Federal State Research Articles

Заболеваемость болезнями нервной системы детей и подростков мегаполиса.

The significant proportion in the structure of childhood disability determines the relevance of assessing the incidence rates of newly diagnosed diseases of the nervous system in the child population of the metropolis. Purpose: t o analyze the primary incidence of diseases of the nervous system in children and adolescents in a metropolis. Materials and methods. The statistical data collections of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Central Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatization» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for 2015–2024 were used as the base material. An assessment of intensive and extensive indicators of primary morbidity of children aged 0–14 and 15–17 in St. Petersburg was carried out in dynamics over ten years. A comparative analysis of the indicators was carried out using the visibility indicator with indicators for the Russian Federation and the Northwestern Federal District. The significance of differences between the indicators was assessed using Student’s t-test. Statistical data processing was carried out using MS Office‑2019 software packages. Results and discussions. The primary incidence of nervous system diseases among the child population aged 0–14 in St. Petersburg was significantly higher than the national and Northwestern Federal District averages in the entire period 2014–2023, and has grown by 19.4% over the past ten years. The incidence of 15–17-year-old adolescents was higher than the figures for 0–14-year-old children. The incidence of newly diagnosed nervous system diseases among the adolescent population of St. Petersburg also significantly exceeded the national and federal district averages, and had an upward trend (+4.0%). In the metropolis, the proportion of newly diagnosed nervous system diseases among all newly diagnosed diseases among children aged 0–14 and adolescents aged 15–17 was significantly higher than the national and Northwestern Federal District averages over the entire period studied, but has decreased over the past ten years. The rate of decline in the share of newly diagnosed nervous system diseases in adolescents was 2.7 times higher than in children (20.8% versus 7.6%), and the difference between the metropolis’ indicators and the indicators for Russia and the federal district was less significant. The COVID‑19 pandemic had a significant impact on the primary morbidity rate of children aged 0–14 and 15–17 and the share of newly diagnosed nervous system diseases in them. In 2020, compared to 2019, the incidence rate of nervous system diseases in children and adolescents in the metropolis significantly decreased, while the share of newly diagnosed nervous system diseases, on the contrary, increased. Conclusion. The high level of primary morbidity with a high proportion of newly diagnosed diseases of the nervous system among all newly diagnosed diseases in children and adolescents in the metropolis indicates an increasing role of neurological pathology in the morbidity of the child population.

Utilisation and trends of laboratory testing and point-of-care testing in primary care in Germany: an analysis of claims data

ObjectivesGerman general practitioners (GPs) either order laboratory tests from external laboratories (initiated laboratory services (ILS)) or perform point-of-care tests (POCTs) within the GP practice. This study investigated the current use...

Deutungskämpfe um das Schulfach Wirtschaft – Eine historische Diskursanalyse zur Pädagogisierung gesellschaftlicher Problemlagen

This article analyses the phenomenon of pedagogization in relation to the implementation of a new school subject. The aforementioned subject is called “Wirtschaft / Berufs- und Studienorientierung” within the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg and was instituted in 2016. Even before the launch, a huge media dispute about the role of economic knowledge in schools ensued. Politicians, the scientific community and foundations weighed in on the design of the school subject. The article presents these actors and their view on the matter as a phenomenon of pedagogization, as the subject was continuously described as a rudimental contribution to solve a multitude of societal problems.

Fit for purpose? Evaluating benthic invertebrate DNA metabarcoding for ecological status class assessment in streams under the Water Framework Directive.

