Feed Consumption Values Research Articles

PENGARUH SUBTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN OLEH TEPUNG MAGGOT BLACK SOLDIER FLY (BSF) DALAM PEMBUATAN PAKAN TERHADAP NILAI KONSUMSI PAKAN, HDP DAN BERAT TELUR AYAM PETELUR PERIODE LAYER


 
 
 
 Objective This study aims to determine the effect of using BSF maggot flour as a substitute for fish meal in feed on the value of feed consumption, HDP and egg weight in layer chickens..
 Materials and Methods. The research design used a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment 1 (P1) in this study was a control treatment using factory feed. P2 Fish meal 20% with 80% basal feed; P2 Fish meal 15% with 5% BSFL (Maggot) flour and 80% Basal Feed; P3 fish meal 10% with 10% BSFL flour and 80% basal feed, and P4 fish meal 5% with 15% BSFL flour. 
 Conclusion. The results of the observations showed that the use of maggot flour as a substitute for fish meal in the manufacture of feed did not significantly differ from feed consumption, HDP and egg weight of laying hens.
 
 
 

Synergistic effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder and nitrifying probiotics on productivity and ammonia level in excreta from quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

One of the keys to successful quail rearing is choosing suitable nutritional feed. Unfortunately, feed nutrients not adequately absorbed by the digestive tract of quails, in addition to impacting productivity, will also be wasted and decompose to form ammonia, which becomes a supporting factor for disease. This study aims to determine how adding turmeric powder and nitrifying probiotics affect the productivity and amount of ammonia from quail excreta. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 (six) treatments, i.e., control (without the addition of turmeric powder and nitrifying probiotics), the addition of nitrifying probiotics 4.5 g/kg of feed, the addition of nitrifying probiotics 6 g/kg of feed, the addition of turmeric powder 3 g/kg of feed, the addition of 3 g turmeric powder + nitrifying probiotics 4.5 g/kg of feed, and the addition of 3 g turmeric powder + nitrifying probiotics 6 g/kg of feed. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and followed by the DMRT. The results showed that adding turmeric powder and nitrifying probiotics had no effect on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and ammonia level in quail excreta but had a significant impact on quail day production (QDP). This study concluded that adding turmeric powder and nitrifying probiotics can improve the value of QDP, PER, and reduce ammonia levels in quail excreta but had not been able to enhance the value of feed consumption and feed conversion ratio.

Utilization of Kepok Banana Peels Fermentation on Rabbits Pellet Feed

The need for rabbit pellets is increasing along with the increasing maintenance of rabbits in North Sumatra. This study aims to determine the feed consumption (FC), avarage daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), of male local rabbits given fermented kepok banana peel (KBP) pellets. The fermentation used in this study was using local microorganisms based on KBP. This research was conducted by Dr. Hamza No. 5 North Sumatra Province from October 2020 to December 2020.The research design was used a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 treatments, 3 groups and each group consisted of 3 rabbits so that 27 male local rabbits were obtained. The treatments were P0 = 40% KBP without fermentation in pellets, P1 = 40% fermented KBP in pellets and P2 = 60% fermented KBP in pellets. Determination of groups based on body weight with the following groupings: K1: 418 g - 458 g, K2: 459 g - 499 g, and K3: 500 g - 540 g.The results of P0, P1 and P2 showed that the value of FC (g / head / day) were 83.76; 84.58; and 86.83 respectively. TheADG value (g / head / day) were 11.47; 12.79; and 15.01 respectively. The FCR value were 7.45; 6.78; and 5.93 respectively. The conclusion shows that the utilization of fermented KBP up to a level of 60% in the pellets is more efficient to use to increase Feed Consumption, Average Daily Gain, Income OverFeed Cost and reduce Feed Convertion Ratio of male local rabbits.

