Federal Security Agency Research Articles

Intelligence community and private guard companies in Nigeria: The missing national security architecture links

The yawning loop between federal security agencies and the private security industries has an aggravating effects on the nonresponsiveness of the national security architecture, where almost all actors are siloed in a stand-alone-mode. As an interactive national security architecture fusing federal security agencies with private Guard Companies in Intelligence sharing networks, as seen in developed clime could have a catalytic effects on national security architecture. It was against this backdrop that this study leverages on participatory theory (Network Analysis Theory) to investigate the impact of intelligence community and private guard companies on national security architecture in Nigeria. The study deconstruct National Security into, economic security and education security. This study adopts qualitative research design using exploratory research design on publicly available archive documents; study also relies solely on secondary data. The research is conducted by examining literature concerning private security industry, national security architecture, intelligence community and its effects on human security in Nigeria. The literature was obtained through searches in publicly available material. Literature from non-serial publications, official reports, and conferences has been included particularly if they have been cited by other references in term of intelligence sharing and private Guard companies and effects on national security architecture. Results that originate from this study revealed that one of the effects of intelligence sharing between private security industry and government security agencies correlates with economic security in job provisions and upyick startup tech industry. Result also submits that intelligence sharing of players domicile in the security architecture alongside private security industry positively influences public safety which could reinforces the Global safe school projects and slow down the widening illiteracy trajectories. The study recommends that government should establish fusion centres for all actors particularly, private security industry and NSCDC, as it will consolidate nation’s economic security further. Study also recommends that while private security could assist in the Safe school projects, NSCDC should provide the needed horizon security which ensures public safety.

National Security Challenges and the Quest for True Federalism in Nigeria: the Issue of Amotekun (South-West Regional Security Network)

Among the various challenges that the Nigerian State has had to contend with since its inception, incessant security challenges stand out. Indeed, these challenges have continued to defy the various strategies put in place to check them by various federal security agencies in the country, including the Military, Police, Road Safety, Civil Defense, Immigration, and Custom, thereby rendering them ineffective and inefficient, and as such contributing to louder calls for restructuring of the country. State Governors in the South-West in response to the security challenges facing the region formed the Western Nigerian Security Network (WNSN) code-named Operation Amotekun, the Yoruba name for Leopard, a wild animal known for its great agility and hunting prowess. This paper seeks to examine, 1. The current federal structure vis-à-vis the various security challenges in the country, 2. The formation of the Western Nigerian Security Network (Amotekun), i.e., its prospects, likely challenges and mode of operation, and 3. Propose some policy options to aid the performance and efficiency of Amotekun and any other that may follow.

T. J. Woofter Jr. and Government Social Science Research During the New Deal, World War II, and the Cold War

AbstractThe work of southern sociologist Thomas Jackson Woofter Jr. (1893–1972) is frequently cited by American historians, but his contribution to government policy on agriculture in the New Deal, Social Security in the 1940s, and demography in the Cold War remains underappreciated. He left the University of North Carolina to direct government research on rural relief in the 1930s, Social Security enhancement during and after World War II, and foreign population and manpower projections during the Cold War. Contributing to the delivery of essential programs in key agencies, he participated in internal and external debates over policy and social attitudes between 1930 and 1960. Woofter worked for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Works Progress Administration, the Farm Security Agency, the Federal Security Agency, and the Central Intelligence Agency, improving data-gathering and assisting transitions in federal policymaking. This article assesses his role in those agencies, using official records, other primary materials, and secondary sources.