The ecological state of aquatic ecosystems is systematically monitored using various bioindicators in many countries worldwide. In the European Union, freshwater biomonitoring is the central component of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and currently based on morpho-taxonomic methods. DNA metabarcoding is a novel approach to assess the ecological state fast and efficiently based on organismal DNA signatures and thereby support and upscale biomonitoring. However, compliance of metabarcoding with existing morpho-taxonomic methods must be ensured prior to official implementation. Thus, this study, co-designed by research institutions and environmental agencies, explored necessary key parameters and performed method intercalibration for the implementation of metabarcoding into WFD assessments of running waters. We focussed on benthic invertebrates as the most commonly used bioindicators. We analysed 170 invertebrate samples collected as part of the German federal state WFD routine stream biomonitoring, first via microscopic determination and then using metabarcoding. Our goals were to quantify overlap in i) taxonomic composition and ii) ecological status derived with both methods. For this purpose, we established data harmonisation measures to integrate invertebrate metabarcoding data into the official national WFD classification modules considering abundance and presence/absence data. Our results revealed a high (ca. 70 %) overlap of bioindicator taxa found with both methods. Metabarcoding identified significantly more small invertebrate taxa and detected similar proportions of the important bioindicator 'EPT' taxa (mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies). Despite deviations in some detected bioindicator taxa, the derived ecological status classes were highly correlated between methods, particularly after intercalibration (R2 = 0.74, Spearman rho = 0.86). Regardless of whether we used abundance or presence/absence data, the resulting stream type classifications showed strong agreement. Thus, our study not only demonstrates the consistency of the methods for the stream types analysed but is also the first to operationalise a path to integration of metabarcoding data into the WFD assessment modules based on formal intercalibration guidelines.

Deep learning-based body composition analysis from whole-body magnetic resonance imaging to predict all-cause mortality in a large western population

Manually extracted imaging-based body composition measures from a single-slice area (A) have shown associations with clinical outcomes in patients with cardiometabolic disease and cancer. With advances in artificial intelligence, fully automated volumetric (V) segmentation approaches are now possible, but it is unknown whether these measures carry prognostic value to predict mortality in the general population. Here, we developed and tested a deep learning framework to automatically quantify volumetric body composition measures from whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and investigated their prognostic value to predict mortality in a large Western population. The framework was developed using data from two large Western European population-based cohort studies, the UK Biobank (UKBB) and the German National Cohort (NAKO). Body composition was defined as (i) subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), (ii) visceral adipose tissue (VAT), (iii) skeletal muscle (SM), SM fat fraction (SMFF), and (iv) intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). The prognostic value of the body composition measures was assessed in the UKBB using Cox regression analysis. Additionally, we extracted body composition areas for every level of the thoracic and lumbar spine (i) to compare the proposed volumetric whole-body approach to the currently established single-slice area approach on the height of the L3 vertebra and (ii) to investigate the correlation between volumetric and single slice area body composition measures on the level of each vertebral body. In 36,317 UKBB participants (mean age 65.1±7.8 years, age range 45-84 years; 51.7% female; 1.7% [634/36,471] all-cause deaths; median follow-up 4.8 years), Cox regression revealed an independent association between VSM (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.81-0.91], p=0.00023), VSMFF (aHR: 1.06, 95% CI [1.02-1.10], p=0.0043), and VIMAT (aHR: 1.19, 95% CI [1.05-1.35], p=0.0056) and mortality after adjustment for demographics (age, sex, BMI, race) and cardiometabolic risk factors (alcohol consumption, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, history of cancer, blood serum markers). This association was attenuated when using traditional single-slice area measures. Highest correlation coefficients (R) between volumetric and single-slice area body composition measures were located at vertebra L5 for SAT (R=0.820) and SMFF (R=0.947), at L3 for VAT (R=0.892), SM (R=0.944), and at L4 for IMAT (R=0.546) (all p<0.0001). A similar pattern was found in 23,725 NAKO participants (mean age 53.9±8.3 years, age range 40-75; 44.9% female). Automated volumetric body composition assessment from whole-body MRI predicted mortality in a large Western population beyond traditional clinical risk factors. Single slice areas were highly correlated with volumetric body composition measures but their association with mortality attenuated after multivariable adjustment. As volumetric body composition measures are increasingly accessible using automated techniques, identifying high-risk individuals may help to improve personalised prevention and lifestyle interventions. This project was conducted using data from the German National Cohort (NAKO) (www.nako.de). The NAKO is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [project funding reference numbers: 01ER1301A/B/C, 01ER1511D, and 01ER1801A/B/C/D], federal states of Germany and the Helmholtz Association, the participating universities and the institutes of the Leibniz Association. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 80337. MJ was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)-518480401. VKR was funded by American Heart Association Career Development Award 935176 and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-K01HL168231.

