Federal Institute Research Articles

Visual diagnosis of açaí trees under soilless cultivation in the Amazon

The açaí tree culture is extremely important for the Northern Region of Brazil, therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the nutritional status through visual diagnosis of açaí tree leaves. Therefore, the objective of the work was to analyze the development of açaí seedlings, with the omission of macro and micronutrients, characterizing the visual symptoms observed on the leaves of the plants, in this case only for N, P and K. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, which is located at the Federal Institute of Pará (IFPA), Campus Castanhal – PA. A completely randomized experimental design (DIC) was used, with 11 treatments and 5 replications, totaling 55 experimental units. The treatments were: Complete treatment (With all nutrients), Omission of Nitrogen (-N), Omission of Phosphorus (-P), Omission of Potassium (-K), Omission of (-Ca), Omission of Magnesium (-Mg ), Sulfur Omission (-S), Iron Omission (-Fe), Zinc Omission (-Zn), Boron Omission (-B) and Copper Omission (-Cu). The results after application were that the characterization of the visual symptoms of deficiencies that were evident in the leaves of the açaí seedlings, a limitation in the development of the seedlings was observed.

Proposal for an innovation, entrepreneurship, and creativity festival for Federal Institutes

Proposal for an innovation, entrepreneurship, and creativity festival for Federal Institutes

Propensity to plan of young students of management

Management technical education improves financial knowledge of students, but its effect on financial behavior is still unclear, especially in adolescents. The paper assessed whether management technical education is associated to propensity to plan of young students. Propensity to plan was estimated by using Generalized Linear Model (binomial distribution and ‘logit’ as link function) in dataset of 201 students of Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso state/Brazil. Propensity to plan was 20.7% lower in students of management technical education, showing that financial literacy for adolescents is still needed even in educational programs focused on business administration.

Entry into public higher education - differences highlighted with UFPE data between open competition and quota students

The Quota Law for Higher Education in Brazil, implemented as in the entry of 2013, was designed to facilitate access for students from public schools to higher education, in universities and federal institutes, and promote social inclusion. The law provided that within ten years, counting from the date of publication, a review of the special program for access to higher education institutions would be promoted. This work seeks to contribute to the analysis of law enforcement, especially by observing admission scores comparing quota and non-quota students. We analyzed data from students entering courses in the Basic Area of Entry (ABI – Engineering), Law and Medicine at UFPE, at Campus Recife, which are courses in different areas of knowledge. To analyze performance in the admission process, based on the SiSU grades, all students entering the aforementioned courses in the period from 2016.1 to 2020.2 were considered, totalizing 5145 students. The results reveal that there is evidence that the SiSU grades of students in open competition are higher than the grades of quota students, for the three courses analyzed (Medicine, Law and ABI-Engineering at UFPE), throughout the study period, namely 2016.1 to 2020.2, and also that among the quota students, those self-declared as black, brown or indigenous entered with lower average grades than the other quota students, in all years.

Improving Water Efficiency in Higher Education Institutions: Contributions From the Boa Vista Campus of the Federal Institute of Roraima

Objective: The objective of this work is to propose recommendations to improve the management of water resources in a federal higher education institution, aiming to increase water use efficiency and promote a culture of sustainability among students and the local community. This can serve as a benchmark for institutions with similar characteristics. Theoretical Framework: Efficient management of water resources is crucial given the growing global challenge of water scarcity, especially in educational contexts, as they consume a lot of this resource and have a commitment to citizen education. The theoretical framework includes concepts related to sustainability, resource management, and educational institution practices. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a single case study, which allowed for an in-depth analysis of institutional practices and their environmental impacts. Data collection was carried out through various methods, including document analysis, interviews with key stakeholders, and observations of water use practices. Results and Discussion: The results highlight the identification of good practices and challenges faced in water resource management within the institution. The discussion contextualizes these results in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications for sustainability and efficiency in water use. Areas of inefficiency were identified, and sustainable strategies were developed. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research provide insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of sustainable water management in educational environments. These implications include recommendations for short, medium, and long-term actions that are replicable to other institutions. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by updating sustainable water management practices in educational environments and offers significant applied contributions to the implementation of effective water management solutions. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its potential impact on decision-making by managers of other educational units.