The Politician and the Priest: Paul V. McNutt, Frank Murphy, and the Age of FDR

The Michigan Historical Review 45:2 (Fall 2019): 39-76©2019 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved The Politician and the Priest: Paul V. McNutt, Frank Murphy, and the Age of FDR By Dean J. Kotlowski Paul V. McNutt (1891-1955) and Frank Murphy (1890-1949) rank among the most important politicians of the New Deal era in the Midwest. Although McNutt and Murphy had little direct contact—which perhaps explains why few scholars have written about them in tandem— they invite comparison for their varied careers and shared experiences: state executives, colonial proconsuls, cabinet officials, and political stars during the age of Franklin D. Roosevelt.1 A veteran of World War I, McNutt was state (1926-27) and national (1928-29) commander of the American Legion, governor of Indiana (1933-37), and high commissioner 1 Only one study of Murphy and McNutt exists, and it covers just part of their careers. Elliot Newbold, “At the End of Empire: Frank Murphy, Paul V. McNutt, and the American Decolonization of the Philippines” (MA thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017). For McNutt’s career, see Robert R. Neff, “The Early Career and Governorship of Paul V. McNutt” (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1963); I. George Blake, Paul V. McNutt: Portrait of a Hoosier Statesman (Indianapolis: Central Publishing, 1966); James H. Madison, Indiana through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People 1920-1945 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1982), 76-152; Iwan Morgan, “Factional Conflict in Indiana Politics during the Later New Deal Years, 1936-1940,” Indiana Magazine of History 79 (March 1983), 29-60; Ross Gregory, “Politics in an Age of Crisis: America, and Indiana, in the Election of 1940,” Indiana Magazine of History 86 (September 1990), 247280 ; Linda Gugin, “Paul V. McNutt January 9, 1933-January 11, 1937,” The Governors of Indiana, ed. Linda Gugin and James E. St. Clair (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 2006), 288-299; Dean J. Kotlowski, Paul V. McNutt and the Age of FDR (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015). For Murphy, important works include J. Woodford Howard Jr., Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968); Sidney Fine, Frank Murphy, Volume I, The Detroit Years (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975); Sidney Fine, Frank Murphy, Volume II, The New Deal Years (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979); Sidney Fine, Frank Murphy, Volume III, The Washington Years (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984); Margaret H. Potts, “Justice Frank Murphy: A Reexamination,” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook (1982), 57-65; James Wolfinger, “The Strange Career of Frank Murphy: Conservatives, State-level Politics, and the End of the New Deal,” The Historian 65 (Winter 2002): 377-402; Gregory Parker, “Frank Murphy: A Dream Deterred,” Michigan History Magazine 98 (March-April 2014): 30-37. 40 The Michigan Historical Review (1937-39, 1945-46) and ambassador (1946-47) to the Philippines. He headed FDR’s Federal Security Agency (1939-45) and War Manpower Commission (1942-45), and in 1940 he angled to be the Democratic nominee for president or vice president. A veteran, Legionnaire, and Democrat, Murphy served as a judge on the Recorder’s Court of Detroit (1924-30), mayor of Detroit (1930-33), Philippine governor-general (1933-35) and high commissioner (1935-36), and governor of Michigan (1937-38). As a presidential or vice presidential possibility, he entered FDR’s cabinet as attorney general in 1939, before being elevated to the United States Supreme Court a year later. “No one living today,” Murphy told the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. in 1946, “has had the same width of experience that I have had.”2 McNutt might have disagreed. The story of McNutt and Murphy is significant for three reasons. First, during a transformational period of American history, the two men exhibited contrasting approaches to politics—at least on the surface. McNutt proved a realistic, opportunistic politician who, according to one Roosevelt associate, “would run over his own mother in furtherance of his political ambitions.”3 He climbed the greasy pole, building a statewide machine before accepting offices from FDR as he eyed the White House, a prize that also interested Murphy. Murphy’s support of disadvantaged groups, and...

