Feed Element Research Articles

An X-band beam-scanning reflectarray antenna stimulated using a spoof surface plasmon polaritons based low profile endfire MIMO antenna

A single-layer, low-profile beam scanning reflectarray (RA) fed by a spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) based endfire MIMO antenna is proposed in this manuscript. The RA is based on a variable elliptical-shaped unit cell designed at 10.4 GHz. The unit cell has a low insertion loss of 2.3 dB and a reflection phase of 315.2°in the working frequency band from 9.52–11.23 GHz. The SSPPs based endfire MIMO antenna is used to mitigate the aperture blockage, achieve high isolation between the feed elements, and accomplish the continuous one-dimensional (1-D) beam scanning of ± 8°from the broadside. The maximum realized gain of the proposed reflectarray in the broadside direction is 22.6 dBi with a 3-dB beamwidth of 5.7°. The minimal beam switching loss is in the other direction, and the realized gain is 22.4 dBi with a 3-dB beamwidth of 5.8°. The 3-dB gain bandwidth (GBW) of 9.7 % of the proposed RA benefits nano-satellite applications. The fabricated prototype measurements in an anechoic chamber environment verify the simulated results.

A Compact C-Band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Octagonal Slotted Ground Plane and Neutralization Line for Improved Port Isolation in 5G Handheld Devices

In this paper, an eight-port antenna array is presented for 5G handheld terminals to support multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operations. The reported design involves three layers: the top contains eight circular microstrip feed elements; the middle is a low-cost FR-4 substrate, and the bottom layer is a ground plane with four etched octagonal slots. Each resonating element is fed by 50-ohm sub-miniature connectors. To mitigate the detrimental effects of mutual coupling of ports and enhance overall isolation between the adjacent microstrip-fed circular patch elements, a neutralization line is strategically implemented between the feed lines of the antenna array. The design configuration involves two elements at each vertex of the printed circuit board (PCB). The overall dimensions of the PCB are 150 × 75 mm2. Each slot and its corresponding radiating elements exhibit linear dual polarization and diverse radiation patterns. The proposed antenna design achieves the required operating bandwidth of more than 1000 MHz spanning from 3 to 4.2 GHz, effectively covering all the upper C-band frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz allocated for 5G n77 and n78 frequency range 1 (FR1). Required port isolation and lower envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) are achieved for the band of interest. The proposed design gives a peak gain of up to 4 dB for the said band. In addition to these results, degradation in the performance of the antenna array is also investigated during different operating modes of the handheld device. Measured results from the fabricated unit cell and whole array also have a good match with simulated results. On the whole, the proposed antenna possesses the potential to be used in 5G and the open radio access network (ORAN) compliant handheld devices.

Microbial Metagenomes and Host Transcriptomes Reveal the Dynamic Changes of Rumen Gene Expression, Microbial Colonization and Co-Regulation of Mineral Element Metabolism in Yaks from Birth to Adulthood.

Yaks are the main pillar of plateau animal husbandry and the material basis of local herdsmen's survival. The level of mineral elements in the body is closely related to the production performance of yaks. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of rumen epithelial morphology, transcriptomics and metagenomics to explore the dynamics of rumen functions, microbial colonization and functional interactions in yaks from birth to adulthood. Bacteria, eukaryotes, archaea and viruses colonized the rumen of yaks from birth to adulthood, with bacteria being the majority. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in five developmental stages, and the abundance of genus Lactobacillus and Fusobacterium significantly decreased with age. Glycoside hydrolase (GH) genes were the most highly represented in five different developmental stages, followed by glycosyltransferases (GTs) and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), where the proportion of genes coding for CBMs increased with age. Integrating host transcriptome and microbial metagenome revealed 30 gene modules related to age, muscle layer thickness, nipple length and width of yaks. Among these, the MEmagenta and MEturquoise were positively correlated with these phenotypic traits. Twenty-two host genes involved in transcriptional regulation related to metal ion binding (including potassium, sodium, calcium, zinc, iron) were positively correlated with a rumen bacterial cluster 1 composed of Alloprevotella, Paludibacter, Arcobacter, Lactobacillus, Bilophila, etc. Therefore, these studies help us to understand the interaction between rumen host and microorganisms in yaks at different ages, and further provide a reliable theoretical basis for the development of feed and mineral element supplementation for yaks at different ages.