Relevant factors and the student profile that result in dropout in higher education: A case study at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo campus Itapina

School dropout consists of the definitive departure of the student without completing his or her original course. This work aimed to discuss reasons that led students between the years 2014 and 2016 to drop out of the higher education course of Agricultural Sciences at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo. This research focused on investigating possible reasons for dropout that may be internal, that is, linked to the institution or linked to the personal situations of former students. Exploratory research of a qualitative nature was chosen, using tools for data collection and analysis quantitatively and qualitatively, in addition to the methodology of participatory observation. In the technical procedures, a questionnaire with objective questions was applied, based on a questionnaire used to measure the dropout of students from the institution. According to the answers obtained, it was inferred that the main reasons that led the students to drop out were the lack of recognition of the teaching profession, dissatisfaction with the contents and chosen course, dissatisfaction with their own academic performance, among others. It is necessary to emphasize that some of the above-mentioned answers disagree when taking into account that the highest dropout rates occur in the first semesters, showing that little persistence or support for the student in permanence in the course can also be a determining factor.

Impact of neighborhood context on self-rated health among very old adults living in Germany: a cross-sectional representative study

BackgroundIncreasingly, evidence has shown that different aspects of neighborhood context play a significant role in self-rated health, one of the key health indicators in advanced age. Nevertheless, very old adults are often under represented or excluded from such research. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to examine whether social, socioeconomic, and physical neighborhood context is associated with self-rated health in the very old population of Germany. The second objective was to explore whether the link of socioeconomic and physical neighborhood context with self-rated health is moderated by availability of social resources in neighborhoods.MethodsData from the representative survey, “Old Age in Germany” (D80+) were employed. In total, the study sample of D80+ included 10,578 individuals aged 80 years and over. Additionally, the D80+ data were matched with the freely accessible regional dataset of the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs, and Spatial Development. Two self-rated items (place attachment and social cohesion) were used to assess social neighborhood context. Socioeconomic context of neighborhoods was operationalized by German index of socioeconomic deprivation. To evaluate physical context, perceived measures of building conditions and walkability were included. Using the maximum likelihood estimator with robust standard errors, logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the relationship between neighborhood context (social, socioeconomic, and physical context, as well as their interactions) and self-rated health.ResultsIncluding 8,066 participants in the analysis, the findings showed that better condition of residential building, higher walkability, being closely attached to outdoor places, and higher social cohesion were associated with higher chance to report good self-rated health of very old adults. In the adjusted models, the German socioeconomic deprivation index was not related to self-rated health. The effect of socioeconomic and physical neighborhood context on self-rated health did not differ according available neighborhood social resources.ConclusionsThe results indicate that especially more favorable conditions in social and physical neighborhood context are associated with good self-rated health in the very old population of Germany. Further studies should consider multiple aspects of neighborhood context as well as their interplay when examining the neighborhood impact on self-rated health in older populations.

Water At School: Environmental Actions

Objective: Implement environmental education actions as an educational and integrative space for environmental education actions and activities covering social actors in the southern region of the state of Tocantins. Theoretical Framework: Part of the theoretical contributions on environmental education activities in schools, meaning that water education must be approached from a spatial and temporal dimension as a local approach based on river basins as a unit of study. Method: It was developed in stages: 1st leveling meetings between the executing team and the agents involved, 2nd stage: diagnosis/mapping and 3rd stage: Proposing and executing actions. Results and Discussion: It was observed that the subjects, when participating in the actions, transform gestures, ideas and emotions that allow an opening to the understanding of Environmental Education as care and promotion of life. Research Implications: The school environment is considered a favorable space for the study of issues related to rational water consumption, as it is an environment that forms the character of citizens, who, among other knowledge, must be aware of the importance of preserving the environment, as well as the relevance of sustainable use. Originality/Value: It differentiates itself by being multidisciplinary involving several areas of human knowledge, such as biology, chemistry, ecology, social sciences, among others, and involves various segments of society, namely: prefectures, schools, universities, federal institutes, basin committees hydrographic agencies and the state water resources secretariat and has a defined scope and resources.