The Politician and the Priest: Paul V. McNutt, Frank Murphy, and the Age of FDR

The Michigan Historical Review 45:2 (Fall 2019): 39-76©2019 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved The Politician and the Priest: Paul V. McNutt, Frank Murphy, and the Age of FDR By Dean J. Kotlowski Paul V. McNutt (1891-1955) and Frank Murphy (1890-1949) rank among the most important politicians of the New Deal era in the Midwest. Although McNutt and Murphy had little direct contact—which perhaps explains why few scholars have written about them in tandem— they invite comparison for their varied careers and shared experiences: state executives, colonial proconsuls, cabinet officials, and political stars during the age of Franklin D. Roosevelt.1 A veteran of World War I, McNutt was state (1926-27) and national (1928-29) commander of the American Legion, governor of Indiana (1933-37), and high commissioner 1 Only one study of Murphy and McNutt exists, and it covers just part of their careers. Elliot Newbold, “At the End of Empire: Frank Murphy, Paul V. McNutt, and the American Decolonization of the Philippines” (MA thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017). For McNutt’s career, see Robert R. Neff, “The Early Career and Governorship of Paul V. McNutt” (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1963); I. George Blake, Paul V. McNutt: Portrait of a Hoosier Statesman (Indianapolis: Central Publishing, 1966); James H. Madison, Indiana through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People 1920-1945 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1982), 76-152; Iwan Morgan, “Factional Conflict in Indiana Politics during the Later New Deal Years, 1936-1940,” Indiana Magazine of History 79 (March 1983), 29-60; Ross Gregory, “Politics in an Age of Crisis: America, and Indiana, in the Election of 1940,” Indiana Magazine of History 86 (September 1990), 247280 ; Linda Gugin, “Paul V. McNutt January 9, 1933-January 11, 1937,” The Governors of Indiana, ed. Linda Gugin and James E. St. Clair (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 2006), 288-299; Dean J. Kotlowski, Paul V. McNutt and the Age of FDR (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015). For Murphy, important works include J. Woodford Howard Jr., Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968); Sidney Fine, Frank Murphy, Volume I, The Detroit Years (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975); Sidney Fine, Frank Murphy, Volume II, The New Deal Years (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979); Sidney Fine, Frank Murphy, Volume III, The Washington Years (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984); Margaret H. Potts, “Justice Frank Murphy: A Reexamination,” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook (1982), 57-65; James Wolfinger, “The Strange Career of Frank Murphy: Conservatives, State-level Politics, and the End of the New Deal,” The Historian 65 (Winter 2002): 377-402; Gregory Parker, “Frank Murphy: A Dream Deterred,” Michigan History Magazine 98 (March-April 2014): 30-37. 40 The Michigan Historical Review (1937-39, 1945-46) and ambassador (1946-47) to the Philippines. He headed FDR’s Federal Security Agency (1939-45) and War Manpower Commission (1942-45), and in 1940 he angled to be the Democratic nominee for president or vice president. A veteran, Legionnaire, and Democrat, Murphy served as a judge on the Recorder’s Court of Detroit (1924-30), mayor of Detroit (1930-33), Philippine governor-general (1933-35) and high commissioner (1935-36), and governor of Michigan (1937-38). As a presidential or vice presidential possibility, he entered FDR’s cabinet as attorney general in 1939, before being elevated to the United States Supreme Court a year later. “No one living today,” Murphy told the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. in 1946, “has had the same width of experience that I have had.”2 McNutt might have disagreed. The story of McNutt and Murphy is significant for three reasons. First, during a transformational period of American history, the two men exhibited contrasting approaches to politics—at least on the surface. McNutt proved a realistic, opportunistic politician who, according to one Roosevelt associate, “would run over his own mother in furtherance of his political ambitions.”3 He climbed the greasy pole, building a statewide machine before accepting offices from FDR as he eyed the White House, a prize that also interested Murphy. Murphy’s support of disadvantaged groups, and...

Are federal security efforts evidence-based?

Over the last few decades, local law enforcement agencies have become more receptive to incorporating research, evaluation, and analysis into their daily work, a concept known as “evidence-based policing.” Federal law enforcement and security agencies, in contrast, have rarely been evaluated and are traditionally much less open to input and analysis from outside researchers. Recently, leaders in the Federal Protective Service (FPS) have proactively pursued an evidence-based approach, looking to determine how research might apply to their mission and how partnerships with researchers can benefit their agency. In this study, we report on the first comprehensive “evidence assessment” of the deployment portfolio of the FPS. An evidence assessment is a translational criminology method which analyzes an agency’s practices and policies to ascertain how they align with existing crime prevention research. Our findings indicate that while some of FPS’s countermeasures are grounded in promising crime prevention measures, others are more uncertain. It is also unclear how some prevention strategies (such as guards and patrol) are used to optimize their effectiveness in evidence-based ways.

Beyond the Lavender Scare: LGBT and Heterosexual Employees in the Federal Workplace

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) identities within the workplace have recently gained greater attention as significant demographic categories. A key question that emerges from the limited scholarship on LGBT employment in the federal government is whether there is a distinction between the experiences of employees within federal security agencies, defined here as the five major agencies that provide civilian support to the defense and military structures of the United States, and employees of other federal agencies. Using data from the 2013 Employee Viewpoint Survey, this article addresses the following questions: How does sexual orientation and/or gender identity as self-reported in the 2013 EVS impact employee perceptions of personal safety and security, job satisfaction, and diversity issues, and how do these perceptions vary between employees of the major security agencies and other federal agencies? The article shows that across the federal government employees are reasonably satisfied with diversity issues in the workplace, with no appreciable difference between those in security and nonsecurity agencies. However, current programs and policies intended to foster and institutionalize diversity are viewed as ineffective and should be improved through new policies and programs.

