Federal Republic Research Articles

Spanish informalist art exhibitions in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1960

ABSTRACT This article explores the international reception of Spanish Informalism during the years of aperturismo, when this artistic trend was chosen to represent the Franco dictatorship at international art exhibitions and biennials. In contrast to the readings that study this phenomenon as a strategy of cultural diplomacy, the aim here is to pay attention to the local contexts where the Informalist avant-garde was exhibited, in order to analyse the ways in which the work of Spanish artists was re-signified when it came into contact with geographically situated curators, critics and audiences who had their own agency. Taking the example of the Federal Republic of Germany as a case study, this article examines a series of exhibitions that arose from private initiative in 1960, basing mostly on periodical and primary sources from the archives of the institutions that hosted the exhibitions.

CRIMINAL, CIVIL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE PROTECTION OF UNBORN LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO

Background: Human life is a natural right, and as a fundamental right, its loss entails the loss of all other rights. Consequently, human life is protected by international and national legal acts. This study will approach the chosen topic from a critical thinking angle. Its purpose is to present the basic notions of life, tackle the protection of life through positive legal norms, examine the legal treatment of the unauthorised termination of pregnancy, and provide an overview of data related to such terminations. Furthermore, we will examine whether current legal provisions in Republic of Kosovo effectively safeguard life or, instead, permit the termination of unborn life. The topic will be approached from the perspectives of civil law and the socioeconomic aspect of this phenomenon. Given that Kosovo was once an Autonomous Region of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, we will draw a comparative parallel in terms of legal reforms. The importance of this study will be evident based on the fact that studies of this interrelated nature of such a topic are lacking. Consequently, such a study will be relevant to legislation and legal practice. Methods: The selected topic will be treated by applying the historical-legal method, the normative method, the comparative method, the method of analysis and the synthesis method. Through the application of these study methods, an effort will be made to achieve the goal and the study objective, always with the aim of providing concrete answers to the research questions and validating the raised hypotheses. Results and Conclusions: While it must be accepted that termination of pregnancy is not murder, it is crucial to recognise that if it occurs at advanced stages of fetal development, it cannot be called anything other than murder. In addition to the legal fragility facing Kosovar society, there is also a notable weakness in the punitive policy. This policy, in its effort to be humane towards the perpetrators of criminal offences, may fail to achieve its intended objectives. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a shift in legislative policy concerning certain antisocial phenomena. Such a change would inherently lead to a reevaluation of punitive measures, especially considering that the criminal offence of unauthorised termination of pregnancy continues to be present in our society.

Bad-Mad-Female. Scientific Analyses of Female Violent Crime from the 1960s to the 1990s

While female capital offences have repeatedly caused astir since the beginning of the modern era at the latest, female violent crime has remained amarginal phenomenon in statistical observations for along time. Forensics, with its traditional core disciplines of psychiatry and law, also remained focused on the dangerous male perpetrator for along time in its analysis and theory development beyond infanticide: male forensic scientists analysed male perpetrators of violence.Since the 1960s, there has been an increasing number of scientific contributions on female criminality and its causes in West Germany. Women were now also analysing female criminality from aprofessional as well as from asocially critical perspective; adevelopment that gained significant momentum with the New Women's Movement and Critical Criminology.The article puts an emphasis on the discourse on female violent crime in the "old" Federal Republic of Germany. It starts out by framing the issue of women's violent crime in criminological discourse. Against this background, it examines how gender-specific constructions of criminality developed, especially in the discussion of the "dangerous mentally ill" in forensic discussion forums, how and to what extent which topoi were perpetuated and which were subject to changes. Did the analyses of female scientists differ from those of their male colleagues? What significance did critical or feminist currents or actors have?In view of social change processes (emancipation, psychiatric reform, criminal law reform), the article examines the interpretation of female violence and the connection between gender, dangerousness and mental illness. It focuses on the question of persistence, dynamisation or diversification of gender-specific constructions and normative concepts of normal/crazy in the forensic conflation of "bad and mad".

