Federal Resources Research Articles

The Role and Place of Education in Bridging the Digital Divide (the Case Study of the Republic of Bashkortostan)

Introduction. The article is of relevance due to the ongoing processes of digitalization of the economy of the Russian Federation and the increasing demands on the digital competence of society. The purpose of this paper is to review the factors causing the digital divide and characterize the role of the education system in bridging the digital divide of the population (using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan). Materials and Methods. Data from the Territorial Statistics Service and other open sources of information were used as the materials for the theoretical part of the study. The experimental part of the study was based on testing of students of the Bashkir State Agrarian University conducted by the author in order to determine their level of digital competence. The research methods employed included collection, systematization and analysis of data. Results. The study has analyzed the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the digital divide in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main factors causing the digital divide in the Republic have been identified: those associated with the differentiation of the population according to territorial characteristics as well as to economic and social criteria. It has been shown that the problem of the digital divide of rural and urban areas is of great relevance for the Republic of Bashkortostan. The role of vocational education in overcoming digital inequality has been substantiated; the growth of the university students’ level of digital competence as a result of their training has been estimated. Discussion and Conclusion. The issue of bridging the digital divide is a comprehensive one and can be solved only by consolidating the efforts of all members of the society to create a unified digital environment, with the support from regional authorities and involvement of federal government resources. The results are of practical importance for teachers of information technology, as well as for representatives of regional IT-structures. Further areas of study of the problem of the digital divide are associated with the identification of new ways of forming and developing digital competence in the educational process.

Area-Level Predictors of Medication Nonadherence Among US Medicaid Beneficiaries With Lupus: A Multilevel Study.

Adherence to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is suboptimal. Although individual-level factors, including younger age and non-white race/ethnicity, have been implicated, contextual factors have not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of contextual factors, including racial composition, socioeconomic status, and the concentration of health care resources, on adherence to HCQ among SLE patients enrolled in Medicaid. We identified SLE patients from 28 states in the US who enrolled in Medicaid (2000-2010) and in whom HCQ treatment was newly initiated (no use for ≥6 months). We required 12 months of continuous enrollment with complete drug dispensing data and measured adherence using the proportion of days covered (PDC). We identified individual-level variables from Medicaid, zip code-level, county-level and state-level sociodemographic variables from the American Community Survey, and health resources from Area Health Resources Files. We used 4-level hierarchical multivariable logistic regression models to examine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% credible intervals (95% CrIs) of adherence (PDC ≥80%) versus nonadherence. Among 10,268 patients with SLE in whom HCQ treatment was initiated, 15% were adherent to treatment. After we adjusted for individual-level characteristics, we observed lower odds of adherence among patients living in zip code areas with a higher percentage of black individuals (highest tertile OR 0.81 [95% CrI 0.69-0.96] versus lowest tertile). This association persisted after controlling for area-level educational attainment, percent below federal poverty level (FPL), urbanicity, and health care resources. We did not observe statistically significant associations with zip code-level percent Hispanic, percent white, education, or percent below FPL. The odds of adherence were higher in counties with more hospitals (OR 1.30 [95% CrI 1.07-1.58]). Among Medicaid beneficiaries with SLE, we observed significant effects of racial composition and hospital concentration on HCQ adherence. Interventions that acknowledge and address contextual factors should be considered in order to reduce high rates of nonadherence in vulnerable populations.

Political Assassination and Social Movement Outcomes: Martin Luther King and the Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike

Despite a growing literature on social movement leadership, few studies consider how assassination shapes movement trajectories. Using event structure analysis, this study examines whether and how the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. propelled the struggling Sanitation Workers’ Campaign to success. It finds that King’s assassination can be understood as a “turning point” in the Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike and distills four mechanisms connecting King’s assassination to the strike’s ultimate outcome: the assassination precipitated some repressive local policies while diminishing others; evoked moral outrage, further mobilizing sympathetic third parties and enhancing external resources; intensified economic and reputational concerns, provoking pressure from the local business community on local political authorities; and provided access to federal resources, enabling local political actors to “save face.” These findings extend previous research on assassinations’ outcomes, finding that external factors are, indeed, salient, significantly shaping movement trajectories in the aftermath of political assassinations of charismatic leaders.