NEW WARS BETWEEN SECURITY CLANS, OR WHAT ZOLOTOV MAY KNOW ABOUT NEMTSOV’S ASSASSINATION

NEW WARS BETWEEN SECURITY CLANS, OR WHAT ZOLOTOV MAY KNOW ABOUT NEMTSOV’S ASSASSINATION

Canada’s cyber security and the changing threat landscape

Cyber security has become a major concern for nation states. This paper analyzes the Canadian discourse of cyber security and the development of new cyber threats. Cyber security discourse has so far been studied largely through its public pronouncements and policy documents, but this analysis also covers operational texts generated through Canada’s cyber security institutions. Echoing the Paris School’s critique of securitization, I argue that we need to consider institutional routines and the hidden work of security professionals alongside the ‘securitizing moves’ of prominent speech acts. Some new threats are announced publically by political actors promoting remedies, but others are classified and dealt with quietly by technocratic institutions. The range of cyber threats addressed by Canada’s federal security agencies has expanded, but this expansion can only be fully appreciated by examining operational and technocratic discourse.

Governing security: the hidden origins of American security agencies

The impact of public law depends on how politicians secure control of public organizations, and how these organizations in turn are used to define national security. Governing Security explores this dynamic by investigating the surprising history of two major federal agencies that touch the lives of Americans every day: the Roosevelt-era Federal Security Agency (which became today's Department of Health and Human Services) and the more recently created Department of Homeland Security. Through the stories of both organizations, Cuellar offers a compelling account of crucial developments affecting the basic architecture of our nation. He shows how Americans end up choosing security goals not through an elaborate technical process, but in lively and overlapping settings involving conflict over agency autonomy, presidential power, and priorities for domestic and international risk regulation. Ultimately, as Cuellar shows, the ongoing fights about the scope of national security reshape the very structure of government, particularly during - or in anticipation of - a national crisis.

Independence or Not? Paul V. McNutt, Manuel L. Quezon, and the Re-examination of Philippine Independence, 1937–9

In 1934 the United States set the Philippines on a new course, one that was to begin with autonomy for the archipelago as a ‘commonwealth’ - not a colony - and end with the Islands gaining independ...

Women, Gender, and Politics in the New Deal Government: Josephine Roche and the Federal Security Agency

In 1939, newspapers predicted that U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt would appoint Josephine Roche to head his new Federal Security Agency. But Roche did not get the job. This article asks why. It argues that gender played a role in her failure of appointment but that her political ideals and associations were more significant. Analysis of the episode illuminates and challenges the transnational practice of personalizing women's political conflict and suggests a new understanding of women's political networks. Instead of the self-contained and unified female network that historians have identified as so important to shaping the U.S. welfare state in the 1930s, Roche's networks were many and sometimes at odds. Indeed, to comprehend women's politics in 1930s America, postwar Europe, or contemporary Africa, we need to imagine women as full participants in multiple, loosely connected and intersecting political networks, not all of which were exclusively female.

Milton I. Roemer Advocate of Social Medicine, International Health, and National Health Insurance

Milton I. Roemer Advocate of Social Medicine, International Health, and National Health Insurance