Mathematical justification of the optimal rate of selenium introduction into mixed feed for broiler chickens

In recent years, many countries worldwide have been revising the existing standards for introducing trace elements in mixed feed for high-performance crosses and poultry breeds, taking into account new scientific data. This also applies to Selenium, which is recognized as an indispensable biotic ultramicroelement according to the modern classification. The norms for introducing selenium into mixed feed for broiler chickens have specific differences and range from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg of feed, which are recommended in different countries and at other times. The reason for the disagreement is probably that the experiments were conducted under different conditions, against the background of different diets, on different poultry crosses, and using other selenium-containing compounds. In addition, the norms of selenium additives recommended by foreign and domestic scientists in mixed feed for broiler chickens are not always supported by mathematical calculations, and, in our opinion, they should be evaluated as indicative, requiring further justification and clarification depending on the regional characteristics of poultry feeding. Two scientific and economic experiments were conducted to determine the optimal rate of introducing selenium into mixed feed for broiler chickens, which lasted 42 days each. The study was conducted on broiler chickens of the Coob 500 cross. Selenium was additionally introduced into mixed feeds for broiler chickens of the experimental groups in doses of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/kg. Poultry in the control group did not receive Selenium supplementation. Statistical processing of experimental data obtained in two scientific and economic experiments, using graphical, variance, and regression analysis methods, allows us to conclude that the optimal dose of Selenium administration in mixed feed for broiler chickens should be considered 0.3 mg/kg. Feeding broiler chickens during the growing period of mixed feed enriched with Selenium in this amount contributed to a likely increase in their live weight in the first experiment by 7.8 % (Р < 0.001), in the second by 5.1 % (Р < 0.01), compared to the control group. Higher doses of Selenium (0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg) in mixed feed, as well as a lower dose (0.2 mg/kg), caused less intensive growth and lower live weight of broiler chickens of other experimental groups, compared to young animals fed mixed feed with the addition of selenium 0.3 mg/kg.

DESIGN OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT WATER PASSAGE OF PUMP-TURBINE

The problem of the need to develop renewable energy sources as a way to save the energy supply and energy independence of Ukraine by changing the consumption of carbohydrates is considered. It is shown that the development of Ukrainian renewable energy must occur in parallel with the development of energy storage systems and balancing of the energy system. The most effective system for storing energy and balancing the energy system is pumped storage power stations (PSPS). The work shows that the design of a highly effective equipment of a hydroelectric power plant depends on the correct selection of the element geometry of the pump-turbine water passage. Therefore, it is possible to ensure the necessary level of energy characteristics of hydraulic equipment. A method of dimensionless average parameters was established, which allows even at the initial stages of designing new reversible hydraulic machines to determine the optimal geometry of the watter passage elements. This method showed good results during the numerical research of Francis hydraulic turbines at a wide range of heads, as well as reversible hydromachines at heads of 300–500 m. Using expressions that establish the connection of hydrodynamic characteristics with dimensionless complexes, three variants of the flow part of the high-pressure pump-turbines (ORO500) were investigated. Based on the obtained results, a significant influence of the geometry on the hydraulic indicators of the machine was noted. The distribution of energy losses in the inlet, blade system and outlet was analyzed. The greatest energy losses occur in the inlet of the pump-turbines. To increase the energy and kinematic indicators of the ORO500 pump-turbines, the geometry of the feed elements, as well as the spiral casing and stator, was changed. Variants for improving the parameters in the elements of the supply of the water passage of the pump-turbine are proposed.

Potentiality of natural live food organisms in shrimp culture: A review

The aquaculture industry is growing quickly due to increased fish consumption and a decline in wild fish catch. About half of the world's seafood demand for human consumption is now met by farmed seafood. The aquafeed market is expanding along with the aquaculture sector. Some of the elements in shrimp feed are derived from terrestrial plants and low-value forage fishes (fish meal). It is impossible to produce more fish meals since doing so would harm the ocean's environment and sustainability. The reduction in shrimp feed cost can also be done by introducing low-cost, environment-friendly ingredients in shrimp feed formulation. Therefore, new and ecologically friendly shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed component sources must be created. Live food organisms are a preferable option for this since they provide a variety of essential amino acids and beneficial triglycerides like fat, vitamins, and colors in their cell metabolites. Microalgae biomasses also represent feasible ingredients for shrimp feed sources. Their distinctive variety of bioactive chemicals can enhance color and pellet quality, act as a bulk element in shrimp feed, and boost the viability of farmed species. Live food organisms have a great economic potential since they have the highest biomass productivity of all photosynthetic organisms. In addition to giving farmers and exporters a better choice for feeding their fish, the availability of on-grown live food would also open up the prospect of improving the performance and quality of the fish and shrimp through bioencapsulation. This review study examines the possibility of generating natural food biomass as a component in shrimp feed.