IPerforma Larva Lalat Tentara Hitam (Hermetia illucens) sebagai Biokonversi Limbah Industri Pengolahan Carica Dieng (Vasconcellea pubescens) di Wonosobo

Waste in the form of skins and seeds originating from the Dieng carica (Vasconcellea pubescens) processing industry can be an environmental problem if not handled properly. BSF (Hermetia illucens) larvae as a bioconversion agent are expected to be a solution to this problem. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications including control treatment, P1 = 100% husk, P2 = 75% husk + 25% seed, P3 = 50% shell + 50% seed, P4 = 25% skin + 75% seeds, and P5 = 100% seeds. The observation time of the study was carried out for 21 days. The main parameters observed were the value of feed consumption and waste reduction index (WRI), while the supporting parameters were larval biomass, head capsule diameter and survival rate. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with an error rate of 5%, and if the treatment had a significant, continued with the DMRT test with an error rate of 5%. The results of the study with various types of feed showed that the value of digested feed consumption by BSF larvae ranged from 60.42% - 81.26%. Meanwhile, the value of the waste reduction index (WRI) ranged from 2.82% - 3.73%. Waste reduction value of more than 50% indicates the effectiveness of BSF larvae in degrading organic waste. Thus the use of this type of feed in the form of feed using BSF larvae is effective in reducing the processing waste of Carica Dieng (V. pubescens).

The Effects of Breeder Age and Hatching Period on Fattening Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Geese

This study was carried out to determine the effects of breeding age and hatching period on fattening performance and slaughter characteristics in geese. For this purpose, were fattened 270 geese obtained from three different ages of geese breeder (one, two, three years old), and 54 of them were slaughtered at the age of 16 weeks to evaluate their carcass characteristics The values of 81.06, 94.15, and 93.37 g for hatching weights, 5275.27, 5590.25, and 5604.90 g for body weights at the 16th week, 24.57, 25.53, and 25.75 kg for total feed consumption and 3592.00, 3814.98, and 3850.6 g for warm carcass weight were determined in the evaluation of carcass characteristics of geese from obtained one, two and three years old breeder geese, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that breeder age had statistically significant effects on hatching weight (P<0.001), body weight (P<0.05), total feed consumption (P<0.01), warm and cold carcass weights (P<0.01). The hatching weights of 92.81 and 86.24 g, total feed consumption values of 24.91 and 25.66 kg, feed conversion ratios of 4.57 and 4.80 were calculated in the first and second periods. The difference in the hatching period was detected to have statistically significant effects on hatching weights (P<0.001), feed consumption (P<0.05), feed conversion ratio (P<0.01), and abdominal fat weights (P<0.001). In addition, it was suggested that seasonal variations could create differences in themselves depending on the stages of the growth and development process.

The Performance of Male Thin Tailed Sheep Given Tofu Waste in Concentrate

This study aims to determine the effect of giving tofu waste in concentrate on the performance of male thin tailed sheep. This study used 12 weaned male thin tailed sheep with an average initial body weight of 10.02 ± 2.25 kg. The research method used was RAL (Completely Randomized Design) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The research treatments consisted of P0 (concentrate without tofu waste), P1 (10% tofu waste in concentrate), P2 (20% tofu waste in concentrate), P3 (30% tofu waste in concentrate). Parameters observed included feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion. The research data were analyzed using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) program. The results showed the average value of feed consumption and the highest average body weight gain was found in P2, namely 936.86 g/head/day and 94.64 g/head/day different significantly (P<0.05) with other treatments, the highest feed conversion was found in treatment P0 (concentrate without tofu waste) which was 17.47 and the lowest average was found in treatment P2 (concentrate + 20% tofu waste) which was equal to 10,13. It was concluded that the best treatment in this study was P2 treatment (20% tofu waste in concentrate). Keywords: Concentrate, Male Sheep, Performance, Tofu waste.

Broiler Breeder Performance in The Final Phase of Grower

One of the comestibles that have high nutritional value and are easy to obtain is chicken. The higher demand for chicken must be accompanied by an increase in production. It is important for the breeder of broiler chicken to choose high quality Day Old Chick (DOC) from the broiler breeder which also has high quality and productivity. The type of broiler breeder that is grown in PT. Karya Indah Pertiwi is Ross 308. Observations were made when the chickens were 18th to 21st weeks old in 6 henneries totaling about 10,000 chickens. The performance of broiler breeder observed were feed consumption, bodyweight gain, feed conversion ratio, and uniformity. Feed consumption of broiler breeder at 18th to 21st week was 659.4 g/chicken, 700,583 g/chicken, 742,116 g/chicken, 767.2 g/chicken. Bodyweight gain at 18th to 21st week was 143.51 g/chicken, 193.3 g/chicken, 63.43 g/chicken, 167.96 g/chicken. Feed conversion ratio at 18th to 21st week was 4.5, 3.6, 11.6, 4.5. The uniformity at 18th to 21st week was 77%, 81%, 81%, 81%. In conclusion, the value of feed consumption for broiler breeder at PT. Karya Indah Pertiwi was increasing every week. Bodyweight gain at 20th week was lower than 18th, 19th, and 21st week. The value of feed conversion ratio at 20th week was higher than at 18th, 19th, and 21st week. Chicken uniformity value at 18th week was not good it was at 77%, while at the 19th, 20th, and 21st week it was quite good at 81%.