A Flock of Doves: U.S. Women's Colleges and Their Names

References Arcadia University. 2007. “Arcadia University Name Change: The Path to Arcadia University.” Arcadia University,http://www.arcadia.edu/prospective/default.aspx?pid=1126. 8 April 2007. Brenner, Morgan G. 2003. The Encyclopedia of College and University Name Histories. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Brown, Ray. 2007. “List of Colleges and Universities That Have Closed, Merged, or Changed Their Names.” http://www2.westminster-mo.edu/wc_users/homepages/staff/brownr/ClosedCollegeIndex.htm. 26 July 2007. Chamberlain, Mariam K., ed. 1988. Women in Academe: Progress and Prospects. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. CNN. 2000. “Beaver College changes oft-derided name to Arcadia University.” 20 Nov 2000. http://archives,cnn.com/2000/US/11/20/embarrassingbeaver.ap 23 March 2007. Gibson, Steven. 2007. National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center. “Pleiades Mythology.” http://www.naic.edu/~gibson/pleiades/pleiades_myth.html. 14 April 2007. Harwath, Irene, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra. 1997. Women’s Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Landy, Thomas M. 2002. “The Colleges in Context.” Catholic Women’s Colleges in America. Ed. Tracy Schier and Cynthia Russett. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 55–97. Mahoney, Kathleen A. 2002. “American Catholic Colleges for Women: Historical Origins.” Catholic Women’s Colleges in America. Ed. Tracy Schier and Cynthia Russett. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 25–54. Miller-Bernal, Leslie. 2006. Introduction. “Changes in the Status and Functions of Women’s Colleges over Time.” Challenged by Coeducation: Women’s Colleges Since the 1960s. Ed. Miller-Bernal and Susan L. Poulson. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. 1–20. Miller-Bernal, Leslie., and Susan L. Poulson. 2006. “The State of Women’s Colleges Today.” Challenged by Coeducation: Women’s Colleges Since the 1960s. Ed. Miller-Bernal and Poulson. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. 375–88. Miller-Bernal, Leslie. 2000. Separate by Degree: Women Students’ Experiences in Single-Sex and Coeducational Colleges. New York: Peter Lang. Newcomer, Mabel. 1959. A Century of Higher Education for American Women. New York: Harper & Brothers. O’Connor, J. 1982. Opinion of the Court. Supreme Court of the United States. 458 U.S. 718. Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan. Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute, http://www.law.comell.edu/supct/html/histories/USCC_CR_0458_0718_ZO.html. 19 August 2007. Oates, Mary J. 2002. “Sisterhoods and Catholic Higher Education, 1890–1960.” Catholic Women’s Colleges in America. Ed. Tracy Schier and Cynthia Russett. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 161–94. Solomon, Barbara Miller. 1985. In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America. New Haven: Yale University Press. Songe, Alice H. 1978. American Universities and Colleges: A Dictionary of Name Changes. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. U.S. Education, Office of. 1948. Educational Directory: Higher Education 1947–48iPart 3. Annual Report of the Federal Security Agency. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Women’s College Coalition. 2007. WomensColleges.org. http://www.womenscolleges.org. 14 April 2007. Woody, Thomas. 1929. A History of Women’s Education in the United States. Vol. 1. New York: Science Press.

'Securing' the Nation: Law, Politics, and Organization at the Federal Security Agency, 1939-1953

American public law is affected by two important dynamics impacting the relationship between citizens and their government: how the executive branch defines national and how politicians compete to secure control of the vast public organizations through which governments implement the law. This article analyzes the intersection of these dynamics by investigating the now-forgotten history of the U.S. Federal Security Agency (FSA) and drawing perspectives from separation of powers, organization theory, and the study of American political development. In 1939 the Roosevelt White House overcame strong political opposition to centralize vast legal responsibilities within the FSA. Soon after its creation, the agency had acquired responsibility for social education, drug regulation, protection of the food supply, civil defense preparedness, supplying employees to war-related industries, facilitating the relocation of Japanese-Americans, anti-prostitution enforcement, and biological weapons research. By 1953, the FSA engendered one of the most important American bureaucracies of the 20th century: the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Yet little is known about precisely how or why the White House fought to create the FSA, why the agency pervasively mixed domestic regulatory and national defense functions both before and after World War II, or what its creation wrought for the legal mandates entrusted to the agency. The analysis reveals how, on the eve of World War II, the White House sought to use the restructuring to achieve greater control over the agency's multiple domains of legal jurisdiction by building oversight capacity in an organizational environment more congenial to the bureaus' functions. It then used that control to publicly promote a broader conception of the issue that held the prospect of more thoroughly protecting domestic programs important to the Administration. And by rendering ambiguous the distinction between domestic and international security functions, the Administration enlarged support for some of its signature programs at a time when the New Deal legislative coalition was eroding. In effect, the agency's amalgam of legal functions epitomized the Administration's ambitious conception of security, which became sufficiently elastic to encompass legal responsibilities now routinely segregated into domains involving social services, economic health regulation, and geostrategic national defense. The creation of the FSA also appears to have fomented more subtle (intended and unintended) impacts on matters such as the organization of congressional committees overseeing the agency's legal functions, and the prospects for bureaucratic autonomy among the agency and its bureaus. These dynamics illustrate limitations in prevailing theories of law and organization emphasizing deliberately engineered bureaucratic failure or purely symbolic position-taking. They also showcase the connection between the design of public agencies, separation of powers, and the ambiguities inherent in the definition of as a category of government responsibility. History reveals how presidential administrations and bureaucratic actors once used that ambiguity to bolster political coalitions supporting social welfare and regulatory mandates. The recent spike of interest in homeland security is furnishing similar opportunities to reshape the domestic regulatory state.