Budget Impact Analysis of Inclusion in the Expensive Drugs List of Canakinumab for Treatment of Systemic Onset Juvenile Arthritis

Introduction. In 2018 the Federal Order of 03.08.2018 No. 299-FO was adopted, whereby the provision of drugs for the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJA) was delegated to the federal level. Aim. In accordance with the requirements for the development of formularies of medicines, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 871, the budget impact analysis of inclusion in the expensive drugs list of canakinumab for the treatment of sJA was conducted. Material and methods. The drug costs were calculated based on the manufacture`s maximum selling price inclusive of all taxes and additional charges according to the legislation of the Russian Federation. Characteristics and the size of the target population of patients diagnosed with sJA were determined based on the data from different sources – clinical trials, registries, standards, of medical care, experts` judgment. The time horizon of the analysis is 1 year and 3 years. The sensitivity analysis was performed to test how results affected by changes in key assumptions such as drug price and size of the target population. Results. The budget impact analysis revealed that provision for the target population of canakinumab for the treatment of sJA does not require a significant increase in the programme budgeting of costly diseases. The insignificant increase is required for the programme budgeting equal to the amount of 1,588 billion per year, which is 4% less than the 2018 budget. Conclusions. Assurance of centralized purchasing of canakinumab from federal budget resources is in harmony with the financing capacity of costly diseases programme, extended from 2019, to cover canakinumab reimbursement for patients with sJA.

Public Housing Authorities in the Private Market

ABSTRACTDecreasing federal resources since the 1980s, policy devolution to the local level, and expansion of market-based approaches for affordable housing delivery have resulted in public housing authorities (PHAs) evolving from public organizations to hybrid organizations that encompass public and private characteristics. Although federal rules guide their implementation of U.S. Department of Housing and Development (HUD) programs, PHAs are created locally under state authorizing legislation. Under what conditions do PHAs create new affordable housing using their ability to employ both public and private means of service delivery? Although PHAs have the ability to create new units outside the traditional assisted stock, no clear estimate of the number of units created using these newer means exists, or even a count of how many PHAs are engaging in such activities. Descriptive analysis allows for estimates of this basic information. A multivariate analysis using data from a national survey of PHAs, content analysis of state enabling legislation, and publicly available data sets suggests that whereas the local market context partially predicts affordable housing ownership outside of the public housing program, state enabling legislation and local institutional relationships also facilitate housing production. We estimate that in 2013, PHAs owned more than 150,000 units outside of the traditional HUD-assisted housing stock.

Knowledge of Legal Protections and Employment-Related Resources Among Young Adults with Cancer.

Purpose: Young adults (aged 18-39 years) who have received a cancer diagnosis can encounter significant barriers in their transition to employment. American young adults' familiarity with federal legislation and resources related to employment is unclear. The study questions included: (1) To what extent do young adults who have had a cancer diagnosis know about legal and programmatic supports that may help to address their employment-related needs and (2) What modes of receiving information about resources to address their employment-related concerns do young adults who have had a cancer diagnosis prefer? Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with a convenience sample composed of 203 young adults living in the United States, had a cancer diagnosis other than nonmelanoma skin cancer, and were between 18 and 39 years of age. Over half (57.6%) of respondents received a cancer diagnosis at age 24 years or older. The mean age at participation was 30.4. Results: More than half of the sample (57.0%) was familiar with the Americans with Disabilities Act yet many did not know that cancer was a covered condition. Almost 80% of the respondents were not familiar with other federal initiatives with employment protections for people with cancer. Participants preferred in-person trainings and resource fact sheets as the presentation channels, although sociodemographic factors such as employment status were related to preferred delivery methods. Conclusion: These young adults would benefit from additional outreach around federal guidelines concerning employment-related rights and services and programs applicable to young adult cancer survivors.