Priority directions of onion breeding (Allium cepa L.)

Relevance. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a valuable and demanded vegetable crop, which occupies one of the leading places in terms of sown areas and gross yields among other vegetable crops of the genus Allium L. Onion is popular in folk and evidence-based medicine, widely used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases due to its rich biochemical composition and useful properties. As part of import substitution and achieving food security of the country, scientists of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center» (FSBSI FSVC) are working intensively to create new generation varieties and hybrids.Methodology. Various resources on the topic were selected, publications in scientific and industry journals and databases were studied, a review of works on onion selection (yield, species diversity in shape and color, maturity, shelf life, biochemical parameters, commercial and seed productivity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses), as well as useful properties for humans and use in medicine was made.Results. The analysis of works shows that the wide distribution in the Russian Federation have such varieties of selection of FSBSI FSVC, such as Myachkovskij 300, Cherni prince, Al'ba, Atas, Ampeks and others. In recent years, created a medium-maturing hybrid onion onion F1 Drakon with brown dry scales and a maximum yield of 391.0 c/ha, as well as transferred to the State variety trial winter variety Novator with brown dry scales. Propagation of demanded varieties and hybrids for both production cultivation and for use in household farms is underway.Conclusion. In order to conveyor onion production, it is necessary to create varieties and hybrids of different maturity groups, as well as to work on improving marketability, seed productivity and resistance to various stresses.

Hybrid tomato seed production in protected ground

Relevance. The trend of increasing the area of protected soil and introducing new technologies in the cultivation of vegetable crops of food value can be traced every year. With the development of technology, the requirements for the quality and volume of seed material of hybrids have increased. The main constraints on seed production are the requirements for additional manual labor costs and the complexity of the process, in particular, pollination elements that need to be studied and improved.The aim studying some elements of technology, the optimal time between castration and pollination when crossing fertile tomato lines.Material and Methods. The research was conducted in 2022 year in greenhouse at the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center". The objects of research were different methods of applying paternal pollen to the stigma of the maternal form. The experiment was carried out between maternal and paternal mid-fruited semi-determinate tomato lines in a hybrid combination. The variants of our experience include time-varying methods of pollen application. Pollination at the same time after castration is a control option, pollination after 4, 12, 24, 48 hours. Options with additional pollination the next day: pollination after 4 (+ after 24 hours), 12 (+ after 24 hours), 24 (+ after 24 hours), 48 hours (+ after 24 hours).Results. In the research, it was found that when pollinated with pollen of the paternal component 24 hours after castration of flowers with additional pollination the next day (24 hours later), the yield of seeds from one fruit on the average fertile maternal line of tomato exceeds 3 times compared with conventional pollination at the same time with castration.

Мониторинг цифровой грамотности студентов в условиях развития гиг-экономики

The article examines the prospects of digital transformation of the higher economic education system. The purpose of the study is to monitor the digital literacy of economic university students in the context of the integration of digital technologies into the modern economy. The authors pointed out the need to increase the understanding of the features of the economy of free earnings (gig economy) from the perspective of the career prospects of future economists. In the course of the study, an online survey of students of the economics faculties of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation and Omsk State Technical University was conducted. It was aimed at studying the change in the level of digital literacy of students of 1-4 courses in the light of new trends in the labor market. There were 241 respondents. The obtained theoretical and empirical evidence highlighted the need to introduce new educational resources and technologies into the higher education process in accordance with the complex requirements of the labor market and society.

К вопросу об организации работы куратора в системе высшего образования

The article is devoted to the issues of organizing the work of the institute of curatorship in higher education. Having considered the main historical aspects, it was found out that over 60 years the education system has undergone many changes. And today, education programs are becoming part of the main educational programs. Therefore, the work of curators is becoming relevant again. Having analyzed the experience of curators at the Pedagogical Institute of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Irkutsk State University”, it was found out that it is necessary to create a school of curators for targeted training of the faculty in working with students.

Prevalence trends of type 2 diabetes treatment, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Northeast Germany.