The Effect of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn by Iraqi Rice Bran Treated with multi-enzymes on the Broiler Performance

Until recently, the central objective of poultry feed formulation was to supply common feedstuff such as corn. Today, the search for sustainable alternatives to traditional feed elements is a primary goal to reduce feed costs. This study was carried out to explore the production performance of the Rice bran in the feeding of broiler Ross 308 chicken. One hundred eighty chicks were fed with Rice bran diets treated with multi-enzyme as a partial replacement (10%) of Yellow Corn. Chicks were distributed into four treatment groups as follows: (L0) control (45% yellow corn), L1, L2 and L3 (10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn). Rice bran was treated with different amounts of multi-enzymes: 500, 750, and 1000mg of Labazyme\kg diet, respectively. The results showed a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the marketing live body weight and total weight gain for broilers fed with 10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn. The accumulative feed consumption and conversion ratio were unaffected (no significant difference at P≤0.05) when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg of Labazyme\kg diet. This present study concludes that a diet with 10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn hurts the growth performance of broiler chicken. However, the breeding cost of broiler Ross 308 chicken was reduced when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg/kg multi-enzymes (L3 group). There were no effects on the mortality rate of all experimental groups. Keyword: Broiler, Labazyme, Performance, Rice bran, Ross 308.

UHF Textronic RFID Transponder with Bead-Shaped Microelectronic Module

The idea of novel antennas and matching circuits, developed for radio frequency identification (RFID) passive transponders, and made on textile substrates, is presented in this paper. By manufacturing an RFID transponder by the means used in every clothing factory, we developed the concept of RFIDtex tags, which, as textronic devices, make a new significant contribution to the Internet of Textile Things (IoTT). The main feature of the device consists of the use of an uncommon inductively coupled system as the antenna feed element. The antenna is sewn/embroidered with a conductive thread, and the microelectronic module with an RFID chip is made in the form of a bead, using standard electronic technology. Finally, the construction of the RFIDtex tag is developed for easy implementation in production lines in the garment industry. The proposed inductive coupling scheme has not been considered anywhere, so far. The developed transponder is dedicated to operating in RFID systems of the ultra-high frequency band (UHF). The numerical calculations confirmed by the experimental results clearly indicate that the proposed coupling system between the antenna and the microelectronic module works properly and the RFIDtex device can operate correctly within a distance of several meters. The proposed design is based on the authors’ patent on the textronic RFID transponder (patent no PL 231291 B1).

Keys to Responsive Feeding in Early Education: Systematic Observation of Pikler-Lóczy’s Educators’ Behaviour During Breakfast

AbstractThe responsive feeding style has been researched to date using indirect techniques, mainly in family contexts. This style supports children’s capacity for self-regulation, which is why the present study aims to directly and systematically observe the method in a school context, focusing specifically on the behaviour of two educators working at the Emmi Pikler Nursery School during breakfast time with two different groups. The observation instrument used was a field format created ad hoc that measures two basic dimensions in said behaviour: instrumental and relational. A total of 25 sessions were recorded and a lag sequential analysis was performed to detect behavioural patterns during the care activity. The results reveal a common pattern shared by both educators in both dimensions (instrumental and relational) that includes key elements of group-based responsive feeding.

Rare earth elements in dog feed marketed in Southeastern Brazil

IntroductionCanines comprise a significant number of pets worldwide, and the associated pet sector has increased accordingly, with Brazilian pet sector revenues categorized as the third largest economy in terms of worldwide turnover. Industrialized animal feeds are the main food source for domestic dogs living in households, formulated according to nutritional dog needs and classified as standard, premium and super premium, depending on the raw material. However, dog-feed contamination by metals has recently become a concern, and several reports have indicated toxic metal levels in dog feed. No studies on rare earth elements (REE) in this regard are, however, available. ObjectiveEvaluate REE contents in different standard, premium and super premium dog-feed brands marketed in Southeastern Brazil by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). ResultsMany of the evaluated brands from the three feed classes surpassed the only known maximum permissible concentration for ΣREE (China), many due to high data dispersal. The REE that most contributed to surpassing the stipulated ΣREE limit of 0.7 mg kg−1 were Nd, La and Ce, for all three feed classes, mainly due to inter-lot variability ConclusionsThis is one of the only studies available on REE dog feed contents. The source of these elements in the evaluated dog feeds may comprise the raw materials used in the manufacturing process and the addition of functional compounds such as zeolites. Rare Earth Elements exposure from dog feed through inhalation is a possibility, due to volatilization processes, both during dog feed industrial production and during dog feeding events and should be further investigated concerning dog and human health.