Briefly Noted

Last week, a sign‐on letter spearheaded by Rep. Paul Tonko (D‐New York) and Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick (R‐Pennsylvania) picked up signatures from lawmakers calling for an additional $500 million for the Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment (SAPT) block grant. The letter is addressed to the House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education. The increase would bring the SAPT block grant to $2,358,070,000. For decades, the SAPT block grant has been below $2 billion. “Any sustainable strategy designed to address the substance use crisis in America must include a strong commitment to the SAPT block grant, particularly in the midst of the ongoing opioid epidemic,” the March 26 letter states. “The SAPT Block Grant, distributed by formula to all States and Territories, funds services that result in exceptional outcomes,” the letter continues. Last year, the House Appropriations Committee voted to provide an additional $500 million to the SAPT block grant, and reduced the SOR appropriation by the same amount, a move that was embraced by the full House, but not by the Senate. As the benefits of flexibility in terms of federal resources get more traction (see story on the Bipartisan Policy Center on p. 5, and story on the Senate hearing in ADAW, March 11), the need to increase the block grant becomes more obvious. It's not just opioids anymore, as methamphetamine and cocaine use increases. “We believe over time that transitioning opioid‐specific funding to the SAPT block grant is good public policy and the appropriate step to take,” said Rob Morrison, executive director of the National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors, when asked to comment on the sign‐on letter. “This approach ensures resources flow to the lead agency for alcohol and drug issues; provides the flexibility needed to address all substance use disorders that may exist in a particular state; and ensures federal resources contribute to a coordinated approach to planning and implementation at the state level. The House supported the beginning of a transition last year, and we see some momentum for the same step this year.”

Стратегия развития российских регионов: официальная версия

The paper presents the results of the analysis of official web-resources of Russian federal and regional authorities. The modern version of development that leaded to uncontrolled economic growth has many risks including the rise of inequalities, distortion of natural ecosystems, and loss of identity. That is why the interpretation of the development by Russian federal and regional authorities, their strategies and plans are actual now. The whole construct of the development presented in the regional strategies, news and some other documents is identical to the pattern of progress presented at the federal resources. Generally, it is deeply technocratic, focused on the innovations, digitalization and infrastructure project that should incorporate Russia into the global economy. However, this technocratic part of above construct is not widely advertised at the regional web. The regions prefer to stress the necessity to follow traditions or necessity of human development and prosperity. However, strategies do not analyze the reasons and mechanisms of previous successes in the industry, education, science and culture.

The Relevance of the Voluntary Transfers of Federal Resources for the Consolidation of the Government’s Support Base in the Brazilian Congress

The literature on coalition presidentialism in Brazil considers the allocation of federal resources to the electoral bases of parliamentarians as an available tool for the Presidency to obtain support for initiatives of its interest in the National Congress. This article aims to verify the relationship between the transfer of these resources, the voluntary transfers, and the support to the Government. Two groups of deputies were separated to find out this behavior: those that vote following the Government’s orientation and those that systematically vote against it. From each group a sample of 50 deputies was selected, from which the percentage of votes obtained in the 2014 elections in each municipality was inferred. The four municipalities in which a deputy reaches proportionately more votes belong to his electoral base. Crossing this base of municipalities with data on voluntary transfers from the Federal Government, statistical tests found that the volume of federal voluntary resources received by a given municipality is related to the supportive alignment of the mayor and the governor with the Federal Government and also with the institutional capacity of the municipality administration. However, the volume of transfers received cannot be explained by virtue of whether or not the municipality is the electoral base of a federal deputy aligned or facing opposition to the Federal Executive.

Translating Orthopaedic Technologies Into Clinical Practice: Challenges and Solutions.

Despite the wealth of innovation in the orthopaedic sciences, few technologies translate to clinical use. By way of a 2-day symposium titled "AAOS/ORS Translating Orthopaedic Technologies into Clinical Practice: Pathways from Novel Idea to Improvements in Standard of Care Research Symposium," key components of successful commercialization strategies were identified as a passionate entrepreneur working on a concept aimed at improving patient outcomes and decreasing the cost and burden of disease; a de-risking strategy that has due recognition of the regulatory approval process and associated costs while maximizing the use of institutional, state, and federal resources; and a well thought-out and prepared legal plan and high quality, protected intellectual property. Challenges were identified as a lack of education on the scale-up and commercialization processes; few opportunities to network, get feedback, and obtain funding for early stage ideas; disconnect between the intellectual property and the business model; and poor adoption of new technologies caused in part by un-optimized clinical trials. By leveraging the network of professional orthopaedic societies, there exists an opportunity to create an enlightened community of musculoskeletal entrepreneurs who are positioned to develop and commercialize technologies and transform patient care.

