Federal Government Departments Research Articles

Environmental Scan of Online Government Complementary Feeding Resources in the United States.

Parents commonly seek online sources of information on the important complementary feeding period, but the accuracy of these sources varies. The 21st Century Integrated Digital Experience Act (IDEA) states federal government resources should be accurate and user-friendly; however, the quantity, quality, and accuracy of federal resources on complementary feeding is unknown. An environmental scan of online federal, parent-facing resources about complementary feeding was conducted. The authors reviewed federal resources for concordance of information with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). Quality was evaluated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool. A total of 112 resources across 2 federal government departments. Overall quality was high as was concordance with recommendations from the DGA for age of complementary food introduction, foods to introduce, and foods to avoid. Allergenic food introduction and textured food progression recommendations were less consistent. Recommendations for improvements to federal resources are made. This environmental scan only included federal resources for CF. Parents may be accessing other, non-federal resources online. However, given the enactment of IDEA, it is expected that these federal resources will be up-to-date and user-friendly, which was not always the case. Nurses should review the DGA guidelines for complementary feeding and provide evidence-based anticipatory guidance to families, focusing especially on allergenic food introduction and textured food progression. Future complementary feeding interventions may benefit from directing families to online exemplars from federal sources.

Influence of Forensic Accounting Services on Fraud Reduction in Nigerian Public Sector Organization

This study on forensic accounting services and fraud prevention in the Nigerian public sector was empirically investigated. The study is vital as it portrays the extent to which the application of forensic accounting services reduces the incidence of fraud in the government sector of Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation and the statistical test of parameter estimates was conducted using Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The study anchored on the White Collar Crime Theory adopted a Survey Design Approach. Hence, data were collected using questionnaire survey administered to the relevant accounting sections of federal government ministries, departments, agencies and parastatals in Awka metropolis. The empirical analysis of the study indicates that the application of forensic accounting service has reduced the incidence of frauds and has also led to fraud prevention at 1% significant level. Thus, the study concludes that the application of forensic accounting services prevents fraud in the in Nigerian public sector organizations. In lieu of this, the study recommended that government should establish a Public Recovery Fund (PRF), where funds collected through forensic accounting should be held and properly used to improve the performance of Nigerian public sector. Also, forensic accounting services are recommended in the Nigerian public sector as it brings fraud and other fraudulent practices to its lowest level.

Maximizing the benefits from sharing cyber threat intelligence by government agencies and departments

AbstractThe primary objective of the current study is to analytically examine the economic benefits an organization can obtain by receiving and processing cyber threat intelligence (CTI) shared by the US government. Our results show that the benefits from receiving CTI are closely associated with the difference between the threat level indicated by the CTI and the receiving organization’s prior belief of the threat level. In addition, for the same difference between the threat levels indicated by the CTI and the organization’s prior belief, our analyses show that the magnitude of adjustments to an organization’s cybersecurity investments is inversely related to the organization’s prior belief of the threat level. Thus, larger benefits can be obtained when the receiving organization’s prior belief of a threat level is lower. Taken together, our results suggest that the common belief that it is optimal for a federal government agency or department to focus on sharing CTI related to vulnerabilities with the highest threat level is misguided. More generally, the benefits from CTI sharing can be improved if producers of CTI could develop a clearer understanding of the prior beliefs that organizations have concerning their threat level and focus on sharing CTI that is significantly different from those prior beliefs.

SERVICOM and Public Service Delivery in Nigeria: A study of Akwa Ibom State University

The quality, efficiency and impact of public service delivery remains an issue of grave concern in Nigeria as the Nation is known for its endemic poor public service delivery and productivity. To tackle this vice, its former President, Olusegun Obasanjo in March 2004, using its administrative powers ordered the establishment of SERVICOM Units in all Federal government ministries, departments and parastatals. This would later extend to the National Universities Commission and all Federal and State Universities in Nigeria. A synthesis of the SERVICOM charter shows that its central focus is on enhancing quality and measurable service delivery. The literature review and the theoretical framework grounded on Douglas McGregor’s famous Theory X and Y revealed that a third party inspector such as SERVICOM is a necessity in the public service delivery chain to ensure public services are delivered in a quantitative, qualitative, customer centric, affordable, accessible and predictable manner. Using a survey research and ANOVA, the researchers found that 93.80% of the respondents have not received the necessary awareness on the services of SERVICOM while 88.08% confirm that SERVICOM has not been monitoring their services. The study concludes that the inability to provide the needed awareness and monitoring had a significant negative effect on staff service delivery. It then made useful recommendations such as immediate commencement of a structured awareness programmes, monitoring and alignment with its sister unit in the institution towards the realization of the SERVICOM mandate.