Psychological Women's Liberation: Feminist Therapy Between Psychology and the Women's Movement in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1970s

From the late 1960s onwards, the early second women's movement encompassed all areas of West German society. This included debates about how women's healthcare could be improved in aself-determined, women-friendly way and in line with feminist ideals. These debates were also held with regard to the general boom in psychotherapy at the time. This article explores the question of how debates around feminist therapy emerged in the Federal Republic of Germany. It also looks at the tense relationship between psychology and psychotherapy. While feminist women's counselling and therapy centers became awidespread part of apsychosocial care network from the late 1970s onwards, scientific psychology in German speaking countries remained largely closed to feminist influences. The article traces how this imbalance between feminist therapeutic practice and psychological women's research came about. Therefore, the article sets out from 1974, when psychologists tried to introduce feminist impulses into academic psychology and feminist activists made psychotherapeutic approaches usable for the women's movement. Many female psychologists shifted their commitment from the academic to the therapeutic field. It is argued, that this was due to the less than conducive conditions that feminist-oriented psychologists found in German-speaking academic psychology.

Enlargement as high politics: New insights on the integration of the German Democratic Republic into the European Community

An essential part of the restructuring of the European security order after the Cold War is the Eastern enlargement of the European Community (EC). This article provides the hitherto missing explanation for the integration of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) into the EC. In alignment with neoclassical realism, I claim that high politics took precedence in this exceptional enlargement. Established theories underestimate the importance of security and power and, thereby, fall short in accounting for the fast-track accession of the GDR to the EC. I argue that the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) pressed for a rapid reunification including the automatic accession of the GDR to the EC. Motivated by internal factors, the FRG’s government ventured a take-it-or-leave-it-offer that the other EC states acquiesced to under the threat of a German withdrawal from the EC with unforeseeable geopolitical consequences. The analysis builds on recently declassified, original documents collected from different archives.

‘The Patriarchy Is Finished’: Broadcasting Women’s Emancipation on RIAS Berlin

Abstract This article examines a sudden shift in women’s radio programming in the late 1950s at RIAS Berlin (Radio in the American Sector Berlin). The American-led propaganda radio station had been established in 1946 to support democracy in West Berlin and then also to combat Communism in East Germany. From its initial broadcast day, RIAS targeted female audiences with a mix of household tips and political analysis that highlighted the ways the Communist regime worked against women. However, in 1957 the women’s division began to critique conservative gender norms in arguing for female equality in West Germany. RIAS introduced a new program, the soap opera Gaby and Franz, that modelled a more companionate form of marriage. At the same time, its established women’s programs, including Can You Spare 5 Minutes?, highlighted obstacles to the full realization of legal reforms such as the Law for the Protection of Mothers of 1952 and the Equal Rights Law of 1957. To promote women’s rights in the Federal Republic, the women’s division adapted the presentation style designed to fight East German Communism. Drawing upon scripts held by Deutschlandfunk Kultur, the successor station to RIAS, the article argues that radio offered an ideal medium for women to press for gender equality at the micro level of the home and the macro level of policy well before the women’s rights movement of the late 1960s.

INCLUSION OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN THE BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTION: REFLECTIONS ON FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND GUARANTEES

The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, known as the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, represents a milestone in Brazilian legal and political history, establishing a wide range of fundamental rights and guarantees. This article aims, first, to analyze such rights and guarantees, discussing their importance and implications for the protection of human dignity and the consolidation of Brazilian democracy. Then, the intersection between fundamental rights and guarantees and the protection of personal data, the General Data Protection Law and Constitutional Amendment No. 115 was made. The methodological approach used was based on a review of the legal literature and constitutional provisions. Finally, it is concluded that Constitutional Amendment No. 115/2022 is a crucial step in strengthening the right to the protection of personal data in Brazil, aligning itself with international trends and reaffirming the country's commitment to defending the privacy and dignity of its citizens. With this change, the Federal Constitution begins to reflect more clearly and directly the importance of protecting personal data, establishing a solid constitutional basis for the development and application of public policies and regulations related to the topic.