Red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) as feed biosupplement on performance of fattening rabbits

Peels of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) as an agricultural by-product contain antioxidants and nutrients that can be used as one of the raw materials for animal feed. This study aims to determine the effect of various concentrations of peels of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) as feed biosupplement on the performance of fattening rabbits. 20 rabbits were placed in individual cages and adapted to basal feed. They were fed with addition of the supplement concentration at 0% (DP0), 7% (DP7), 8% (DP8), and 9% (DP9) respectively for four weeks. Data were collected during the first, second, third and fourth weeks (including twenty-eight days) in the form of feed consumption, feed conversion, and weight gain. Data were subsequently analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a 5% significance level. The results indicated the significance between the control treatment (DFP0%) and other treatments. The treatment with the addition of 9% biosupplement of the dragon fruit peel showed the highest performance improvement, with a mean value of feed consumption of 165.95 grams/day, mean of feed conversion of 3.61 and weight gain of 703.29 grams. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the addition of fermented dragon fruit peel into the Rex rabbit feed can improve several aspects of rabbit performance.

The effect of hay alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) supplementation in different basal feed on the feed intake (FI), body weight, and feed conversion ratio of hybrid ducks

This study was conducted to determine the effect of hay alfalfa supplementation (Medicago sativa L.) in different basal feeds on the feed intake (FI), live weight (LW), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and income of Hybrid Duck. In vivo trial was conducted with 120 MA hybrid ducks (Mojosari x Alabio), based on completely randomized design (CRD). Three (3) treatments and 6 replications with each repetition consisted of 5ducks. The treatments were P1 = radom mixed feed, P2 = 90% radom mixed feed + 10% hay alfalfa and P3 = 90% alternative feed + 10% alfalfa hay. Feed was obtained in dry matter but offered as fed. Feed and drinking water was offered ad libitum. The observed variables included feed consumption, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and income over feed cost. The data obtained were analyzed with the application of Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 22 and if there was significant differences in treatment it would be further tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that 10% alfalfa supplementation in free mixed feeds and alternative feeds showed a significant effect (P <0.05) on the value of feed consumption, but not with the other variables. Based on these results it can be concluded that three type of feed has similar potential as feed for duck. However, radom mixed feed treatment with 10% alfalfa hay supplementation (P2) is the most optimum treatment among the other treatment feeds, due to the highest live weight income value.

Substitution of commercial feed with fermented banana peel flour (Musaceaea sp.) and fish meal to feed consumption level, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, fat retention, and energy retention in siam catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus)

This study aims to investigate the effect of commercial feed substitution with fermented banana peel flour and fish meal on feeding rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, fat and energy retention. This study used a Completely Randomized Design which consisted of 5 treatments: P0 (100% commercial feed), P1 (commercial feed 95% + 5% FTKPTI), P2 ( commercial feed 90% + 10% FTKPTI), P3 (commercial feed 85% + 15% FTKPTI), and P4 (commercial feed 80% + 20% FTKPTI). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results of statistical analysis showed that commercial feed substitution using fermentation of banana peel flour (Musaceaea sp.) And fish meal resulted in feed consumption values, specific growth rates, feed efficiency, fat retention and energy retention which had no significant differences (p> 0.05). This shows that commercial feed substitution using fermentation of banana peel flour (Musaceaea sp.) and fish meal up to a dose of 20% in feed has the same feed consumption, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, fat retention and energy retention values as well as the control feed.