Синтаксические трансформации в логопедической работе по формированию фразовой речи у обучающихся с РАС

The development of phrase speech is the most difficult area in speech therapy work with “speechless” schoolchildren with autism. The article describes speech therapy techniques for the development of syntax operations in schoolchildren with autism spectrum disorders and mild intellectual disabilities. Presented author’s speech therapy program for the development of arbitrary phrase speech in children with autism spectrum disorders combined with mild intellectual disability, based on the teachings of Noam Chomsky on grammatical transformations. The approbation of the speech therapy program was carried out by the author on the platform of the Federal Resource Center for the Organization of Comprehensive Support for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the period from 2016 to the present.

Организация образования обучающихся с расстройствами аутистического спектра в Российской Федерации: результаты Всероссийского мониторинга 2018 года

Presented results of the all-Russian monitoring of the status of education conducted in 2018 by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in common with the Federal Resource Center for the Organization of Comprehensive Support of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders of the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education. The total number of students with disorders in autism spectrum included in the education system, increased by 43% and amounted to 22953 people compared with 2017 data. Nonuniformity of distribution of students with ASD by the educational level; paucity of children covered by the necessary early intervention programs, secondary and higher professional education are marked. Most of the children (63.9%) with ASD receive educational services at primary general, basic general and secondary general levels. The key problem remains - mass education of children with autism in the context of individualized homeschooling is 34.5% of the total number of students with autism. Staffing issues are expressed in filling the educational process with specialists – 1/3 of children do not receive the necessary psychological support. Only 8.4% of children with autistic disorders are provided with tutor support. Regional resource centers were established in 33 regions of Russia for solving the problems in organization of qualitative education for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.

Four Decades of Declining Federal Leadership in the Federal-State Unemployment Insurance Program

The unemployment insurance (UI) program was established in 1935. Unlike other social insurance programs created by the Social Security Act, it was established as a federal-state program. The federal government initially acted as a strong partner working with state agencies that operate the UI program. Over the past four decades, however, the federal role in the UI program has declined because of reductions in federal resources dedicated to the program and weakening policy leadership and programmatic support. As a result, states operate increasingly divergent UI programs, with many programs providing limited access to the program for experienced unemployed workers who are unemployed through no fault of their own. This paper analyzes the declining role of federal leadership and concludes that it has not been an effective force in maintaining and enhancing a program that should be doing more to ameliorate the effects of economy-wide unemployment and helping individual UI recipients to return to work. If the UI system is going to be effective in the future, especially in future recessions, major strengthening of the UI program is necessary.

Практика тьюторского сопровождения в начальной школе детей с тяжелыми формами аутизма

Autism spectrum disorders belong to the category of disorders that impede the process of educating children, which is often ineffective without tutorial support. Examples of tutor practice, support techniques of children with intellectual disabilities and detailed comments on cases are presented. Tutor support realized in the school department of the Federal Resource Center for the Organization of Comprehensive Support to Children with ASD. Education was provided in adopted general education program of primary general education for students with health limitations (Program 8.4). The differences in the functions of the tutor and teacher in the classroom, the importance of observing ethical rules in communicating with the children, colleagues and parents are emphasized.

Strategic spending in federal governments: theory and evidence from the US

ABSTRACTPast research on the allocation of federal resources to localities has failed to account for the interaction between federal and state governments. Here a sequential-move game of such interaction is developed, where state governments behave like political surrogates for the federal government when they are politically aligned, while they engage in political competition when not. The model predicts that aligned states increase the funding of aligned localities, while the federal government increases the funding of aligned localities only within nonaligned states. Using data from the Census of Governments 1982–2002 and a difference-in-difference strategy reveals that such predictions are upheld by the data. My findings find a limit to the benefits of decentralization. Although the standard view is that it removes political power from the center, I find that decentralization could concentrate such power more at local level, which may give the President political advantages within unaligned states through aligned localities.