An in-depth analysis of the evolution and challenges of financial reporting in Nigeria

The evolution of financial reporting in Nigeria has been influenced by a combination of legal systems, global standards, and emerging trends. This article will demonstrate the financial reporting environment in Nigeria in detail such as regulatory bodies, accounting standards, reporting requirements for different entities, tax implications, auditing techniques, corporate governance principles, and emerging issues. The chapter discusses a paradigm shift towards IFRS that took place in 2012, and the obstacles companies faced in adjusting their systems to international norms. The role of regulators, like Federal Republic of Nigeria Financial Reporting Council (FRCN) and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the impact of legislative amendments, such as Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020, is also looked into in this research. In addition, the article discusses the specific problems encountered in the oil and gas, finance, and telecommunications industries, highlighting the unique accounting issues and regulatory requirements. Furthermore, the ethical side of financial reporting is included, namely honesty, openness, and whistle blowing. We utilised relevant published data (2004–2014) from diverse, reliable databases. The outcome is a clear depiction of the need for joint initiatives by regulators, firms, professional bodies and stakeholders to tackle the challenges present in Nigerian financial reporting and create a climate of transparency and reliability. Keywords: Financial Reporting, Nigeria, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Corporate Governance, Auditing Practices, Taxation

O devido processo legal em investigações administrativas de assédio sexual: a força do mandamento constitucional e a realidade da instrução processual disciplinar

This article aims to present the main difficulties in implementing the constitutional principle of due administrative legal process in sexual harassment investigations, especially regarding the selection and obtaining of evidence, as well as the production and evaluation of evidence. First, we analyze the contemporary contours of the principle of due administrative legal process (article 5°, LIV and LV of the Constitution of the Brazilian Federative Republic and articles 20, 21 and 22 - LINDB). Next, we present sexual harassment as an administrative disciplinary infraction. We deal with aspects related to conceptualization, typology and legal provisions. We also analyzed some jurisprudential precedents of the Federal Supreme Court and Superior Court of Justice. Finally, we point out the elements, production and valuation of evidence in the administrative disciplinary procedural investigation of conduct involving the practice of sexual harassment. At this point, we highlight how the nature of the infraction and the victim's condition of vulnerability interfere with the implementation of the guarantees of contradictory and full defense. We conclude that there is a precarious classification system regarding the administrative offense of sexual harassment. This dysfunction ends up having consequences for the development of substantial due process, including with regard to the institute of evidence collection, requiring the evolution of the legislator, in action to combat the practice of sexual harassment in the Public Administration and in terms of accountability.

TAX LAW AND STATE INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY: WAR IN UKRAINE AND CHANGE IN TAX LEGISLATION TO MAINTAIN STABILITY IN BRAZIL

The scenario of instability and hyperinflation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the War in Ukraine has led Brazil to a serious crisis, with widespread price increases and deregulation of economic stability. Therefore, given the increase in fuel prices, which has a systemic effect throughout the country, it became necessary to implement a model of State intervention in the economic domain in order to minimize the impacts resulting from the unfavorable situation. Given the possible solutions, Tax Law proved to be the best solution for the case, being a mechanism for distributing the burdens of the situation among different entities of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It is therefore necessary to demonstrate how Tax Law is integrated into a form of State intervention in the Economy, correlated to classic State functions, in addition to the viability of intervention through tax legislation in order to reestablish a peaceful scenario and national economic stability.

Germany’s approach to the functioning of NATO standing force groups in the mid-2010s and early 2020s

Western democracies have endowed NATO with the functions of “containment” of Russia and influential non-Western powers in general. This process is accompanied by a spasmodic growth of the Alliance’s military capabilities and changes in its internal structure. The principal responsibility for the implementation of the aforementioned measures falls upon the European member states, particularly those which have been members of the Alliance for a considerable length of time. Of these, Germany has demonstrated the most considerable commitment. Although some studies have examined the evolution of the Alliance’s military structures, there is a dearth of literature on Germany’s role in the Alliance within the field of Russian historiography. Nevertheless, an analysis of this topic is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of Berlin’s strategic intentions. The objective of this article is to examine the role of the FRG in relation to the functioning of permanent NATO troops. In order to achieve this, the author employs two distinct theoretical frameworks, namely those of alliance theory and military capability building, in combination with a comparative analysis approach. The author illustrates the distinctive features of the evolution of permanent NATO force groups and elucidates the challenges, including a shortage of military personnel, and opportunities, including limited activity by other NATO member states, that have influenced the utilisation of the Bundeswehr in the functioning of the groups. In light of the aforementioned conceptual and operational documents, which serve as the foundation for Germany’s foreign policy, the article posits that the Federal Republic of Germany is prepared to assume a leading role within the European NATO member state contingent with regard to the operationalisation of multilateral troop groupings.

