Federation Internationale De Football Association Research Articles

The Dose-Response in Elite Soccer: Preliminary Insights From Menstrual-Cycle Tracking During the FIFA Women's World Cup 2019.

This preliminary study examined the influence of estimated menstrual-cycle (MC)phase on responses to soccer matches and training sessions in preparation for and during the FIFA (Fédération internationale de football association) Women's World Cup 2019. Twenty outfield players representing a national team were tracked over a 45-day period. External (10-Hz global positioning system; total and distance covered at high-metabolic power [≥20W·kg-1]) and internal load measures (minutes ≥80% heart-rate maximum, sessional ratings of perceived exertion) were collected during all training and matches, with single-item wellness measures (fatigue, soreness, sleep quality, and sleep duration) collected each morning prior to activity. MC phase was estimated individually via an algorithm, informed from pretournament survey responses and ongoing symptom reporting (FitrWoman). Model comparison statistics were used to determine the impact of estimated MC phase in nonhormonal contraceptive users (n = 16). Sessional rating of perceived exertion responses to total distances ≥5km were higher during the luteal phase (+0.6-1.0au; P ≤ .0178) versus menstruation (phase 1), but no other observable dose-response trends were observed. Sleep, fatigue, and soreness ratings were not typically associated with MC phase, with the exception of exacerbated fatigue ratings in luteal versus follicular phase 48 hours postmatch (-0.73au, P = .0275). Preliminary findings suggest that estimated MC phase may contribute to the understanding of the dose-response to soccer training and matches.

Between global events and local reverberations: Globalization, local media framing and the 2014 FIFA World Cup

AbstractThis article advances sociological work on globalization processes. It concerns itself with conceptualizations of how the local and global ‘clash’, utilizing Ulrich Beck's work on globalization, cosmopolitanism and power. By employing Brazil's 2014 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) men's World Cup as a case, this article seeks to build on Beck's theorizations, into the field of football; using the General Law of the World Cup as a symbolic representation for the global/local, interest‐driven interactions between Brazil and FIFA. In particular, this article is concerned with how FIFA's requirements, standards and norms, as imposed on the host nation, were framed within local media and journalistic discourses. The article extends Beck's insights by problematizing how global demands meet local socio‐spatial, legal and cultural contexts and how these demands, seeking to regulate and secure consumption, are resisted by various domestic and localized actors situated within a power game.

An Assessment on the Carbon Footprint of a Football Club—an Action Research from Theory to Practice

AbstractThere is a lack of academic literature that explores the evaluation of football club’s carbon footprints. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first study where the football’s club’s overall carbon footprints were assessed. This study’s main objectives were to measure the football club environmental impact and promote the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions for famous significant sports events such as the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) matches. The football club is a part of one of the biggest football clubs in Europe, which operates, manages, and maintains various facilities by assisting the football club in decision-making processes to identify the most relevant business engagement areas. The following research questions were considered: (a) What are the hotspots and the most significant contributors to GHG emissions of a football club? (b) How to improve emissions management within the stadium organization? (c) How to establish a carbon reduction and management plan? The researchers visited this stadium to collect data and interview managers of the football club. The GHG assessment results provide some relevant confirmation of the guidelines that emerged during the onsite visit. This study found that indirect emissions produced by a supporter’s transportation mode are equivalent to 38%, followed by energy consumption, accounting for 25% of the total GHG emissions. Specific future recommendations for sports organizations, such as (i) intermediate goal is to cut GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2030 and (ii) model scope 3 emissions and set scope 3 targets if scope 3 emissions account for 40% or more of their overall emissions, have emerged after this study.

The Case of the Soccer World Cup 2022 in Qatar and Sustainability: Comparison of FIFA's Plan (Target) and Public Perception (Actual)

No other mega sporting event has ever been as controversial as the 2022 soccer World Cup in Qatar. This paper does not look at how the World Cup was awarded to Qatar and the role played by corruption and the power of money. Instead, this case study will take a closer look at the sustainability of the event. Was it possible to keep the promises made by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the state of Qatar in the run-up to the event? To what extent do FIFA's self-image and the public's perception of it match? In the analysis (target/actual comparison), the dialectical three-step method (with thesis, antithesis, and synthesis) is used.