EVALUTION OF POULTRY VISCERAL OFFAL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR FISH MEAL IN GROWER PULLETS’ DIETS

The effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with graded level of poultry visceral offal meal (PVOM) in five growers pullets’ diets were investigated in a 4 - weeks study using 200 Isa brown pullets from 14 to 18 weeks of age. There were four replicate per test diet, with 10 birds per replicate. Diet A (control) contained 4% FM as the sole source of dietary animal protein. PVOM was included in diets B,C,D and E at the levels of 1.81,2.37,3.55 and 4.73% of the diets to supply 25, 50, 75 and 100% of animal protein supplied by 4% FM in the control diet A respectively. All the test diets were isocaloric (11.8MJ ME/kg) and isonitrogenous (16% CP). There was no significant effect (p&gt;0.05) of replacing dietary FM with PVOM (on an equal protein basis) on the performance parameters measured. Birds fed on diets A,B,C,D and E had similar (p&gt;0.05) mean daily weight gains of 14.16, 13.66, 14.65, 13.35 and 13.84g/b d respectively. The mean daily feed consumption values were 73.61, 73.27,73.88, 72.10 and 71.76g/b d for the birds on diets A,B,C,D and E respectively while similar mean feed conversion ratios of 5.21, 5.45,5.04, 5.42 and 5.21were also recorded for the birds on diet A,B,C,D and E respectively. It is concluded that PVOM could replace FM completely on an equal protein basics in grower pullets diets. Cost of feed per unit of weight gain was lower on the PVOM-based diet than on the FM-based diet.

PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS GIVEN DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF ACACIA SIEBERIANA DC. VAR. SIEBERIANA SEEDS

The study was aimed at evaluating the seeds of a leguminous plant, Acacia sieberiana DC as an alternative source of dietary plant protein for broilers. Five experimental diets containing 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20% Acacia sieberiana seeds (ASS) were formulated and fed to 5 groups of birds during starter (0 - 4 weeks), grower (5 - 8 weeks) and finisher (9-12 weeks) periods respectively. There were 3 replicates per treatment, with 10 birds per replicate. At the end of the experiment, average weekly liveweight gains of 128.90 ±24.17, 122.68±25.09, 112.79 ± 22.83, 96.40 ± 21.53 and 99.56 + 21.53g were obtained for the birds on 0, 5, 10 and 20% ASS inclusion respectively. The average weekly feed consumption values were 413.47 ± 63.63, 408.59 ± 63.82, 304.60 ± 61.70, 347.96 ± 58.0 and 352.83 ± 59.76g for the birds on 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% ASS respectively. The feed efficiencies were 0.289 ± 0.03, 0.272± 0.03, 0.264 + 0.03, 0.248 ± 0.03 and 0.253 ± 0.03 for the birds on 0. 5. 10. 15 and 20% ASS respectively. The data revealed that in general, the birds on 0, 5 and 10% ASS inclusion performed better (PÇ&lt;.05) than birds on 15 or 20% ASS. Results of carcass evaluation show that the gizzard, lungs and heads of the control birds had significantly (PÇ&lt;.05) higher weights than those of birds on 15 and 20% ASS. From these results it can be concluded that up to 10% ASS could be incorporated into poultry diet without deleterious effect on broilers.

The Reject Green Kale Substitution (Ipomoea Aquatica) Fermented Yeast in Commercial Feed on Performance and Carcass Quality of Super Native Chicken

The purpose of this study was to determine the reject green kale effect of substitution fermented yeast in commercial feed on the performance and carcass quality of super native chicken. The design of this study is a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial pattern 2 x 4. The first factor is gender, the second factor is 4 treatment of feed. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications, and each test consisted of 4 chickens. The treatment in question is: R0 = (100%) basal ration without the reject green kale substitution (Control), R1 = 95% basal ration + with the reject green kale substitution fermented yeast 5%, R2 = 90% basal ration + with the reject green kale substitution fermented yeast 10%, R3 = 85% basal ration + with the reject green kale substitution fermented yeast 15%. Conclusion the reject green kale substitution fermented yeast in commercial feed can improve the performance and carcass quality of super native chicken. The best performance results were obtained from the value of feed consumption in male R3 treatment at 455.6 grams/head/week, body weight gain/week in male R3 treatment at 295.5 grams/head/week, feed conversion in male R2 treatment at 1,538, and carcass percentage at male R3 treatment by 62.6%. While the best results of carcass quality obtained from the value of the water holding capacity is the treatment of male R1 by 53.83%, cooking losses in the treatment of R3 female by 12.63%, the potential hydrogen of the male R2 treatment by 5.07%, and tenderness which is at the highest favorite level in the treatment of treatment. Male R3 is 3.53%.