Saving and productivity of broiler chickens for feeding an optimal dose of zinc proteinate

On the basis of conducted scientific research, it was set that the use of inorganic salts of trace elements in animal and poultry feed leads to environmental pollution with heavy metals due to their low biological availability for the animal organism. Therefore, in recent years, a number of investigations have been conducted to study the effectiveness of using organic trace elements in animal and poultry feed. The article deals with the results of a scientific and economic experiment on the investigation of the influence of domestically produced zinc proteinate in combination with zinc sulfate on indicators of preservation, growth intensity and feed conversion in broiler chickens. Broiler chickens of the control group were fed with a complete ration balanced in terms of necessary nutrients, in accordance with the age periods of the growth of the poultry, with the addition of 50 g per ton of zinc sulfate. Then, the broiler chickens of the research groups were received the same compound feed, but with the addition of 50 g and 30 g per ton of zinc proteinate compound feed. The live weight of broiler chickens of the research groups was significantly higher than the control. At the age of one week, it tended to increase in the chickens of the 2nd and 3rd research groups, and at the age of 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days, the live weight of the chickens of the 3rd research group exceeded the live weight of the poultry of the control group, respectively , by 15.8 g (Р < 0.05); 37.0 (P < 0.01); 96.8 (P < 0.05); 115.9 (P < 0.01) and 177.7 g (P < 0.05), or by 4.7 %, 4.6, 7.6, 6.5 and 7.1 %, while the chickens of the 2nd research group at this time exceeded the control group chickens in terms of live weight, but were slightly behind the peers of the 3rd research group. The researched doses of zinc proteinate contributed to the increase in the preservation of poultry stock by 4–5 %, the average daily weight gain of broilers in the research groups compared to the control, respectively, by 5.1–7.2 %. The European index of efficiency of broiler chickens growing for zinc proteinate feeding was increased by 48.4 and 76.7 units compared to the control group which were fed with zinc sulfate and at the same time feed costs per 1 kg of growth was decreased by 2.4–3.2 %.

Feed digestibility, Nitrogen balance and productivity of broiler chickens with different sources of Copper in their compound feed

Studying the influence of various sources of Copper, namely its inorganic and organic form, on the digestibility and assimilation of nutrients in the organism of broiler chickens is actual. The purpose of the work: in a physiological (exchange) research conducted against the background of a scientific and economic experiment in the conditions of the vivarium of the Bila Tserkva National Agricultural University on 3 groups (50 heads each) of broiler chickens of the “Cobb-500” cross, to investigate the influence of inorganic and organic forms of Cuprum on the digestibility of nutrients, Nitrogen balance and poultry productivity. The first control group received cuprum sulfate, on average during the growing period 16.5 g/t of compound feed, the second and the third - experimental groups, which received 16.5 g/t and 12.5 g/t of cuprum proteinate compound feed, accordingly. According to the digestibility of raw protein, the broilers of the research groups exceeded the control analogues by 4.5–6.2 % (Р ≤ 0.05), crude fat – 3.1–4.3 % (Р ≤ 0.05), crude fiber – 3.5–4.4 % (Р ≤ 0.01) and BER nitrogen-free extractive substances by 2.2–6.4 % (Р ≤ 0.05). Nitrogen balance was positive in all experimental groups, but in broiler chickens of groups 2 and 3, compared to the control, its daily deposits were higher by 3.5–6.4 % (Р ≤ 0.05). Improvement of digestibility of nutrients and Nitrogen balance due to the use of cuprum proteinate caused an increase in the preservation of poultry stock in the experimental groups by 5.6–7.2 %. The replacement of copper sulfate with its proteinate, at the same concentration of the trace element in compound feed, had a positive influence on the average daily increments of broiler chickens and, accordingly, on their live weight. The advantage of the chickens of the 2nd experimental group over the control analogues was 7.5 % in terms of average daily gains and 9.4 % in terms of body weight at the end of the experiment. A decrease of 25 % compared to the control in the concentration of Copper in the compound feed of the chickens of the third experimental group also had a positive influence on the productivity of the poultry. Their advantage over control analogues in average daily body weight gain was 3.8 %, and in live weight – 5.8 %. A linear dependence of the productivity of broiler chickens on the amount of feed consumed was noted. Compared to the control analogues, the broilers of the 2nd experimental group consumed 3.3 % more feed, and the chickens of the 3rd experimental group exceeded the poultry of the control group by 1.5 %. Thus, compared to cuprum sulfate, cuprum proteinate is a more effective source of trace elements in compound feed for broiler chickens. At the same time, the concentration of Copper in poultry compound feed should be: at the age of 5–21 days – 18.2 g/t, 22–35 days – 16.8 g/t, 36–42 days – 12 g/t, or 16.5 g/t on average over the period of the experiment.

