeds for management. A total of 653 animal feed samples (494 compound feeds, 159 feed ingredients) produced domestically were sampled five times from 2009 to 2016 (2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016) from feed factories in South Korea. The levels of zearalenone were analyzed every year by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after pretreatment with an immunoaffinity column showing limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1–3 μg/kg and 0.3–8 μg/kg, respectively. Four feed samples out of 494 compound feeds exceeded the EU and South Korea commission regulations over the eight-year test period, and no feed ingredients exceeded the guidelines.

Abortion and mortality in farm mink (Neovison vison) associated with feed-born Clostridium limosum

Disease in mink clinically characterized by abortion and increased mortality among pregnant female mink on 28 Danish farms was observed during April and May 2015. Most of these farms suffered extensive disease problems, including a significant increase in the number of mated females without litters. Pathological, microbiological and molecular biological methods were applied to investigate the cause of disease. Necropsies of animals found dead revealed fragile and partially dissolved (liquefying) uterine tissue, with the presence of Gram positive rod-shaped bacteria. These slow growing bacteria were isolated by anaerobic culturing and identified as Clostridium limosum by both MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All the performed tests for relevant differential diagnoses were negative. Foodborne disease was indicated because all the affected farms were served by the same feed factory. A specific PCR-based analysis was developed for positive identification of C. limosum and used to screen archived feed samples from the implicated feed factory. Both C. limosum 16S rRNA genes and C. limosum collagenase genes were identified in both mixed feed and more specifically in raw chicken carcass used as one of the components in the mixed feed, which was therefore identified as the most likely source of contamination. Based on the results of this investigation it is concluded that C. limosum can be associated with abortion and increased mortality in pregnant mink females and it is consequently recommended that raw materials contaminated with C. limosum should be avoided in mink feed, in particular during the whelping season.