Determinants of Conformance to Requirements in Procurement by Nigerian Federal Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) in Post-Procurement Reform Periods in Nigeria

The quality of goods, works and Services procured by Federal Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in post-reform periods in Nigeria has been a topic of concern since the implementation of procurement reforms. This study examined the impact of quality compliance on procurement outcomes, including the factors affecting quality procurement, the challenges of enforcing compliance, the level of awareness and compliance, and the effectiveness of eProcurement. Data was collected using a 5-point Likert scale, and ANOVA was performed to identify any relationships between the variables. The results revealed that the factors affecting quality procurement had a significant impact, with a high F-ratio and probability, indicating that they play a crucial role in determining procurement outcomes. The challenges of enforcing quality compliance had a lower F-ratio and probability, suggesting that enforcement did not significantly impact compliance. The level of awareness and compliance had a moderate F-ratio and probability, indicating the need for further collaboration between different stakeholders to enhance compliance. The effectiveness of eProcurement also had a moderate F-ratio and probability, which suggests that more attention should be given to the optimization of eProcurement systems to improve procurement outcomes. The impact of quality compliance as an independent variable showed that it significantly affects the procurement of goods, services, and works, indicating the importance of prioritizing compliance in procurement reforms. Overall, these findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring and improvement of procurement processes in Nigeria’s MDAs to ensure quality outcomes and compliance.

What have been the clinical outcomes of the Project Synergy/InnoWell digital health platform?

Project Synergy is a digital mental health tool for assessment, referral and follow-up of people with mental health problems. The Australian federal government Department of Health entered an AUD33 million formal funding arrangement with InnoWell, a proprietary company vehicle (primarily the consultancy firm PwC and University of Sydney) to continue development of Project Synergy. This followed an initial federal National Health and Medical Research Council grant of AUD5.5 million over the previous 3 years. However, based on the assessment of peer-reviewed research data, the Project Synergy/InnoWell platform does not seem to have demonstrated clinical outcomes of healthcare value to date.

К ВОПРОСУ О ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ РЕСУРСОВ АРХИВОВ, БИБЛИОТЕК И МУЗЕЕВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article deals with an analysis of the possibilities of implementing a project for the digital integration of information resources (state information systems) that are currently being created by the federal government departments of the Russian Federation in charge of the Archival, Library and Museum Funds. In the preamble, the author briefly describes foreign experience in implementing such projects; highlights the history of the discussion – within the Russian communities of historians, culturologists, specialists in the field of information technology and security, as well as archivists, librarians and museum workers – of the issue of creating unified archive-library-museum information resources; defines the main goals that could be achieved as a result of the formation of integrated resources. In the main part of the article, the author considers the regulatory and methodological framework of the Archival, Museum and Library spheres in the context of the creation of the sectoral state information systems. The article also deals with the changes that have occurred in the regulatory and methodological framework over the past decades – the changes that are related to the adjustment of the activities for the acquisition, recording, keeping, use and provision of access to the information connected with the «non-core» objects of historical and cultural heritage included in the collections. The author pays special attention to the analysis of methodological and technical approaches, as well as to the solution of the technological issues (standards and formats), which form the basis of the created information systems. It is concluded that the creation of integrated information resources seems unlikely under the present circumstances.