Биоактивные вещества геропротекторной направленности

People are constantly exposed to adverse environmental factors that affect their health. If combined with hereditary predisposition, they may lead to gerontological changes that reduce healthy and working life expectancy. Some measures can prevent premature aging, e.g., a balanced diet or biologically active anti-aging substances also called geroprotectors. This article reviews biologically active geroprotectors with a view to select promising components for novel biologically active additives and functional foods. The review covered five years of Russian research articles and patents on biologically active anti-aging agents indexed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, ScienceDirect, eLIBRARY.RU, and the database of the Federal Institute of Industrial Property. The domestic market demonstrates a growing demand for biologically active supplements: in 2023, it increased by 10% in value terms as consumers’ interest in a healthy and long life continues to grow. The review also included quality criteria for biologically active anti-ageing agents, e.g., such plant metabolites as vitamins, polyphenols, antioxidants, adaptogens, peptides, etc. Thymalin, epithalamin, dasatinib, and epithalon are available on the domestic market. The list of potential anti-aging agents includes ethylamine, carnosine, glutathione, ubiquinone, curcumin, rutin, quercetin, resveratrol, senolytics, and sirutins. These biologically active substances prevent oxidative stress, accumulation of lipofuscin, and senescent cells. The most effective anti-aging agents come from Vitis amurensis, Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Galega officinalis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Withania somnifera, and Panax ginseng.

Mexican State’s interpretation of indigenous self-determination in the age of democracy (1992-2022)

This article charts how Mexican authorities have interpreted and implemented indigenous peoples’ constitutional right to self-determination since it was first adopted in a 1992 constitutional reform. “Self determination” can mean many things, and the constitution gives stakeholders ample discretion to define and negotiate the content of this right. Most state legislatures initially passed “indigenous culture laws” starting in the late 1990s. The state of Oaxaca also amended its electoral procedure code to allow municipalities with a majority of indigenous residents to elect the members of their local governments through community assemblies (instead of the “political party system”). In the last five years, courts have further expanded electoral protections for indigenous communities by mandating that federal and state electoral Institutes implement quotas reserved for indigenous candidates in legislative elections. The application of indigenous self-determination has thus gone from being handled by state legislatures to being the province of federal electoral courts. The prevailing interpretation of self-determination has shifted from self-determination as self-government to it being understood as special legislative representation.

Contributions of internal control to public governance: a study of the perception of internal auditors of federal educational institutions

Purpose: The article aims to analyze the perception of Internal Auditors of Federal Educational Institutions regarding the contributions of Internal Control to Public Governance. Methodology: Regarding the technical procedures for collecting research data, a structured questionnaire (Survey) with multiple choices was used, on a 10 (ten) point scale with alternatives of no agreement/a lot of agreement, with 1 being no agreement and 10 being very agreement. The analysis was carried out using Factor Analysis. Results: As a result of the research, it was identified that the factors: Risk-Based Audit Planning, Transparency, Public Integrity and Accountability, obtained the highest averages as contributions of internal control to public governance in the perception of the responding auditors. Factors such as the Provision of Consulting Services and Society Participation presented the lowest averages among the factors analyzed. After the factor analysis, it was found that the first factor, Adherence to International Auditing Standards, presents approximately 59.7% of the explanatory power of the variances contained in the sample. According to the auditors' perception, adherence or alignment with international auditing standards is representative of the evolution of the governance process in federal public administration. Contributions of the Study: The study contributes to the discussion on public governance regarding the contributions of internal control to its development. The results suggest that the process of adhering to international auditing standards is an irreversible process and recognized as necessary for the development of governance in the federal public sector, given that this adherence to international auditing standards presents itself as a factor with greater explanatory power in the analysis, signaling that for public administration to follow the evolution of its governance, it must remain integrated with international standards and best practices.