The investigation of prevalence trends of metabolic cardiovascular risk factors is important for appropriate planning of future health programs aiming to prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In a previous study, we demonstrated an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) between 2000 and 2010 in Northeast Germany. The purpose of this study is to investigate prevalence trends of T2D treatment, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Northeast Germany. The baseline examinations of the first Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) project were carried out from 1997 to 2001 (SHIP-START-0, 4308 subjects). A second, independent random sample of the same region was enrolled between 2008 and 2012 (SHIP-TREND-0, 4420 subjects). All data were standardized with post-stratification weighting derived from the adult population of the German federal state of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The prevalence of metformin intake increased from 2.1% to 4.1% and insulin use from 2.0% to 2.8%. While the prevalence of statin intake increased from 6.8% to 12.2%, the prevalence of dyslipidemia decreased slightly from 49.0% in SHIP-START-0 to 45.5% in SHIP-TREND-0. The prevalence of hepatic steatosis increased from 29.7% to 37.3%. This increase was most prominently observed in women and younger age groups. T2D, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis are common and increasing health problems among adults in Northeast Germany. Reassuring healthy diet and controlling obesity may result in prevention of above-mentioned health problems.

Клональное микроразмножение сортов земляники садовой (Fragaria х ananassa Duch.) нейтральнодневного типа плодоношения

Abstract. The article presents the results of the evaluation of the efficiency of clonal propagation of commercially promising day-neutral varieties of garden strawberry. Day-neutral strawberry varieties usually form fewer rosettes on a plant during the growing season than regular varieties, and therefore vegetative propagation is ineffective for these varieties. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of propagation of day-neutral varieties of garden strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), characterized by weak runnerforming ability, by optimizing the process of microclonal propagation in vitro and subsequent adaptation of regenerated plants to ex vitro conditions. The article indicates the features of microclonal propagation technology of neutral-day strawberry varieties Vivara, Sweet Eve and Evis Delight. The studies were conducted in the laboratory of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSСHVW in 2022-2023. MurashigeSkoog (MS) agar medium with the addition of plant growth regulator 6-BAP was used as the main medium (at the introduction stage – 6-BAP – 0.2 mg/l, at the micropropagation stage – 0.75 mg/l, hormone-free MS medium – control). As a result of the studies, it was found that the variety of garden strawberry Sweet Eve is characterized by a higher shoot-forming ability. At a 6-BAP concentration of 0.75 mg/l in the medium, an average of 10.5 new shoots are formed from one shoot in the third passage. Evis Delight variety showed a low shoot-forming capacity of up to 3.8 shoots/exp. After the fourth passage, even on a hormone-free medium, Sweet Eve variety showed an aftereffect of 6-BAP, with the formation of an average of 8.8 shoots from one explant. Such a strong aftereffect of 6-BAP was not noted in Vivara and Eve’s Delight varieties. Rooting began after the fifth passage on a hormone-free medium. The root formation efficiency was 95- 100%. At this stage, longer shoots up to 5.9 cm and roots up to 4.8 cm are formed in Vivara variety. Evis Delight variety stood out in terms of the number of leaves (an average of 9.1 pcs.) and roots (7.5 pcs.). The use of the biopreparation Agrinos 1 at the adaptation stage had a positive effect on the formation of the vegetative mass and root system of strawberry plants. The application of the preparation at a concentration of 5 ml/l promotes the growth of the root system, the length of which is 1.6-2.2 times greater than the length of the roots in the control variant. The number of leaves increases by 1.1-1.3 times, and the average height of the bushes is 1.5-1.7 times greater than the control values. Key words: clonal micropropagation, day-neutral strawberry, 6-benzylaminopurine, multiplication factor, microshoots

Влияние детско-родительских отношений на эмоциональное состояние детей с онкологическими заболеваниями, находящихся на длительном лечении