Frequency of HIV Positivity in Healthy Blood Donors presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: HIV has been under serious consideration by the World Health Organization as well as the Federal government and Provincial health departments. Strict measures have been taken and protocols implemented to curtail the spread of HIV along with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Data from privately-run blood banks have not been reflected in the last 15 years. Aim: To identify current trends of HIV positivity in Lahore Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Doctors Hospital & Medical Centre, Lahore from August 2021 to January 2022. After fulfilling the selection criteria 3160 non-remunerated blood donors selected through non-probability consecutive sampling, were enrolled. Anti-HIV test was performed using chemiluminescence. Results: 3160 voluntary blood donors were investigated. All subjects were males with mean age 29.7 years ranging from 21 years to 46 years. 2 candidates for blood donation (0.06%) were tested positive for HIV. Conclusion: This study reflects stagnation in HIV control as depicted by the frequency of its positivity. There is need to enhance awareness programs in controlling the spread of blood borne diseases especially HIV. Keywords: HIV, blood donor, blood borne diseases, blood transfusion

Evaluating the evaluators: What have we learned from “neutral assessments” of the Canadian federal evaluation function?

AbstractMost Canadian federal government departments and agencies are required to conduct a “neutral assessment” of their evaluation function every five years. Such assessments should focus on the capacity of the evaluation units to produce high‐quality evaluation reports which serve the needs of organizational decision‐makers. Our study sought to analyze neutral assessment reports produced over a ten‐year period. Overall, our review suggests that the neutral assessments consistently conform with central‐agency requirements as well as indicate evolving evaluation capacity and utilization. We provide recommendations for improving the function and its impact.

EFFECT OF TREASURY SINGLE ACCOUNT ON ACCOUNTABILITY IN NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR

This study ascertained the relationship between Treasury Single Account and Accountability in Nigeria Public Sector with a focus on South-East and South-South Nigeria. This study adopted field survey research design. The population was 1250 staff of the five Federal Universities Teaching Hospitals and five Federal Medical Centers in South-East and South-South Nigeria drawn from Account Departments. Taro Yamane formula was employed to determine the sample size of 303. Of the 303 copies of administered questionnaire, 218 copies were collected. Validity and reliability of the instrument were tested. Inferential statistics using Spearman’s Correlation, Paired T-Test and Cronbach Alpha were employed to test the hypotheses with the aid of SPSS version 23. The specific findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between Transactions Workflow Management and Accountability; there is a significant positive relationship between Chart of Accounts Management and Accountability; there is a significant positive relationship between Treasury Management and Accountability; there is a significant positive relationship between Transactions Monitoring and Accountability. This study recommended inter alia that Government should enforce the adoption of Treasury Single Account and make it mandatory for all the Ministries, Departments, Agencies and parastatals to adhere to since the adoption of Treasury Single Account has significantly improved the accountability of federal government ministries, departments and agencies in Nigeria.