Transregional Cooperation of German Federal States with Eastern Regions and Countries (Late 20th — 21st Century)

This study examines the formation and development of transregional relations between the federal states of Germany (Bundesländer) and Eastern countries and regions. It presents the findings of a normative-legal analysis of the foundations of international and foreign policy activities of German federal states, based on national legislation. The focus is on the institutional framework for cross-border interactions between individual administrative units of the Federal Republic of Germany and their foreign partners. The research explores partnerships with both neighboring Middle Eastern territories and more distant Eastern regions. The findings indicate that the international and foreign economic activities of the German states are extensive, aligning with the opportunities outlined in Germany’s constitutional documents, and are significantly broader and more diverse compared to similar activities in the regions of France and Italy. It has been identified that German states engage in a system of “horizontal partnerships” primarily with provinces of the People’s Republic of China. Additionally, it is reported that a principle of “network cooperation” is applied to most other Eastern countries, encompassing not only economic but also scientific, cultural, and humanitarian ties. The study demonstrates that among the examined EU countries at the regional level, German federal states lead in establishing the most successful and effective partnerships with regions in Eastern countries.

A Review of The Blind Spot of Section 12 (1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (As Amended)

A Review of The Blind Spot of Section 12 (1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (As Amended)

Compensation for National Socialist Persecution as a Catalyst for a Paradigm Shift - A Contribution to the History of Psychiatry in the Early Federal Republic of Germany

After WW II, Holocaust survivors often faced negative assessments by German psychiatrists when claiming compensation for psychological damage, a fact that was met with criticism. This study examines how as a result the prevailing doctrine on trauma sequelae underwent a transformation. Academic contributions in German language from 1946 to 1969 are analyzed for their para-digmatic views on the etiology of mental disorders after war and Nazi persecution. Only a new generation of psychiatrists was able to develop more adequate psychotraumatological concepts by using anthropological and occasionally psychoanalytic theoretical elements. At the same time this also questioned the medically oriented concept of illness in psychiatry. Less the persistence of anti-Semitic sentiments but rather internal scientific reasons such as an unevidenced dogmatism obstructed the the advancement of science.

Три уровня международного политико-экономического анализа: новая перспектива для исследования международных проблем в эпоху многополярности

One of the key issues in current international relations studies is the structure of knowledge. The epistemological foundations of political and economic theories of international development are losing their relevance as the influence of theory on the practice of international relations wanes. The declining ability of international analysis to predict the future of world politics and economics emphasizes the need for a broader, interdisciplinary approach to the study of international relations. This study aims to explore the possibility of creating a new, practical and interdisciplinary model of analysis to address the problems of the modern international system. This approach to the systemic analysis of international relations involves broadening the scope of the study by integrating international political and economic (IPE) analysis and including three analytical levels: explanatory, normative and critical. The article defines the terminology, structure, principles and criteria of such an analysis based on the problems of modern political science. The author also points out the main difficulties in the formation of theoretical and methodological basis of the three-level analysis. Examples of analyzing problems, namely the impact of trade barriers on the instability of global supply chains and the international dimension of the energy crisis of the Federal Republic of Germany (2022 – present) are given, demonstrating the quality and consistency of the results of such analysis.

Курдский народ в борьбе за независимость (вторая половина ХХ – начало ХХI в.) и геноцид в Иракском Курдистане

The article delves into the struggle of the people of Southern (Iraqi) Kurdistan for self-determination and the repression of the ruling regime in Iraq, which brought the Kurdish population to the brink of extermination. The issue of Southern Kurdistan in Iraq has been on the agenda for many decades. The Iraqi Kurds achieved self-government at the cost of incredible efforts. It is emphasized that the recognition of the right to territorial autonomy by the Iraqi government in 1974 was a success of the Kurdish national movement. However, the infringement of the rights of the Kurds continued. The apogee of the repressions were the events of the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–1988 and the use of chemical weapons against the population of the autonomy. In 2005, Iraq promulgated a new draft Constitution, which reflected the opinion of all ethno-confessional groups of the country – Shiites, Sunnis and Kurds: the country was declared a Federal Republic, and the Kurdish language was declared the state language on the territory of Kurdistan. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the centuries-long struggle of the Kurds of Iraq ended with the proclamation of autonomy and the granting of democratic rights and freedoms to the population of the Kurdish Autonomous Region. And the facts reflected in the documents of international organizations on the deliberate destruction of the Kurdish minority in Iraq, especially during the years of Saddam Hussein’s rule, are obvious. An important condition for the success of the Kurdish national movement at any stage of its development is the unity of its ranks. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism and objectivity. Documentary materials, personal sources, and media news data serve as the empirical basis of the study and are introduced into scientific discourse.