&lt;p&gt;This study is devoted to identifying the interrelationship of child-parent relations and emotional state of children with cancer who are on long-term treatment. The research methodology includes a complex of psychodiagnostic methods for studying the emotional state of children and child-parent relationships: questionnaire &amp;ldquo;Parent-child interaction&amp;rdquo; by I.M. Markovskaya, family sociogram, projective technique &amp;ldquo;Non-existent animal&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Train&amp;rdquo; by S.V. Velieva, anxiety test by A.M. Prikhozhan for younger schoolchildren and anxiety test by R. Temml, M. Dorki and V. Amen for preschoolers. Children aged 5&amp;ndash;10 years and their parents participated in the study. 30 children and 30 parents were interviewed on the basis of the hospital school of the &amp;ldquo;TeachKnow&amp;rdquo; project at the Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Blokhin, Ministry of Health of Russia. The results obtained indicate a correlation between the specifics of child-parent relations and the emotional state of children with cancer.&lt;/p&gt;

The use of peer questioning in foreign language classes at university

Students currently studying at universities are representatives of generation Z, who have been accustomed and adapted to communication online since childhood using instant messengers and smartphone applications. In the age of digital technology, one of the pressing tasks in educating the younger generation is teaching them personal communication. The aim of this research is theoretical substantiation of the importance, description of the practice of application and experimental test of the peer questioning technique in foreign language classes with information technology students. Peer questioning refers to techniques used as interactive methods of teaching a foreign language. Interactive learning is a mandatory requirement of the Federal State Educational Standard for higher professional education of the latest generation. The main results of this work were: the structure design, the preparation stages, methodology for conducting and evaluating the technique of peer questioning of lexical material as a form of teaching a foreign language to students the of Mathematics and Information Technologies Institute at the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «Volgograd State University». The paper describes the main features of conducting a peer questioning and its advantages in the development of professional foreign language competence of students. Methods such as review and theoretical analysis of scientific literature, generalization of scientific information, and experimental method were used as research tools. As a result of the study, the use of peer questioning technique was proposed as one of the forms of interactive teaching a foreign language, which contributes to more effective learning of scientific and technical terminology.

Development of a topical formulation of a thiadiazole derivative

Introduction. Development of broad-spectrum antibacterial medicines for treatment of bacterial and fungal infections of animal skin is an urgent task of pharmaceutical industry, medicine and agricultural industry. The most promising dosage form for the treatment of superficial infectious diseases is gel. The most important advantages are the absence of side effects associated with ingestion, as well as the formation of a protective film that prevents re-infection of the animal.Aim. To develop the composition of topical form in the form of gel on the basis of active pharmaceutical substance with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action for therapy of infectious diseases of animal skin.Materials and methods. The object of the study was an original substance – thiadiazole derivative, obtained by the organic synthesis department of the Department of Organic Chemistry of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education SPHFU of the Ministry of Health of Russia. Gel formers (sodium alginate and carbomer), propylene glycol, surfactants (surfactants), etc. were used in the work. The obtained thiadiazole gels were studied in terms of pH, appearance, thermostability, colloidal stability, film formation, in addition, the rheological properties of the gels were determined.Results and discussion. It was found that gels in which sodium alginate and carbomer acted simultaneously as gel formers had thixotropic properties providing the best stability of the structure. The gels in which glycerin was added formed an elastic film preventing damage and drying of the animal skin.Conclusion. As a result of this study, a topical formulation in the form of a gel containing a new thiadiazole derivative was developed for the treatment of infectious diseases of animal skin.

Development of an experimental oculographic test battery as part of a software and hardware complex for diagnosing the tendency to computer gaming addiction