Antibiotic therapy. By Henry Welch, Ph.D., Director, Division of Antibiotics, Food and Drug Administration, Federal Security Agency of the United States Government; and Charles N. Lewis, M.D., Medical Officer, Division of Antibiotics. 1951 The Arundel Press Inc., Washington. Pp. 562. $10.00

Antibiotic therapy. By Henry Welch, Ph.D., Director, Division of Antibiotics, Food and Drug Administration, Federal Security Agency of the United States Government; and Charles N. Lewis, M.D., Medical Officer, Division of Antibiotics. 1951 The Arundel Press Inc., Washington. Pp. 562. $10.00

A Polemic For Why Markets Need Cops

A Polemic For Why Markets Need Cops

Common Human Needs: A Story from the Prehistory of Government by Special Interest

In 1944, Charlotte Towle was commissioned by the Federal Bureau of Public Assistance to write a set of guidelines for supervision of public assistance workers. Published as Common Human Needs in 1945, Towle's work met with immediate success. However, in 1947 the book became embroiled in a heated debate over a sentence in which Towle had used the term "socialized state." The negative press coverage that resulted was used in a campaign by the American Medical Association (AMA) to defeat President Harry S. Truman's efforts to establish a national health-care program. The sentence was cited to discredit Oscar Ewing, administrator of the Federal Security Agency, who was appointed by Truman to oversee the development of what the AMA called "socialized medicine." As a result of the controversy, Ewing ordered the plates for Common Human Needs destroyed, thereby making the book into a cause célèbre. Its story serves as an early example of the impact of special interests in shaping government policy and affecting the lives of private citizens.

The Origin and Meaning of Miles' Law

Parkinson and Peter propounded and published their principles in popular publications and parlayed them into a pretty penny. Miles more modestly and mindlessly marketed his memorable maxim by mouth. Parkinson and Peter obviously were much smarter. Miles does not have a single cent to show for his authorship of Miles' Law and, to make matters worse, sees his law occasionally attributed to other, more famous pundits. It is time to put a stop to this by recording in the proper place-The Public Administration Review-the genesis of this widely quoted, but not fully appreciated, aphorism. Miles' Law says: Where you stand depends on where you sit. The concept is probably as old as Plato, but this particular phraseology arose in the Bureau of the Budget as a result of events that occurred in late 1948 and early 1949. I was chief of the labor and welfare branch of the division of estimates of the Bureau, with responsibility for the budgets of the Federal Security Agency, the Veterans Administration, the Department of Labor, and several lesser agencies. One of my examiners came to me and said that he had been offered a position in the agency whose budget he reviewed, a job at a grade higher than he held in the Bureau. This examiner had been particularly critical, within the confines of the Bureau, of the agency that had offered him the job. It became clear that he would prefer not to accept the offer. Rather, he sought to use it as the basis for obtaining a grade raise where he was. He had three children, as I recall it, and laid understandable stress on the economics of the matter. But he emphasized his preference for work in the Bureau of the Budget, other things equal. To have given him the raise would have upset the grade structure of the division. I told him that I appreciated his strong sense of loyalty to the Bureau, but that a raise was out of the question. He would have to make up his mind, I said, whether the job milieu or the salary was more impor-

THE LYMPHOMAS: COMBINED CLINIC AT THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Excerpt Dr. Alfred Gellhorn: Today we discuss a group of diseases, the lymphomas, various aspects of which are being productively investigated in many parts of the world. During our presentation we...