Reflection on the bicentennial of Brazil's independence in the period from 1822 until 2022

This article reflects on the international conference for the bicentenary of Brazil's independence, held in São Paulo, from the 6th to the 15th of February 2023, organized by the University of São Paulo and sponsored by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). It aimed to publicize the essence of the bicentenary of Brazil's independence, which was led by Emperor D. Pedro I, in 1822. Throughout the history of Brazil, there were two reigns, the first was that of D. Pedro the First, who succeeded his father in 1821, and the second was the reign of D. Pedro II, which began in 1840. The causes and actions that led to the abolition of slavery in Brazil. It was concluded that Brazil's independence was achieved on September 7, 1822, and was manifested by the scream on the banks of the Ipiranga river in São Paulo, by the characters who were involved together with D. Pedro I. Thus, Brazil ceased to be kingdom of Portugal. On November 15, 1889, the Federative Republic of Brazil was proclaimed, thus ending the monarchy regime.

Physical Education, Sports and Educational Reforms: The Assistance Agreement Between the Argentine Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (1961–1980)

Between 1961 and 1980, a group of bilateral actions were developed jointly the Argentine Republic (AR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) regarding physical education and sports. Based on these agreements, training and advice were provided for the reform of physical education teachers’ training and school physical education, the construction of infrastructure was encouraged, and sports medicine was promoted. This paper analyzes how the relationship between the FRG and the AR for the promotion of ‘sports science’ was shaped. The aim is to delve into the temporalities of the different topics and their processes of translation and approval by local actors. The analysis shows that the construction of this bilateral agenda took place in the interaction of the policies for physical education and sport of the AR and the FRG, resulting in translations and re-appropriations of the proposed programmes. In addition, the agenda was also structured by the relationship networks built for almost two decades. Understanding such nuances makes it possible to point out how these exchanges took place.

Prohibition of driving vehicles in the punishment system

Subject of research: the norms of criminal legislation of Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the USSR, Poland, Spain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Estonia, defining deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle as a type of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions and engage in certain activities, as well as the problematic aspects of its appointment. Purpose of research: to identify problematic aspects and ways to improve the norms of the criminal law defining the system of punishments of the Republic of Belarus, and to make proposals to overcome them. Object of research: criminal law relations arising from the application of criminal liability with the imposition of punishment of deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle as a type of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions and engage in certain activities, which were studied by applying a retrospective and comparative legal analysis of the approaches of domestic and foreign legislators to this punishment. Main results of research: it is proposed to provide for an independent punishment in the form of a ban on driving in the Belarusian penal system, while its possible legal structure is described.

The Postwar Fight Against Fascism: Auschwitz Memory in Leftist Activism

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the memory activism of three survivors of the Auschwitz resistance and explores the ways in which they linked fascism and genocide to economic exploitation. By doing so, our paper excavates a leftist-antifascist paradigm of postwar memory that waned with the advent of contemporary Holocaust culture. We analyse the memoirs of Oszkár Betlen, Bruno Baum, and Hermann Langbein, members of the international communist movement before, during, and after the Second World War. For these authors, calls to remember Auschwitz were inseparable from a struggle for social change in the present, and their memory practice was never restricted to writing. Therefore, our paper places their memoirs into the wider context of their political-organizational work, and shows that their efforts to commemorate Auschwitz responded to some pressing issues of their time, including the re-militarization and NATO-membership of the Federal Republic, reparations, amnesty and reintegration of former Nazis, and war crimes trials. Importantly, all these issues were intertwined with what they regarded as capitalist restoration and a looming resurgence of fascism. Our paper argues that the so-called economic case was central to their postwar campaigning because they believed that economic exploitation was central to fascism and had wide-ranging implications for postwar societies as well. Furthermore, we challenge the prevailing view on antifascism by demonstrating that for these authors the economic aspect of fascism did not eclipse the genocidal character of fascism and the specifically Jewish experience of it. In contrast to some Marxist historians, they did not see genocidal policies as merely derivative or secondary either. Rather, these leftist-antifascists commemorated Auschwitz in ways which regarded economic exploitation and genocide as interrelated and constitutive aspects of fascism.