“Granting” Justice, Debating Delinquency: The Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act and the UNC Training Center on Delinquency and Youth Crime, 1961–1967

AbstractThis article argues that 1961 to 1967 was a critical period when federal, state, and academic institutions looked with hope toward emerging methods in behavioral and social psychology to train juvenile justice officials and to treat delinquent children. Reflecting liberal optimism regarding the possibility of reforming individual behavior without structural change, the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 provided project funding to cities, nonprofits, and universities. Using the University of North Carolina’s Training Center on Delinquency and Youth Crime as a case study, this article examines how federal funding was used for “experiments” with group therapy, youth incarceration, and cocreation of juvenile justice. Though largely inconclusive, these experiments demonstrated the existence of alternatives to the hyperinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders that accelerated after the Supreme Court’s 1967 decision of In re Gault.

Habilidades en autorregulación del aprendizaje y el impacto del ingreso a la escuela secundaria integrada en los adolescentes

Self-regulated learning can be defined as the ability of students to plan, execute and evaluate their activities, making them active and participatory in their learning. There is still a lack of Brazilian studies on the self-regulation of learning in Integrated Secondary Education (EMI) students. Therefore, this work describes the perceptions of adolescents about the impact of enrollment in the Integrated Secondary Education course, highlighting their degree of mastery of skills in self-regulation of learning. A survey was conducted among EMI students at a federal educational institution (FI) in Brazil. 35 students entering in 2022 participated in the study. To probe the adolescents' perceptions, a semi-structured interview was conducted. The reports indicate that entering the EMI was perceived as a challenge by the majority of those interviewed and, often, was associated with the appearance of feelings such as worry and anxiety. It is possible to affirm that the sample is heterogeneous in terms of self-regulation skills and that, to a greater or lesser extent, students master some skills related to the planning and evaluation stages of the self-regulation cycle. It is assumed that information and guidance on self-regulation of learning contribute to students' adaptation to EMI and their quality of life.

Unfavorable food consumption in children up to school entry age: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.

Evidence points toward the early life being crucial for preventing nutrition-related diseases. As promotion of healthier food preferences in toddlerhood and preschool age might still modulate the trajectories of disease risk, understanding diet in these age groups is necessary. The objective was to analyze food consumption and diet quality of 1-5-year-old children living in Germany in relation to age and sex. Data from 890 children, a subsample of the representative, cross-sectional Children's Nutrition Survey to Record Food Consumption (KiESEL) conducted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in 2014-2017, were analyzed. Dietary data were collected using food records (3 consecutive plus 1 independent day). Diet quality was evaluated against the German food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG). Consumption of unfavorable foods (e.g., sweets, soft drinks) exceeded the recommended maximum of 10% of energy intake (E%) by a multiple in all age and sex groups (medians: 24.8-35.8 E%). Preschoolers consumed more unfavorable foods than toddlers and boys more than girls. More than half of the children exceeded the recommendation for meat intake (medians: 2.3-3.2% of the total food consumption (%TFC) vs. 2 %TFC), especially preschoolers. In nearly all children, vegetable consumption was too low (medians: 4.2-4.5 %TFC vs. 12 %TFC). Also, milk/milk product consumption was below recommendations, more so in preschoolers (median: 12.0 %TFC ♂, 11.9 %TFC ♀ vs. 18 %TFC) than in toddlers (median: 16.1 %TFC ♂, 19.6 %TFC ♀). In toddlers and preschoolers with overweight or obesity, adherence to dietary recommendations of these food groups was largely similar to that of the total sample. Overall, 5-year-olds showed an unhealthier dietary pattern than 1-year-olds, which already emerged at age 2 years and became more evident at age 3 years. An adverse dietary pattern arises and even deteriorates at a very young age, showing sex-specific aspects. High attention from public health and research needs to be given to toddlerhood and even earlier life phases, e.g., to develop more age-specific FBDGs, aiming at reducing unhealthy food consumption.

How structural health monitoring can be embedded in a digital quality infrastructure: an example.