Shoulder injuries in Brazilian professional football players: epidemiological analysis of 3828 games

ObjectivesFootball is a globally played sport that poses potential risks for musculoskeletal injuries. Upper-limb injuries have a lower incidence rate than lower-limb injuries but can still cause absenteeism and performance impairment in football players. This descriptive epidemiological study aimed to evaluate and compare the epidemiological data on shoulder injuries among professional football players in two major Brazilian football championships. MethodsData were collected throughout the championships, and club physicians medically evaluated each player during official games using two online forms. The collected information included the player's age and position, injury diagnosis, laterality, location on the field where the injury occurred, playing time, imaging examinations performed, need for surgical treatment, time to return to play (TRP), and recurrence of the injury. The incidence of injuries was evaluated using the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) incidence formula. ResultsA total of 107 shoulder injuries were recorded (4.3% of all injuries), with a FIFA incidence of 0.847. Glenohumeral dislocations (GHDs) and acromioclavicular dislocations (ACDs) accounted for 37.38% and 35.51% of all shoulder injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers and defenders presented, respectively, a 2.15 and 1.57 times increased risk of suffering shoulder injuries, while attackers presented a 0.63 times decreased risk. Injury recurrence was observed in 14.95% of cases, with GHDs and ACDs showing recurrence rates of 35.00% and 5.26%, respectively. Surgery was performed in 9.35% of cases, with GHDs representing 50% of all surgeries. The average TRP was 22.37 days, with severe and major injuries accounting for 11.21% and 10.28% of all injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers had the highest average TRP of 36.15 days. Recurring injuries had a higher average TRP of 33.44 days compared to nonrecurring injuries, which had an average TRP of 20.43 days. Surgically treated injuries had the highest average TRP of 112.5 days. ConclusionShoulder injuries in the professional football scenario are of great concern due to the high recurrence rate and need for surgical treatment, which will lead to a long TRP. These findings emphasize the need to implement prevention protocols and effective treatments to reduce the consequences of such injuries, which are usually underestimated in this sport. Level of evidenceIII.

Enforced Ostracism? Analysis of the International Sports Organizations’ Reactions to the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 triggered widespread reactions. The global call for the isolation of Russia and its collaborator Belarus has also involved the world of sport, leading to the expulsion of Russian and Belarusian athletes from international competitions. The decisions leading to the expulsion were analyzed from the perspective of their factors, timing, and the international sports organizations’ (ISOs) traditional approach to mixing sport and politics. During these developments, various stakeholders have been exerting pressure on the ISOs by voicing their expectations towards sanctioning Russia and even using the threat of boycott. Multiple Streams Framework has been employed in an attempt to understand the decision-making processes of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), demonstrating that external pressure has played the overriding role in the process leading to the isolation of Russia and Belarus in international sport, marking the continuation of the recent evolution of ISOs’ approach to the interconnection between politics and sport.

Protection rights for football supporters: learning from the tragedy at the Kanjuruhan Stadium in Indonesia

PurposeFootball supporters have safety and security guarantees, but protection rights abuses in the Kanjuruhan Indonesia stadium tragedy. This study aims to create a design regulation to protect the protection rights of football supporters in the world.Design/methodology/approachThis is a socio-legal study. The law, cases and conceptual methods are the research methodologies. The process of collecting data uses a literature review. The gathered facts and information are next examined both qualitatively and descriptively.FindingsThe tragedy that occurred at the Kanjuruhan Stadium is the worst tragedy of Indonesian football. The key factor behind the tragedy was the mechanism for securing football matches regulated in the acts and regulations in Indonesia, which were out of sync and contrary to Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) regulations. The Indonesian National Police Regulation (Perkapolri) permits the use of firearms, tear gas and force, whereas this is actually prohibited by the FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulation (FSSSR). In this tragedy, protection rights abuses occurred. Then, the Indonesian Sport Act (ISA) 2022 does not yet regulate crucial matters, especially safety and security in sports competitions to protect players, referees, spectators/supporters and other match organizers.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examines various regulations relating to sports, especially football matches with a focus on studies in Indonesia.Practical implicationsThe results of this research help realize protection rights for football supporters and create designs regulation to protect protection rights for football supporters worldwide.Social implicationsThe design regulation recommended in this study is useful for preventing disasters in football and protecting football supporters, players, referees and parties in matches from acts of violence.Originality/valueLearning from the Kanjuruhan tragedy, to prevent this from happening again, the adoption of the FSSSR into Indonesian legislation, created the Safety of Sports Grounds Act and the establishment of the Indonesian Football Policing Unit are recommendations that need to be considered.