Editors’ Note/Note des rédacteurs

Editors’ Note/Note des rédacteurs Lloyd L. Wong and Shibao Guo We are pleased to introduce a new section of Canadian Ethnic Studies which will appear periodically in future issues. This new section is entitled Review Articles and will comprise of peer-reviewed knowledge synthesis articles such as scoping reviews, systematic reviews and narrative reviews. The genesis and turning point for the funding of knowledge synthesis research in Canada occurred at the turn of the century with a collaboration between the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the former Policy Research Secretariat to create the Project on Trends1 in 1998 and 1999. Approximately 60 Canadian scholars belonging to eight research teams provided a knowledge synthesis for topics that had emanated from twenty Canadian federal government departments regarding the key issues likely to create future policy challenges for them. The eight identified issues were: globalization, North American integration, multiple centers of power, changes in the values of citizens, social differentiation, aging, environmental pressures, and technological change and the information revolution. Amongst these scholars, there were several, working under the topics of globalization, values of citizens and social differentiation, who provided work on matters related to ethnic and racial studies. They included Yvonne Hébert, Danielle Juteau, Peter Li, Dawn Martin-Hill, Malinda Smith, Terry Wotherspoon, Lori Wilkinson, and Lloyd Wong. In essence, scholars selected for the Project on Trends were asked to write critical review articles that synthesized current knowledge, discuss its policy implications and identify priority directions for future research. Moreover, scholars were given leeway to use unconventional methods of synthesis and presentation as well as the development of provocative and speculative arguments, with the provision that their analysis be well grounded in scientific and scholarly knowledge and meet high intellectual standards. As such, this was one of the first large publicly funded research endeavours for knowledge synthesis in Canada. By the 2010s and early 2020s, SSHRC was funding many knowledge synthesis research programs and these included, among many others, topics such as Future Needs of the Labour Market (2013), Aboriginal Peoples (2016), Emerging Asocial Society (2019) and Gender-Based Violence (2022), to name a few. Knowledge synthesis articles are now published in many academic research journals and there are scholarly journals whose sole or primary focus is on publishing knowledge synthesis [End Page iii] review articles (see, for example: Psychological Review, Review of Educational Research, and Trauma, Violence and Abuse, to name just a few). Canadian Ethnic Studies, since its inception, has had three main types of papers which include regular research articles, research notes, and reviews of books. On occasion, there were also sections entitled Review Articles and Debates and Review Essays. Beginning with this issue, we have a new category entitled Review Articles which will consist of knowledge synthesis articles including: 1) the more traditional and partial narrative reviews; 2) the more focused systematic reviews; and 3) the broader scoping reviews which are a relatively newer approach to knowledge synthesis. Since we have had, in the past, a category called Review Articles and Debates, it will be renamed Review Essays and Debates in future issues in order to avoid any confusion. For this issue, we are pleased to include three review articles. The first one is entitled The History of Black People in Canada and the Intersection of Policies on Their Settlement, by Vivian Puplampu and Co-PI Judy White from the University of Regina, and colleague Jordan Pierson. The second article is a scoping review by Philomina Okeke-Ihejirika from the University of Alberta, and colleagues Brittany Tetreault, Neelam Punjani and Mary Olukotun, entitled Intimate Partner Violence Interventions within Immigrant Populations: A Scoping Review of the G7 Nations, including Canada. The third is by Mary Crea-Arsenio from McMaster University, and colleagues K. Bruce Newbold, Andrea Baumann and Margaret Walton-Roberts, entitled Immigrant Employment Integration in Canada: A Narrative Review. [End Page iv] Note 1. Information provided on the Project on Trends comes from personal communication with Luc Lebrun, Program Officer, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada in June 2022 and William Coleman’s article “The Project on Trends: An Introduction” published in February 2000 in Canadian...

A cost\u2013benefit analysis framework for preventive health interventions to aid decision-making in Australian governments

BackgroundAustralian governments are increasingly mandating the use of cost–benefit analysis (CBA) to inform the efficient allocation of government resources. CBA is likely to be useful when evaluating preventive health interventions that are often cross-sectoral in nature and require Cabinet approval prior to implementation. This study outlines a CBA framework for the evaluation of preventive health interventions that balances the need for consistency with other agency guidelines whilst adhering to guidelines and conventions for health economic evaluations.MethodsWe analysed CBA and other evaluation guidance documents published by Australian federal and New South Wales (NSW) government departments. Data extraction compared the recommendations made by different agencies and the impact on the analysis of preventive health interventions. The framework specifies a reference case and sensitivity analyses based on the following considerations: (1) applied economic evaluation theory; (2) consistency between CBA across different government departments; (3) the ease of moving from a CBA to a more conventional cost-effectiveness/cost-utility analysis framework often used for health interventions; (4) the practicalities of application; and (5) the needs of end users being both Cabinet decision-makers and health policy-makers.ResultsNine documents provided CBA or relevant economic evaluation guidance. There were differences in terminology and areas of agreement and disagreement between the guidelines. Disagreement between guidelines involved (1) the community included in the societal perspective; (2) the number of options that should be appraised in ex ante analyses; (3) the appropriate time horizon for interventions with longer economic lives; (4) the theoretical basis and value of the discount rate; (5) parameter values for variables such as the value of a statistical life; and (6) the summary measure for decision-making.ConclusionsThis paper addresses some of the methodological challenges that have hindered the use of CBA in prevention by outlining a framework that is consistent with treasury department guidelines whilst considering the unique features of prevention policies. The effective use and implementation of a preventive health CBA framework is likely to require considerable investment of time and resources from state and federal government departments of health and treasury but has the potential to improve decision-making related to preventive health policies and programmes.

The contracting policy of teaching hospitals: what did actually change?