The digital Quality Infrastructure (QI) initiative “QI-Digital” in Germany is focusing on implementing new technologies and approaches to ensure that the task of quality assurance is more efficient and ready for the digital and green transformation of the economy. The implementation of quality control key elements, such as Smart Standards, Digital Certificates and QI-cloud solutions shall contribute to solving the socio-economic, ecological, and technological challenges of our time. Hydrogen is a key energy carrier and has the potential to play a significant role in the energy transition, especially in mobility. An essential factor for the broad acceptance of hydrogen-based mobility is the availability of refueling stations that operate reliably and safely. Using the example of a Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) build within the QI-Digital initative, the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) aims to establish a real laboratory where modern measurement techniques and new digital methods are implemented to enhance operational safety, availability, and economic efficiency and render the technology more attractive for the industry. In this work, we present an approach to establish a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system on a high-pressure buffer inside HRS and show how it could be embedded into a digital QI. The high-pressure buffers are essential components of the plant which are currently inspected periodically without regard to their operating history. Focusing on the transition to a continuous and digitally supported monitoring of the component’s integrity during operation the novel inspection scheme will be linked to a completely digitalized component-related documentation and tested using digital certificates. This allows the operational safety and, if necessary, the remaining useful lifetime to be assessed on an ongoing basis and to be a valuable contribution to increase the sustainability.

How can a community be successfully empowered to deal with death, dying, and bereavement?-formative evaluation of the Caring Community Cologne using focus groups.

Compassionate communities aim to empower people to deal with death, dying, and bereavement. They also intend to facilitate access to care and support at the end of life. However, there is a need for systematic knowledge on how to achieve the desired outcomes for citizens and for insights regarding the development, implementation, and evaluation. The aim of this study was to assess the views of members of a German Compassionate City, the "Caring Community Cologne" (CCC), and to report on its practical implementation. The CCC consists of a citywide Round Table, a Steering Group, a Coordination Office and four Working Groups in areas where activities are already in place. We conducted two qualitative focus groups with nine members of three Working Groups. The transcripts were analysed with qualitative content analysis, using MAXQDA version 2022, and results were transferred into the logic model "Throughput Model". At the time of evaluation, participants felt that the structures of the CCC were adequate, but criticised the cooperation and transparency between them. A key aspect of this was the requirement for a coordinating body. They stressed the support of federal institutions as a key factor, while at the same time describing insufficient citizen involvement. The transfer of the results into the Throughput Model highlighted four areas that the CCC should address: (I) neighbourhood networks need to be established to strengthen civic support; (II) people need to be made aware of the issues by making them accessible in their everyday lives; (III) the many existing support initiatives need to be better linked and made more accessible; (IV) adequate healthcare service structures have to be guaranteed. The top-down approach described, supported by the city's engagement and involving existing initiatives can facilitate the development of a bottom-up civic engagement model in a large city. However, active citizen involvement appeared to be a challenge. The Throughput Model was a suitable basis for mapping work processes and developing evaluation plans.

Higher education governance in Pakistan: the role and influence of HEC in the post-18th Amendment

In the 18th Amendment in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, the role of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan was limited to the quality standards of higher education and federal institutions and research centres only, as explained in Federal Legislative List I and II. Despite this constitutional constraint, the HEC maintains significant power over the universities and higher education, including policy formation, budgetary administration, and governance. The HEC was established as an advisory body under the HEC Ordinance, 2002. However, its powers have since then expanded its role to that of a quasi-governing organisation. The 2011 Supreme Court decision reaffirmed the HEC's authority under the law, emphasising the necessity of maintaining high educational standards and effective control. This article critically explores the degree of HEC's impact after the 18th Amendment, investigating the conflicts between provincial autonomy and federal monitoring and assessing the ramifications of HEC regulation on Pakistan's higher education environment. The study's findings show that despite the passage of the 18th Amendment, higher education is a more centralised subject controlled by Pakistan's federal government. The provinces, especially Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, possess limited autonomy concerning higher education governance and rely on HEC for higher education governance.