BUILDING A NATIONAL SAND RESOURCE INVENTORY FOR THE US CONTINENTAL SHELF

The future of coastal resilience or restoration plans which implement natural or nature-based features largely depends upon the identification of proximate and compatible offshore sand and gravel material. BOEM’s Marine Minerals Program (MMP) is multi-faceted, focusing on coordinated leasing of sediment for extraction, inventorying sediment resources through geological and geophysical surveys of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), and environmental studies and reviews to inform decisions.
 
 However, on a national scale, little is known about the character, quantity, and location of sand resources on the OCS and the habitat it provides for biological communities. BOEM places a high priority on creating a comprehensive national sand resource inventory to meet BOEM’s mandate as stewards of all federal mineral resources on the OCS. This stewardship responsibility will be realized by proactively planning for the increasing demands for OCS resources and emergency needs as they arise.

Evaluación del Desempeño de los Recursos Federales del Ramo 33, destinados a los Municipios del Río, Sonora, en el ejercicio 2018

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objeto evaluar el desempeño de los Recursos Federales del Ramo 33, de los Municipios del Río, Sonora del ejercicio 2018, en base al Presupuesto basado en Resultados y el Sistema de Evaluación del Desempeño con la finalidad de medir el impacto que tienen los recursos del Ramo 33, destinados a los diferentes Municipios del Río de Sonora, analizando que se hayan ejercido de forma eficaz, eficiente y económicamente, alineándose con el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo en el cumplimiento de objetivos y metas de los programas otorgados.

Questão territorial, processo de regionalização do SUS e financiamento das redes temáticas

Objetivo: Sistematizar as principais características das portarias que orientam a transferências de recursos para a rede de cuidado obstétrico e neonatal (Rede Cegonha), a Rede de Atenção à Urgência (RAU), a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) e a Rede de Atenção à Pessoa com Deficiências (Viver sem limites). Métodos: As portarias foram analisadas a partir de três eixos estruturais: i) perfil assistencial dos elementos financiados, sendo observados os componentes e os equipamentos, insumos e ações; ii) o montante de recursos financeiros disponível para cada um dos elementos financiados, discriminado em investimentos e custeio; e iii) o comprometimento de cada um dos entes federativos no financiamento e execução do recurso. Resultados: A análise permite evidenciar três principais aspectos no repasse de recursos financeiros federais para os entes subnacionais: i) preponderância de recursos para o cuidado especializado, cuja configuração produtiva exige economia de escala, tendendo a se concentrar em municípios que apresentam maior centralidade; ii) indução ao comprometimento de recursos, financeiros ou não, dos entes subnacionais; e iii) grande fragmentação nos repasses financeiros. Conclusão: O financiamento das redes temáticas, além de favorecer o modelo médico assistencial por meio da transferência de recurso prioritariamente para a atenção à saúde voltada à média e alta complexidade, parece tender às regiões privilegiadas.

Do government audits reduce dengue? Estimating the impact of federal monitoring lotteries program on dengue incidence.

The paper examines the relationship between the supervision carried out in the municipalities by the main Brazilan supervisory institution (Controladoria Geral da União-CGU, in portuguese) and the incidence of dengue cases in them. Since the audited municipalities were randomized, this allows the identification of a control group that adequately represents the counterfactual of the treated group. The sample was composed of all municipalities that could be selected for that CGU inspection cycle, that is, 1520 municipalities, of which 70 were drawn and therefore belong to the study treatment group. We identified a negative effect of the policy on the incidence of the disease. However, when we consider a model with lags, we note that this initial impact from the drawing did not persist throughout the year of the inspection. Our analysis suggests that when federal resources are monitored, municipalities reduce irregularities, which may contribute to a decrease in the number of dengue cases.

Using redundant primer sets to detect multiple native Alaskan fish species from environmental DNA

Accurate and timely data regarding freshwater fish communities is important for informed decision-making by local, state, tribal, and federal land and resource managers; however, conducting traditional gear-based fish surveys can be an expensive and time-consuming process, particularly in remote areas, like those that characterize much of Alaska. To help address this challenge, we developed and tested five multi-species environmental DNA (eDNA) primer sets for the simultaneous detection of up to 37 target fish species in a single sample. Using these primer sets can reduce the cost and time needed to perform future studies of fish communities. Our results comparing multiple samples from multiple lakes and streams using multiple next-generation sequencing runs show the efficacy and reproducibility of these primers.