The Teaching Hospital Restructuring Program was introduced as a strategy to fight the crisis in this sector. It brings to new funding, management and relationship standards between teaching hospitals and health system. This study presents the results obtained from a multiple case study involving four teaching hospitals whose contracts were executed in 2004. In 2010, a number of 32 interviews were conducted with both hospital and SUS managers, in addition to managers connected with the Federal Government Departments involved in the contracting system. By using elements from the micropolicy of health organizations as theoretical reference, the database was revisited with the goal of analyzing possible changes derived from such governmental policy applied in the daily life of teaching hospitals, in an attempt to explain the position taken by the diverse institutional actors as well as the main role played by the managers and the difficulties encountered in its introduction. Despite the improvements in the financial situation, the changes observed in teaching hospitals were not significant. An analysis of the contracting policy leads to an understanding of how a consistent and idealized project can reproduce the usual conservative behavior found in public management.

THE LINKAGE BETWEEN ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DISPARITIES: AN ANALYSIS OF PAKISTANI CIVIL SERVICE STRUCTURE

The object of this research is dual. Primarily, and most essentially, the paper tries exploring and to deliver some basic assumptions of ethnic fractionalization based on a boarder arrangement of ethnic group that does not based only language but also other aspects of society such as territory. We have tried to construct regional fractionalization model where regional disparities can be measured and analyzed. We provide this measure for Pakistan specially focusing on the Government sector jobs and Labor force participation rate in certain areas of Punjab Pakistan, using different sources and we discuss in detail resemblances and dissimilarities of our variables with preexisting ones. We developed some assumptions, based on a broad measure of ethnicity where ethnicity is related to both language and region. Secondly, using our measures for Pakistan we reexamine the evidence on the effects of ethnic fractionalization on two general areas: economic growth and the quality of institutions and policy. The Quantitative data was collected from different Pakistani Ministries to determine the ratio of domicile holders in Federal Government departments while analysis was based on qualitative interpretation of the said data. We reach interesting results that shows imbalance and negative relationship between ethnic fractionalization and Economic growth as we extracted data from index of ethnic fractionalization and from various reports published by Government of Pakistan. Keywords: Ethnic measurement, Fractionalization, Pakistan, Economic Growth, diversification

Public acceptance of carbon taxes in Australia

Carbon taxes can be a low-cost approach to reducing carbon dioxide emissions but are often constrained by public acceptability. Our study investigates public support for carbon taxes in Australia in two ways. First, we use a discrete choice experiment to quantify willingness to pay for carbon tax design features through higher electricity bills. Our results show higher utility for schemes that provide financial support to low-income households and that recycle revenues for low-carbon technologies. Survey respondents exhibit a preference against too much information and against revenues being recycled for policies to change individual behaviour. An appropriate manager of the carbon tax could be a federal government department. Second, we also examine whether there are differences in preferences for the terms ‘carbon tax’ and ‘carbon price’: in this context, the term ‘carbon tax’ does not majorly affect public acceptability. Our detailed carbon pricing scheme design and methodology can be tailored for studies of public acceptability of carbon taxes in other countries, potentially contributing to global emissions reductions.

Ranking the relative importance of COVID-19 vaccination strategies in Canada: a priority-setting exercise.

Background:When vaccine supplies are anticipated to be limited, necessitating the vaccination of certain groups earlier than others, the assessment of values and preferences of stakeholders is an important component of an ethically sound vaccine prioritization framework. The objective of this study was to conduct a priority-setting exercise to establish an expert stakeholder perspective on the relative importance of COVID-19 vaccination strategies in Canada.Methods:The priority-setting exercise included a survey of stakeholders that was conducted from July 22 to Aug. 14, 2020. Stakeholders included clinical and public health expert groups, provincial and territorial committees and national Indigenous groups, patient and community advocacy representatives and experts, health professional associations and federal government departments. Survey results were analyzed to identify trends.Results:Of 155 stakeholders contacted, 76 surveys were received for a participation rate of 49%. During a period of anticipated initial vaccine scarcity for all pandemic scenarios, stakeholders generally considered the most important vaccination strategy to be protecting those who are most vulnerable to severe illness and death from COVID-19. This was followed in importance by strategies to protect health care capacity, minimize transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and protect critical infrastructure.Interpretation:This priority-setting exercise established that there is general alignment in the values and preferences across stakeholder groups: the most important vaccination strategy at the time of limited initial vaccine availability is to protect those who are most vulnerable. The findings of this priority-setting exercise provided a timely expert perspective to guide early public health planning for COVID-19 vaccines.