The effect of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on different basal feeds for hybrid duck performance

The aimed of this research was to determine effect of Supplementation of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on different basal feeds for hybrid duck performance. This research was conducted by in vivo method with 120 MA (Mojosari x Alabio) of hybrid ducks type. The method was being used in this research include 4 treatments and 6 repetitions with 5 ducks each repetition. The treatment consisteds of P1 = Commercial feed 100 %, P2 = Alternative feed 100 %, P3 = Commercial Feed 90 % + supplementation of fresh alfalfa 10 % and P4 = Alternative feed 90 % + supplementation of fresh alfalfa 10 %. Feed and water was offered Ad libitum. The Observed variables were feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The data was analyzed by the Program of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) analyzed was implanted for significant differences data. The results showed that 10 % alfalfa supplementation in commercial feeds and alternative feeds have significant lower/higher (P &lt;0.05) value of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR value. Based on these results it can be concluded that commercial feed without alfalfa supplementation was the most optimal treatment of other treatment feeds for hybrid duck performance.

Consumption Value and Goat Livestock Weight Gain through Taiwanese Grass Feeding Using Morinda Bio-Activator Liquid Fertilizer

Concentrate is required to be added for forage feeding in order to meet nutritional needs and also to increase the productivity of goat livestock. This study was done gradually and continuously, starting from the making of liquid organic fertilizer with the addition of Morinda fruit bio-activator that used to cultivate Taiwan grass. Furthermore, the Taiwan grass is combined with concentrate to be given to goats every day at different treatment level. During the cultivation process, consumption and weight gain value are generated in goats. It can be concluded that the value of consumption and weight gain are not significant statistically. However, the best weight gain is obtained in K3 treatment with a value of 0.29 kg/day and it is also in line with the value of feed consumption in K3. Taiwan grass as initial feed and concentrate as additional feed in balancing level so that it can fulfill nutritional needs of goat livestock.

Increased bioavailability of tylosin phosphate as in-feed medication formulated for long-action pellets in broiler chickens

Circadian variation of serum concentrations of tylosin in broiler chickens after in-feed medication prompted a comparison study of the serum profiles of this drug after in-feed medication with standard tylosin phosphate (Tprf reference formulation group), and after in-feed medication with a sustained-release pellet formulation (Tpsr group), based on Patent No.MX/a/2012/013222 and PCT/MX2013/000137, in broiler chickens. Six hundred 4-week-old Ross broiler chickens were in-feed medicated with tylosin phosphate at an approximate dose of 25.2 mg/kg/d, based on daily feed consumption values and a final concentration of tylosin in feed of 200 mg/kg of feed. Approximately 2 to 3 mL of blood were obtained per 5 chickens every 2 h, avoiding the sampling of a bird more than once and during 72 h after making medicated feed available for the first time. Serum concentrations of tylosin were determined by HPLC. Gaussian multi-peak regressions were then fitted to serum concentration vs. time profiles. Day by d areas under the serum concentration vs. time profiles (AUC0–24), as well as overall AUC0–72, were statistically higher for the Tpsr group (P < 0.001). Also, maximum serum concentrations obtained and relative bioavailability for the Tpsr formulation were statistically higher (382.8%) as compared to the Tprf group (P < 0.01). Considering the referred improved values of AUC observed in the Tpsr formulation, as well as the fact that tylosin is a time-dependent antibacterial drug, better clinical responses are postulated with this pharmaceutical preparation intended for chickens. Tissue deposition studies for this new formulation of tylosin are required.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Sinbiotik Bakteri Asam Laktat dan Daun Cincau terhadap Performa Broiler

Symbiotics in this study consisted of probiotics lactic acid bacteria (BAL) and prebiotics grass jelly leaves. This study aims to examine the effect of various levels of symbiotics on drinking water on the broiler performance. One hundred birds of Day Old Chick (DOC) were divided into 5 groups of treatments. The treatments were R1: drinking water without antibiotics and natural symbiotics, R2: drinking water with AGP, R3: drinking water with natural symbiotics (2%), R4: drinking water with natural symbiotics (4%), R5: drinking water with natural symbiotics (6%). The variables observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion. The use of 2% natural symbiotics gives a lower average value of feed consumption and feed conversion compared to the use of natural symbiotics 4% and 6%. The use of 2% natural symbiotics in drinking water also provides higher body weight gain compared to the use of natural symbiotics 4% and 6%. Keywords: natural symbiotics, lactic acid bacteria, grass jelly leaves, broiler performance

The impact of graded levels of daylength on turkey productivity to eighteen weeks of age