Acceptability of artificial intelligence for cervical cancer screening in Dschang, Cameroon: a qualitative study on patient perspectives

BackgroundCervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer among women, with 90% of cervical cancer-related deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries like Cameroon. Visual inspection with acetic acid is often used in low-resource settings to screen for cervical cancer; however, its accuracy can be limited. To address this issue, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne and the University Hospitals of Geneva are collaborating to develop an automated smartphone-based image classifier that serves as a computer aided diagnosis tool for cancerous lesions. The primary objective of this study is to explore the acceptability and perspectives of women in Dschang regarding the usage of a screening tool for cervical cancer relying on artificial intelligence. A secondary objective is to understand the preferred form and type of information women would like to receive regarding this artificial intelligence-based screening tool.MethodsA qualitative methodology was employed to gain better insight into the women’s perspectives. Participants, aged between 30 and 49 were invited from both rural and urban regions and semi-structured interviews using a pre-tested interview guide were conducted. The focus groups were divided on the basis of level of education, as well as HPV status. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using the ATLAS.ti software.ResultsA total of 32 participants took part in the six focus groups, and 38% of participants had a primary level of education. The perspectives identified were classified using an adapted version of the Technology Acceptance Model. Key factors influencing the acceptability of artificial intelligence include privacy concerns, perceived usefulness, and trust in the competence of providers, accuracy of the tool as well as the potential negative impact of smartphones.ConclusionThe results suggest that an artificial intelligence-based screening tool for cervical cancer is mostly acceptable to the women in Dschang. By ensuring patient confidentiality and by providing clear explanations, acceptance can be fostered in the community and uptake of cervical cancer screening can be improved.Trial registrationEthical Cantonal Board of Geneva, Switzerland (CCER, N°2017–0110 and CER-amendment n°4) and Cameroonian National Ethics Committee for Human Health Research (N°2022/12/1518/CE/CNERSH/SP). NCT: 03757299.

Challenges of the new Fiocruz Biodiversity and Health Biobank for preparedness and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), a Brazilian federal research institution supported by the Brazilian Health Ministry, established a biobank. This biobank began by preserving the SARS-CoV-2 virus and human biological material related to COVID-19. This innovative initiative combined human and biodiversity materials within a single infrastructure. Designed for supporting research, development, and innovation in healthcare and preparedness and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the biobank’s focus has since expanded to include various biological materials, leading to its renaming as the Biodiversity and Health Biobank - Fiocruz-BBS (Portuguese: Biobanco da Biodiversidade e Saúde da Fiocruz – BBS-Fiocruz). This paper outlines the challenges of creating and maintaining an adequate infrastructure in a developing country for promoting and supporting scientific research and biotechnological innovation activities in health through processes of depositing, characterizing, preserving, and supplying human and biodiversity biological materials, alongside associated data, while complying with prevailing legal and ethical rules. These processes adhere to stringent quality, biosafety, and biosecurity standards set forth in ISO 20387:2018. Additionally, the challenges of ensuring the Biobank’s long-term sustainability is discussed. This involves a) establishing benchmarks and best practices, b) developing a comprehensive business plan, c) forging partnerships, d) diversifying funding sources, e) ensuring ethical and legal compliance, f) implementing rigorous quality control procedures, and g) investing in human resources and infrastructure. The insights shared in this paper will benefit other biobanks engaged in services related to tropical infectious diseases.

Advancements in School Inclusion Through a Monitoring Program at a Federal Institute

People with disabilities are entitled to inclusive education, which means studying in a regular classroom with the necessary support for their development. In order to provide specialized support and assistance to students with disabilities, Nuclei of Support for People with Specific Needs (NAPNE) have been created in the Federal Institutes. This work aimed to analyze the activity reports of monitors in the monitoring program of NAPNE at a campus of the Federal Institute of Brasília and their perspectives regarding the support and inclusion of students with disabilities in the institution. Seven monitors from the monitoring program participated in the research by writing activity reports. A content analysis of these reports was conducted, which allowed for the delineation of three categories: Challenges in serving students with disabilities; Perceptions about teaching performance; Positive aspects of the program from the monitors' perspective. The results indicated the success of the program, but drew attention to the urgency for school inclusion to be embraced by all stakeholders in the institution.