Services Marketing of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Present Scenario

The global COVID-19 vaccines market is projected to reach USD 1,401 million by 2025 from USD 2,273 million in 2022, at a CAGR of -14.9% during the forecast period. The growth of the COVID vaccines market is attributed majorly to the rising number of people infected with COVID-19 and increasing funding for vaccine development. On the other hand, the global COVID-19 drugs market is projected to reach USD 2 million by 2025 from USD 165 million in 2020, at a CAGR of -57.8% during the forecast period. The growth of the COVID drugs market is primarily attributed to use of repurposed drugs for compassionate use, and the emergence of alternative therapies such as convalescent plasma therapy which were earlier used for treating epidemic diseases such as SARS, MERS, and H1N1. Moreover, collaborations between global organizations and governments of various nations to promote the supply of essential drugs and medical supplies are fueling the market growth. Researchers worldwide are working around the clock to find a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic. The Herculean effort means that a fast-tracked vaccine could come to market anywhere from the end of 2020 to the middle of 2021. To date, just two coronavirus vaccine has been approved. Sputnik V – formerly known as Gam-COVID-Vac and developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute in Moscow – was approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on 11 August. Experts have raised considerable concern about the vaccine’s safety and efficacy given it has not yet entered Phase 3 clinical trials. A second vaccine in Russia, EpiVacCorona, has also been granted regulatory approval, also without entering Phase 3 clinical trials. Operation Warp Speed (OWS) is a collaboration of several US federal government departments including Health and Human Services and its subagencies, Agriculture, Energy and Veterans Affairs and the private sector. OWS has selected three vaccine candidates to fund for Phase 3 trials: Moderna’s mRNA-1273, University of Oxford and AstraZeneca’s AZD1222, and Pfizer and BioNTech's BNT162. Within OWS, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has partnered with more than 18 biopharmaceutical companies to accelerate development of drug and vaccine candidates for COVID-19 (ACTIV). The COVID-19 Prevention Trials Network (COVPN) has also been established, which combines clinical trial networks funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN), Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC), and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group.

Pharmacy Stories from the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pharmacy Stories from the COVID-19 Pandemic

A Decade of Transgender Rights Developments in Pakistan (2009-2019)

The past decade has witnessed a multitude of noteworthy transgender rights developments in Pakistan. The spur for these developments can be immediately traced to 2009 and a petition filed by a private attorney in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Over the course of several years of Supreme Court hearings and orders on transgender rights and welfare resulting from this petition, several provincial and federal government departments were forced to be in dialogue with the Supreme Court and civil society activists alike on how government could improve the social, political, and economic position of transgender individuals in Pakistan. Ultimately, this dialogue contributed to the passage, in 2018, of the wide-reaching and groundbreaking Transgender Persons (Protections of Rights) Act. This article surveys the above transgender rights developments, as well as recent governmental failures to adhere to the terms of the 2018 Act.

The influence of evaluation recommendations on instrumental and conceptual uses: A preliminary analysis

Evaluation recommendations are sometimes included in evaluation reports to highlight specific actions to be taken to improve a program or to make other changes to its operational context. This preliminary study sought to examine evaluation recommendations drawn from 25 evaluation reports published by Canadian federal government departments and agencies, in order to examine the evaluation issues covered and the focus of the recommendations. Our results show that in keeping with policy requirements, the evaluation recommendations focused on program relevance, effectiveness and efficiency and economy. Furthermore, a significant number of recommendations also focused on the implementation of more rigorous performance measurement strategies. The focus of the recommendations did not vary by publication date, recommendation type, and organizational sector. The findings also show that for the most part, the management responses produced as part of the broader evaluation process support the recommendations included in the report and identify specific timelines for implementation.