Higher Order MIMO Antenna Design Using Capacitively Coupled Meandered Loop Element for 5G Smartphone Applications

In this paper, a compact 10-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for fifth generation (5G) wireless communication system is presented. The antenna structure has a T-shaped feeding element and a reduced size capacitively coupled meandered loop radiating element. The proposed MIMO antenna system is operating at 3.5 GHz. The MIMO antenna element is self-isolated and it has a compact size of 13.45×6 mm2. It exhibits very good isolation of more than 15 dB without using any external decoupling structure like a neutralization line or slot technique. Furthermore, performance parameters like total efficiency are around 40-64%, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is below 0.02, while gain of all antennas is between 3-3.4dBi. The performance of the proposed MIMO antenna is also verified through the measurement of its fabricated prototype. In this paper, a compact 10-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for fifth generation (5G) wireless communication system is presented.

Focal Plane Array-Fed Shaped-Beam Transmitarray With Small-Gain Ripple and Low Sidelobe Level

A novel shaped-beam transmitarray antenna fed by a focal plane array is proposed. It features the small gain ripple and low sidelobe level. Unlike the traditional shaped-beam transmitarray designed by phase only optimization, the proposed one is put forward based on the superposition principle. An array is used as the feed. When the feed elements are excited, orthogonal beams pointing at different angles are generated. Then the expected beam can be shaped by adding up these orthogonal beams with appropriate weights. Specifically, the selection criteria for the number, the angles and the weights of these orthogonal beams are provided. Several squared-flattop beams and a flattop-cosecant squared beam are designed for validation.

Gain and Frequency-Selectivity Enhancement of Dual- Polarized Filtering IBFD Antenna Using PRS

A dual-polarized filtering Fabry–Perot antenna (FPA) with high selectivity and high isolation is proposed for in-band full-duplex (IBFD) applications. The proposed antenna utilizes a square patch as the feeding element, which is fed by a double differential-fed scheme for dual-polarized radiation with high isolation. The patch is loaded with a symmetrical cross-slot and four shorting pins for a broad passband filtering feature. To enhance broadside gain across a wide frequency range, the patch is incorporated with a partially reflecting surface (PRS), which is composed of two complementary cross-slot and patch arrays. Moreover, the frequency selectivity of PRS is exploited to improve the filtering characteristic. The double differential feeds are realized based on out-of-phase power dividers, which are combined with simple low-pass filters to further improve the out-of-band suppression. The final design was fabricated and measured. The measurement results show excellent results with a 10-dB return loss bandwidth of 21.5% (4.91–6.09 GHz), isolation of greater than 40 dB, peak gain of 13.7 dBi, out-of-band suppression level of better than 27 dB, and a cross-polarization level of less than –27 dB.

Profiling miRNAs of Teleost Fish in Responses to Environmental Stress: A Review

miRNAs are a class of endogenous and evolutionarily conserved noncoding short RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through sequence-specific interactions with mRNAs and are capable of controlling gene expression by binding to miRNA targets and interfering with the final protein output. The miRNAs of teleost were firstly reported in zebrafish development, but there are recent studies on the characteristics and functions of miRNAs in fish, especially when compared with mammals. Environmental factors including salinity, oxygen concentration, temperature, feed, pH, environmental chemicals and seawater metal elements may affect the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators of miRNAs, contributing to nearly all biological processes. The survival of aquatic fish is constantly challenged by the changes in these environmental factors. Environmental factors can influence miRNA expression, the functions of miRNAs and their target mRNAs. Progress of available information is reported on the environmental effects of the identified miRNAs, miRNA targets and the use of miRNAs in fish.