The impact of graded levels of day-length on the productivity of hens and toms was studied in two trials. Daylength treatments (trts) were 14 (14L), 17 (17L), 20 (20L), and 23 (23L) h and were started at 10 d of age. Turkeys (720 hens and 480 toms) were randomly allocated to 8 rooms (2 rooms per lighting trt) with six pens (3 hen – 30 per pen and 3 tom – 20 per pen) per room in each trial. Body weight (BW) was assessed at 0, 10, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 126 d of age; feed consumption (FC) was measured for the time periods between body weight determinations and feed efficiency (G:F; g of gain/g of feed) was calculated from BW and FC values. Birds were checked daily for mortality and culls, and affected birds were sent for necropsy. Data were analyzed according to a completely randomized block design with trial as the block and rooms nested within lighting trts. Regression analysis was used to study the relationship between dependent variables and daylength. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P ≤ 0.10. At both 21 and 42 d, body weight increased linearly with increasing daylength. At 84 d weights of toms decreased in a quadratic fashion and hen weights were unaffected. At 126 d, both tom and hen weights decreased linearly as daylength increased, with the magnitude of response gender dependent. Feed consumption corresponded with body weight changes, increasing for d 10 to 21, and 21 to 42 and decreasing for d 63 to 84, 84 to 105, and 105 to 126 with increasing daylength. Feed efficiency (G:F) was not affected by daylength for 10 to 84, 10 to 105 and 10 to 126 d periods. The incidence of mortality and culling was not affected by daylength for the 10 to 84 d period, but increased in a quadratic manner with increasing daylength for the 10 to 105 and 10 to 126 d periods. To conclude, daylength affects the growth and feed intake of turkeys in an age and gender-specific manner, and mortality and culling increase with longer daylength.

Subchronic, reproductive, and maternal toxicity studies with tertiary butyl acetate (TBAC)

Tertiary-butyl acetate (TBAC) was tested for subchronic toxicity in rats and mice and reproductive toxicity in rats at inhalation concentrations of 0, 100, 400 or 1600ppm. An oral maternal toxicity study was conducted in rats at dose levels of 0, 400, 800, 1000 and 1600mgkg−1d−1. In the inhalation studies, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, gross pathology and the majority of body weight and feed consumption values were unaffected. Exposure to TBAC at concentrations of 400ppm and higher caused transient hyperactivity in mice and some evidence of increased motor activity counts in male rats at the 1600ppm exposure level. TBAC caused α2u-globulin accumulation in male rat kidneys from all exposure groups and increased liver weights in 1600ppm rats and mice. Levels of thyroxin were decreased in male mice exposed to 1600ppm TBAC for 4weeks but otherwise thyroid endpoints were unaffected in rats and mice at either the 4 or 13weeks time points. There was no evidence or immunotoxicity or reproductive toxicity in rats. Pregnant rats receiving 1000mgkg−1d−1 TBAC exhibited severe signs of acute neurotoxicity and decreased feed consumption and body weight gain. Fetal viability and growth were unaffected.

Upgrading the nutritive value of full-fat soyabeans meal for broiler production with either fishmeal or black soldier fly larvae meal (&lt;i&gt;Hermetia illucens&lt;/i&gt;)

An experiment was conducted using Anak Red broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of grading the nutritive value of full fat soyabean meal diet based with either fishmeal or Blaick soldier fly larvae meal for broiler production. The average live weight gains of broilers fed an all vegetable protein, fishmeal and larvae meal diets at 10 weeks of age were 1465g, 2045g and 2015g respectively. The corresponding feed consumption values for same period were 4140g, 4878g and 5075g while the figures for the feed/gain ratio were 2.8 2.4 and 2.6 respectively. Significant (P&lt;0.05) treatment effects in favour of diet upgraded with the larvae meal were obtained in the carcass yield, internal organ measurements (kidney, gizzard and liver) and the abdominal fat. The amino acid profile of the larvae meal compared favourably with that of fishmeal and also found to be superior to that of soybean meal. The study suggests that inclusion of protein of animal or insect origin to an all-vegetable diet was very desirable for better nutrient utilization. The results also revealed that under the conditions of the experiment, larvae meal could replace fish meal to upgrade the nutritive value of soyabean meal in the broiler starter and finisher rations without any adverse effect on the rate of gain, feed consumption and feed: gain ratio. Key words: Black soldier fly, larvae meal, soybean meal, fish meal, broiler.