Currently, the problem of determining the state of the individual in the «norm-pathology» continuum for non-chemical addictions remains relevant. Our analysis of diagnostic materials allows us to conclude that the vast majority of methods for diagnosing computer gaming addiction are foreign clinical scales translated into Russian, built on the basis of the clinical criteria of the American Psychiatric Association. In connection with this fact, as well as the rapid development of society and the digitalization the practical psychology are needed to modern and effective psychodiagnostic techniques.The research was carried out with the financial support of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Innovative Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere» (Innovation Promotion Fund) within the framework of the implementation of innovation project.Purpose of the study - to develop an experimental oculographic test battery for diagnosing computer gaming addiction.Methods. In the empirical research of the first stage of work we used the following methods: clinical conversation; psychodiagnostic methods: method of multilateral personality research by S. Hathaway, J. McKinley (adapted by F.B. Berezina, M.P. Miroshnikova), style of self-regulation of behavior by V.I. Morosanova, questionnaire of volitional self-control by A.G. Zverkova, E.V. Eidman, Distress, Depression, Anxiety and Somatization Questionnaire by B. Terluin (adapted by A.B. Smulevich). To assess oculomotor reactions (fixation duration, number of fixations), we used the GP3 Gazepoint remote software and hardware system for assessing oculomotor reactions.We used the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (p ≤ 0.05) for study the relationships between the structural-dynamic parameters of oculomotor reactions and the personal characteristics of respondents.Results. During the first stage of the work, we obtained the following scientific results: requirements for digital images that make up visual stimuli, and for the visual stimuli themselves have been formulated; stimulus images have been developed to assess the tendency to computer gaming addiction; we was carried out a comparative analysis and studied the relationship between the structural and dynamic parameters of oculomotor reactions and the personal characteristics of respondents; we has been developed the experimental oculographic test battery to diagnose computer gaming addiction.Conclusion. Requirements for visual stimuluses will become part of the guidelines to the oculographic test battery, which will be developed in the second stage of work. Comparative analysis made it possible to identify the most effective visual stimulus that we included in the experimental oculographic test battery.

Electronic course of a discipline as a structural element of the digital educational environment of a university

In recent years, digitalisation has been actively implemented in all spheres of life, and higher education is not an exception. Digital educational environment appears in universities: digital libraries, educational process support systems and distance learning (Diskurs, Flora LMS, Moodle, Docebo, Open edx, etc.), new forms of educational process construction (online courses, video lessons, etc.), various courses to improve digital literacy of university teaching staff, which contributes to the intensification of the learning process. Digitalisation contributes to the activation of independent cognitive activity of the student, provides individually oriented learning. This research deals with the use of digital technologies in teaching mathematical disciplines to students of the Federal State Autonomous Higher Education Institution «South Ural State University (National Research University)», especially for students of Architecture and Construction and Polytechnic Institutes. The use of digital technologies in teaching mathematical disciplines requires teachers’ large time expenditures for the choice of necessary elements of information educational resources and pedagogical technologies. The positive results of digitalisation of education in our study include the possibility of building individual educational trajectories for students, starting from the stage of learning new material to the stage of controlling the formation of competencies; continuous monitoring of educational results of students’ learning activities based on the rating, tracking of gaps with subsequent correction of the learning trajectory. It should be noted that in order to organise the learning process in a digital educational environment, students need to be prepared for self-dependent learning activities.

THE EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF ORDINANCE No. 439/MJSP OF AUGUST 4, 2023 AND THE AUTONOMY OF THE STATES

Brazilian federalism, characterized by the division of power between different levels of government, aims to guarantee the autonomy and decentralization of public administration. In this context, public safety emerges as a crucial issue, requiring coordination and joint financing between the federal government, states, and municipalities. Law 13,756/2018, enacted on December 12, 2018, represented an important milestone in promoting federal cooperation in public safety. By creating the National Public Safety Fund (FNSP), the law established financing and management mechanisms that aimed to strengthen the actions of federal entities in preventing and combating crime. This decentralization sought to ensure greater effectiveness in the application of resources, allowing each federal entity to adapt actions to its specific needs and realities. However, Ordinance MJSP 439/2023, published on August 4, 2023, raised questions about its compatibility with the principles of federalism. By establishing a limitative list of axes and assets that can be financed with FNSP resources, Ordinance 439/2023 limited the autonomy of states in choosing priorities for their public security actions. The central question then arises: does Ordinance 439/2023, by establishing strict guidelines for the application of FNSP resources, violate the principles of Brazilian federalism? This is the question that this study, of a bibliographic and documentary nature, seeks to answer. Through an in-depth analysis of Law 13,756/2018 and MJSP Ordinance 439/2023, we conclude that the limitative list violates the autonomy of states in deciding what to invest in public security in the State or Federal District.