The content of ten elements in pig feed and manure and its relationship with element concentration in earthworms on swine farms

The aim of this investigation is to determine the content of ten elements, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, As, Cu, Se, and Cd, in pig feed, manure and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Samples were collected during 2015 and 2017, on four pig farms in Serbia, and analyzed for elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. According to the mean concentrations, the elements show the following trends: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Cd > Se > As > Co in monocalcium phosphate, Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu > Co > Cr > Ni > Se > As > Cd in vitamin-mineral premixes, Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Se > Co > As > Cd in complete feed, and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Co > Se > Cd > As in pig manure. The obtained results show that monocalcium phosphate and vitamin-mineral premixes are the main source of Mn, Zn, and Fe in complete feed mixtures. The Cd concentration in one sample of monocalcium phosphate exceeds the maximum permissible level. Only one out of six investigated complete feed mixtures was in accordance with the national and EU regulations. The presence of Fe, Zn, and Mn in earthworms reflects their concentration in pig manure, but this is not noticed for Cr, Cu, Se, As, Ni, Co, and Cd.

THE WATER FLOW MOVEMENT MODELING IN PASSIVE DISINTEGRATOR OF THE GRAIN MOLASSES’ INSTALLATION

The equipment features’ studying is important because the volume of small and medium sized businesses related to dairy and meat farming in our country is growing. It is also important for the energysaving technologies’ developing and improving. Due to the grain’s high demand as a farm animals’ feed element, its processing technologies are being developed and widely used. In particular, technologies and technical means of grain molasses preparing have been developed. The scheme of grain molasses preparation and modeling conditions are given, water movement in a passive shredder’s modeling results are presented. This modeling in the Star CCM+ program was carried out. The water flow around two grids located at a distance equal to 100 and 200 mm was set; the pipe diameter d = is 30 mm, calculated section length - 1 m. At looking through the fields’ velocity and fluid flow’s lines in the shredder, it was revealed that the flow rates in both cases under consideration are almost identical. There is a velocity clear increasing when the liquid passes through the openings of the gratings and the water bends around the gratings up to a value of 23 m/s. The gratings’ presence in the shredder leads to network resistance and flow power loss’s increasing. The distance between the grids increasing allows to reduce slightly the resistance of the network (in 3%) and flow power’s loss (in 5%). The fluid motion’s given modeling has shown that the passive shredder scheme in the form of a circular tube with two grids installed in it can be considered ineffective due to the proposed device’s high resistances.

Focal-Plane Arrays With Improved Scan Capabilities

This article investigates the limits of focal-plane array (FPA) technology by studying a double-reflector antenna system with wide-angle scan capabilities. The proposed reflector configurations are analyzed in terms of effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) maximization, minimization of the required total number of array elements for a wide-scan range, and the highest number of simultaneously active array elements of the phased-array feed. Presented configurations have capabilities to operate in the scan range up to ± 30° in azimuth (±35 beamwidths scan) and ± 3° in elevation. It has been demonstrated how different optimizations could allow to build systems with varying performance in terms of the key operation parameters, such as array size, EIRP, and the number of active array elements. A detailed analysis is provided that demonstrates the potential applicability of this concept in future millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications.

Содержание NDF в объемистых кормах в ТОО «Победа» Павлодарской области Казахстана

For ruminants, the basis of the diet is voluminous feed, in the dry matter of which structural carbohydrates occupy a significant place. Despite the fact that ruminants have a complex system adapted to the digestion of fiber, the latter is far from completely absorbed in the digestive tract of animals. Established, that the highest percentage of NDF and lignin was contained in the straw and amounted to 81,4 and 24,2 %, respectively. Hay showed a lower content of these feed elements. Our results are consistent with the data of other authors where the amount of NDF and lignin in cereal hay was 67,0 and 9,3 %, and the amount of hemicellulose and cellulose was 26,7 and 31,4 %. In other feeds of Pobeda LLP, the content of NDF is as follows: in silage – 25,0 %, in haylage – 62,0 %. This quality of feed was obtained largely due to the observance of the terms of grass mowing, that is, from the quality of the initial plant material. As the research results showed, the silage harvested on the farm contains an average of 36 % dry matter. Corn silage harvested on the farm contains an average of 61,0 % NDF and 30,5 % ADF, which is consistent with the data of other authors, where the content of NDF in corn silage is 54,6 % and 34,3 % ADF of dry matter. The data are confirmed by studies of scientists, where NDF in corn silage was 59,2 % and 31,3 % ADF, as well as scientists, in the works of which, the number of NDF, ADF and lignin was 58,9; 32,9 and 5,4 %.