Investor attention during soccer World Cups

PurposeThis study aims to examine investor attention by exploring the trading behavior of investors in US-based exchange traded funds (ETFs) of countries active in the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cups.Design/methodology/approachThe present study employs event study methodology to measure abnormal returns and excess trading volume of country-specific ETFs during six FIFA World Cups. The sample of ETFs includes 19 participating countries.FindingsConsistent with investor behavior that might be explained by attention effect, the study finds that country-specific ETFs from participating countries do indeed behave differently during FIFA World Cups events. The authors find significant evidence of abnormal trading volume and, albeit weaker, abnormal returns during cups.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on investor behavior, linking investor attention with salient sports events.

Pesan Anti Rasisme dalam Pertandingan Kualifikasi Euro 2020 Belanda vs Estonia di Mola TV

antagonism towards many forms of racism. Instances of racial discrimination and prejudice are prevalent within the domain of football. A diverse range of individuals, including supporters, coaches, athletes, officials overseeing matches, and media members, are accountable for participating in racist practices. The establishment of the Let's Kick Racism Out of Football program by the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was a direct response to the occurrence of racism within the football community. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the potential existence of an anti-racist message inside the live broadcast of the Netherlands vs Estonia match on Mola TV. The research methodology adopted in this study involves using a descriptive qualitative approach. The methodology utilized in this study is the semiotic approach. The methodology adopted for data analysis is grounded in the principles of semiotics as established by Charles S. Peirce. The theoretical framework utilized in this research is the constructivism paradigm. The present study utilizes the theoretical framework of Social Reality Construction in Mass Media. The results of this study unveiled several forms of anti-racism indicators, encompassing gestures involving bodily motions, observable characteristics, spatial clues, and temporal factors. The match's goal celebration sequences effectively convey an anti-racism tone through the presence of such messages.

여자 축구선수들의 특별한 의학적 문제들과 고려 사항

Football is a sports that the most attention and love from many countries and people regardless of gender around the world. Recently, FIFA (Fédération internationale de football association) has been actively helping female football players around the world with economic and technical support. In addition, FIFA has been making great efforts to revitalize the women's league. In this article, the medical issues that should be considered and examined by team doctors and medical teams and what problems should be particularly concerned in female football players will be divided into three categories to be gone through: sports injury, RED-s(relative energy deficiency in sports) and gender verification. First of all, it is known that the overall percentage of injury for female football players is lower than that of male players, however the rate of serious damage is higher in female football players due to the more frequent the knee anterior cruciate ligament injury and traumatic brain injury. It is important to know that RED-s starts with low energy availability as it progresses it can be a serious problem that deteriorates the health and performance of individual athletes. The issue of gender verification is needed to determine whether this player can participate in the women's competition, and it should be check whether this violates the spirit of fair play.

Game Over for Russian Athletes? Human Rights Aspects of Measures Adopted by International Sports Organisations as a Response to the Russian Aggression against Ukraine

Summary The Russian invasion of Ukraine has tested the mettle of the international community, prompting not only States but also non-state actors to take deterrent action in response. Indeed, international sports organisations, namely the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Federation of European Football Associations (UEFA), have been relatively successful in shifting the power dynamics by introducing a complete ban on the Football Union of Russia (FUR), i.e., the Russian national and club teams. This article investigates the human rights implications of such actions by international sports organisations. First, the article departs from an assessment of the legal status of FIFA and UEFA under international law. It reflects how a legal link could be established vis-à-vis their human rights obligations. Second, it examines the human rights aspects of the impugned measures by FIFA and UEFA on the part of the Russian athletes, further scrutinising them against the international human rights law principle of non-discrimination through a proportionality test. Finally, it draws basic pathways for how possible human rights violations committed in the context of measures adopted by such organisations could be remedied, outlining the challenges of arbitration and litigation in Switzerland.