The Legal and State Theory Problem of Federal Somalia in the 21st Century

Somalia is one of the most unstable states in Africa, and this instability is the result of power-political rivalries, due to the historical influences of different eras. Three separate entities with the capacity to influence the state can be distinguished: the oldest is the Somali clan system and hence the clans, followed by the current end product of the significant Islamic expansion in the region, the jihadist organisation al-Shabaab, and finally the Somali government, which is the main enforcer of the federal state apparatus. My aim is to examine the triad’s relationship and the extent of their power from a legal and state-theoretical perspective, which requires a descriptive analysis of the actors in order to reveal their legal and state-theoretical implications. The study concludes that all three actors are in varying relationships with each other, which may be a hostile relationship or a state of dependency, and this is at the root of Somalia’s instability, the resolution of which will be a long-term process.

The Role of Individual and Environmental Socio-Economic Resources for Cognitive Change in Very Old Age

ObjectivesVery old adults aged 80+ years old belong to the fastest growing population segment in many countries. Nevertheless, this age group is often underrepresented in studies of cognitive aging. The goal of this study was to examine individual and environmental socio-economic resources as correlates of cognitive aging in very old age. MethodWe used two waves of data from 2017-2018 and 2019-2021 as part of NRW80+, a survey of a population-based sample of very old individuals who are registered with their main residence in North-Rhine Westphalia, the most populous federal state in Germany. The analyses are based on data from 797 participants, who provided data on at least one cognitive test at both waves. Individual socio-economic resources included education, income, wealth, and occupational prestige. Environmental factors were assessed at the municipality level, including population density, unemployment, (public) transportation, broadband availability, healthcare, and libraries. Control variables included age, sex, marital/partner status, living alone, and living in a nursing care institution. Data were analyzed with latent difference score models. ResultsEducation and wealth were independently associated with better cognitive function at baseline. None of the individual socio-economic variables was significantly related to change in cognitive function. Beyond these individual characteristics and control variables, higher population density and higher broadband availability, but also higher unemployment rate were associated with better baseline cognitive function. Greater distance to highways, but also fewer hospital beds and a higher number of residents per medical doctor were associated with less decline. DiscussionOur findings suggest that individual socio-economic resources continue to be associated with better cognitive function in very old age, but are unrelated to short-term cognitive decline. In addition, there is some evidence for associations of baseline cognitive function and cognitive change with environmental factors over and above individual resources. Implications for future research are discussed.

Implementing Scientific and Technological Territorial Potential Through Interregional Integration Based on the “Smart” Specialization Approach

Relevance and objectives of the research. Regional scientific and technological potential can be revealed and fully realized only taking into account the possibilities of interregional partnership and cooperation and provided that the priorities of scientific and technological development of the regions are aligned. The purpose of the article is to analyze the possibilities and prospects for using the “smart” specialization approach to the formation and development of interregional scientific and technological spaces.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was the general scientific methods of system analysis, abstraction, induction and deduction, analogy, modeling, specification, comparative and logical research methods. The special methods used were content analysis of literature, bibliometric, comparative geographical and others. The empirical basis of the study was based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service, the statistical information platform Statista, as well as individual strategic regulatory documents. The instrumental base for the analysis was made up of the VOSviewer program, version 1.6.20.Results. The author analyzed and generalized theoretical approaches to the definition of “interregional scientific and technological integration”, presented the author’s understanding of “smart” specialization as a strategic approach to the development of regional structural and innovation-technological policies. Unique tools for using this approach are identified and described based on an analysis of European experience. The main barriers to the practical implementation of “smart” specialization in order to build effective interregional scientific and technological integration are analyzed (departmental inconsistency, the content and specificity of requirements for the targeted use of federal budget funds, fragmentation and multidirectionality of measures and instruments of state support, etc.), and key tools for its support are identified. The role of the state in the processes of building internal cooperation chains, the formation of interregional scientific and technological spaces in order to ensure the comprehensive implementation of regional potentials is revealed.Conclusions. It is advisable to implement a unified scientific and technological policy that ensures the synchronization of actions of management subjects at different levels, which will require the elimination of departmental inconsistencies in its implementation, the establishment of uniform transparent principles and rules of the game, a verified system of economic incentives, and, in general, the creation of a high-quality institutional environment. In addition, for the purpose of scientific and technological development of regional spaces, it is necessary to constantly monitor the status and results of using various government support instruments with a view to their subsequent prioritization and linking “smart specialization” strategies with real support measures and distribution of subsidies.