The Practice of Flaming Football Supporters on Ganjar Pranowo's Instagram Account

FIFA (the Federation Internationale de Football Association) withdrew Indonesia from hosting the World Cup U-20 2023. This cancellation caused many peoples to be disappointed. Indonesian national team supporters expressed disappointment in Ganjar Pranowo's Instagram comments because of his stance and statement regarding his refusal of the Israeli national team to compete in Indonesia. This research explores the behavior of Indonesian football fans on Instagram using the SIDE model. This research uses netnography or virtual ethnography because this research focuses on activities in cyberspace. In cyberspace, there is a term called cyberculture. The flaming practice was not come up from a heated debate, but the flaming comments have been keen since users visited Ganjar Pranowo's Instagram account, not creating a space for discussion. Excessive fanaticism or lack of self-control sometimes makes users become actors in flaming production. In addition, anonymity is also a factor in deindividuation occurs. Flaming behavior was found when the apparent norm of previous commenters was being flamed. This research focuses more on the process of user deindividuation using the SIDE model; since this research was conducted in cyberspace, further research can be conducted offline to investigate this behavior.

Populist Dimensions of Sport Histories

Abstract This article explores the concept of populism to further our understanding of sport-based institutions and discourse and to demonstrate the relevance of “sportive populism” to sport history scholarship. It begins with an account of the application of the concept to strongman populism in historical and contemporary contexts and then focuses on two specific historical cases: the Colosseum in Rome in the first century CE, and the formative discourses of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Based primarily upon secondary sources, analysis of the cases illustrates the interpretive potential of the populist concept for our understanding of a form of sportive populism in the political project of the Colosseum and in the formative discourses and persisting rhetoric of the two international sporting bodies.

A Baseball Injury and Performance Initiative to Combat Health Risks Associated With Early Sport Specialization

ABSTRACT Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries have been increasing steadily for the past decade, especially among youth and adolescent amateurs. USA Baseball's Pitch Smart guidelines have been introduced to combat UCL and other throwing arm injuries because overuse is the paramount cause. Fatigue is also a major contributor to injuries. Other factors include inadequate strength, recovery methods, and parental and caregiver education. Significant misconceptions exist among parents and caregivers about UCL injury, surgical repair, strength and conditioning, and injury prevention that can directly influence their children's health and safety in sport. Therefore, parents' and caregivers' education is imperative to reduce injuries in youth baseball. This article presents an educational opportunity by providing an evidence-based training program designed to prevent injuries and maximize performance called the Baseball Injury and Performance Initiative 10 (BIPI 10). The BIPI 10 program conditions baseball players through whole-bodied movement, varying contraction tempos, and plyometrics that are sport specific. BIPI 10 is believed to offer high compliance because training can be completed daily in less than 10 minutes and initiated anywhere across competitive levels on a worldwide scale in a similar fashion to the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) program FIFA 11+ for soccer.

Injury prevention strategies at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup display a multifactorial approach and highlight subjective wellness measurements

ObjectiveTo report the injury prevention programs utilised by top-level female footballers competing internationally. MethodsAn online survey was administered to physicians of the 24 competing national teams at the 2019 Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Women's World Cup. The survey included 4 sections regarding perceptions and practices concerning non-contact injuries: (1) risk factors, (2) screening tests and monitoring tools, (3) preventative strategies, and (4) reflection on their World Cup experience. ResultsFollowing responses from 54% of teams, the most common injuries encountered included muscle strains, ankle sprains, and anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. The study also revealed the most important injury risk factors during the FIFA 2019 World Cup. Intrinsic risk factors include accumulated fatigue, previous injury, and strength endurance. Extrinsic risk factors include reduced recovery time between matches, congested match schedule, and the number of club team matches played. The 5 most used tests for risk factors were flexibility, joint mobility, fitness, balance, and strength. Monitoring tools commonly used were subjective wellness, heart rate, minutes/matches played, and daily medical screening. Specific strategies to limit the risk of an anterior cruciate ligament injury included the FIFA 11+ program and proprioception training. ConclusionThe present study revealed multifactorial approaches to injury prevention strategies for women's national football teams at the FIFA 2019 World Cup. Challenges to injury prevention program implementation reflect time limitations, schedule uncertainties, and varying club team recommendations. Level of evidenceIV.

Why privilege the Europeans? A discussion of FIFA’s rules for international transfers for under-18 players

ABSTRACT Many professional football clubs in Europe have youth academies. The business model of such academies is that a club invests resources in training a player and then, when the player is old enough to sign an adult contract, either sells the player or offers him an adult contract. According to Fédération Internationale De Football Association (FIFA), international transfers of players are only permitted if the player is over the age of 18. There are five exceptions to this rule. One of them is that if the player is between 16 and 18 and the transfer takes place within the territory of the European Economic Area (EEA), then an international transfer is allowed. This article is a discussion of the FIFA rules that mandate non-uniform age limits for when players can first transfer to clubs within the EEA area. The conclusion of the article is that FIFA is morally unjustified in setting a higher minimum age for transfer to EEA clubs for non-EEA players than for EEA players. The article first develops an argument for its conclusion. It then discusses, and rejects, the five best objections to this argument.

The Effect of Stretching, Foam Rolling, and FIFA 11+ Warm-ups on Performance and Pain in Athletes with Knee Pain

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most prevalent disease of the knee. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of various warm-up methods on several performance measures and pain intensity in athletes with and without PFPS.
 Methods: This clinical trial study included 18 to 24-year-old professional female athletes with or without PFPS. Both groups performed warm-up protocols, including general stretching, foam rolling, and Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ warm-up exercises in three test sessions simultaneously. The data collection procedure was implemented on three separate days in one week. Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) to measure the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) were examined before and after each session.
 Results: No significant difference was observed between the effect of different warm-ups in groups with and without PFPS regarding the use of the SSC (P = 0.185), while there were significant differences in the effect of various warm-up protocols on LESS (P < 0.001) and pain scores (P < 0.001).
 Conclusion: Using the foam roller as a warm-up method can decrease the pain intensity in athletes with PFPS but may increase their LESS score. In addition, there was no difference in the effect of various warm-up methods on the SSC between athletes with and without PFPS. Finally, it seems that foam rolling should be used with more caution as a part of warming up in athletes with PFPS.

An Institutional Issue on Football Competition, Indonesia League Tragedy

Beginning with the overflow of mass emotions which led to uncontrolled collective action causing as many as 135 people to die and more than 750 others to be injured in a sports match. This article analyses a problem that has shocked the people and government in Indonesia and has become one of the most important issues in world football from an institutional perspective. In the first two weeks after the incident, the police, the main football organization in the country, and the event organizers seemed to try to escape responsibility. However, the country's swift move to immediately form a Joint Independent Fact Finding Team (TGIPF) on D+1 two weeks later concluded that the match management had committed many violations of the basic principles as guided by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Through analysis of secondary data, namely news coverage in the mass media, social media, and qualitative analysis of video recordings from interested parties, this article reiterates that ignoring standard standards in the form of official football rules is a fundamental problem as the cause of a human tragedy.

Klasifikasi Sentimen Transformasi dan Reformasi Sepak Bola Indonesia Pada Twitter Menggunakan Algoritma Bernoulli Naïve Bayes

Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) carried out Transformations and Reformations to Indonesian Football with one of them Indonesia was chosen as the Host of the U-20 World Cup in 2023. The transformations and reformations carried out cause people to often provide opinions through social media Twitter. Opinions given by the public can be positive or negative. The research uses Text Mining to classify sentiment in 2 categories with the Bernoulli Naïve Bayes algorithm. This research aims to classify positive and negative sentiments and determine the level of accuracy value of the sentiment classification results of Indonesian Football Transformation and Reformation. The research stages carried out are data collection, text preprocessing, data labeling, TF-IDF weighting, Bernoulli Naïve Bayes classification, and evaluation. Based on the research results from 4907 data there is duplicate data and only uses 2125 data which is divided into 90% training data and 10% testing data, so as to get accuracy with a high category value of 88%. The classification results show that many tweets are positive sentiments.

Tackling noncommunicable diseases in Africa through football: The case of Malawi

AbstractThere is evidence that physical inactivity and dietary factors are more common among modifiable risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) which are on the rise in Malawi. Football has been shown to have a wide range of health‐related benefits in health education programs, including the promotion of physical activity as a potential intervention in addressing NCDs. In Malawi, few football‐based health promotion programs have been implemented to address NCDs. Among the programs implemented were the Federation Internationale de Football Association 11 for Health initiative which was a school‐based health education program for the youth and the Malawi Ministry of Health's SPORTS FOR HEALTH initiative targeting civil servants. These programs produced significant improvement in physical activity in the participants and also increased their knowledge of both communicable and NCDs. However, these initiatives were not rolled out to many sites across Malawi. As Malawi is tackling rising cases of NCDs, football can be used as a powerful tool in promoting physical activity and it also provides an important platform for the delivery of NCDs’ health promotion messages to a wider audience. Such football‐based initiatives must be designed to directly address modifiable risk factors of NCDs. For successful implementation, there must be a good collaboration among the Ministries of Health and Sports, local football leagues, and other stakeholders.