Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia Research Articles

“Command and Control”: 75 Years of Quasi Wildlife Policy Analysis of Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s wildlife history is at loggerheads with the theory of “environmental colonialism.” Ethiopia sets a center stage for the debate of what could have been the fate of African wildlife if Africa had not been colonized. In the 1960s, Ethiopia had a huge wildlife diversity. As of present, its wildlife is severely deteriorated, while that of the colonized countries are in much better condition. The disparity of conservation between the colonized countries and independent Ethiopia prompted this study. In the past 77 years, several wild species in Ethiopia have gone extinct, while some moved to threatened categories and their habitat vanished or deteriorated. Overall, Ethiopia currently hosts six critically endangered, 23 endangered, and 70 vulnerable species of wild animals. The numbers do not include plants, fungi, microorganisms, or invertebrates. This shows a clear pathology of the command and control policy of the wildlife conservation system of Ethiopia. The objectives of this article were to analyze previous legal documents published since 1944, up to the recent wildlife proclamation; to bring out strengths and weaknesses of these policies; and to propose possible alternative adaptive management strategies based on other similar studies. Policy instruments since 1944 were collected. This include the Imperial regime (1941–1974), the Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg) Regime (1974–1991), and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1991–2018). Documents were collected from two sources: the Internet and government printing press. Policy analysis involved a documentary analysis method on how Ethiopian governments’ policies addressed wildlife conservation of Ethiopia since 1944. To achieve the overall research objective, questions were formulated and guided the research direction. The analysis showed that there are good aspects of colonial wildlife conservation policies to learn from. Independence was not a guarantee for wildlife conservation. Existing national parks of East Africa including Ethiopia are the result of UNESCO missions to Africa.

Nashe Dam Fail and Risk Analysis

Nashe earth fill dam was constructed for the aim multi-purpose use (hydroelectric power and irrigation). While the construction of this dam many peoples around Dam were immigrated from their residential to another places including to the town. This research focused on the dam fail analysis by considering overtopping and piping failure mode. The input data were collected from Min. of Water and Energy, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). The dam breach parameters were determined by applying the principle with Von Thun and Gillette. In dam break analysis the first step is model setup by using three dimensions (x, y and Z) of the downstream. By applying overtopping model, the peak discharge 8761.23m3/sec was obtained, which was more than 7.33 times the probable maximum flood and by applying piping mode, the peak discharge was obtained is 8620.85 m3/sec which was more than 7.21 times the probable maximum food at the nearby location of the dam. This indicates that, the peak outflow development during raining season was greater than inflow discharge flood (IDF) used as upper boundary condition for breach parameters. So it was summarized that high peak outflow and risk were developed to downstream by overtopping mode as compare by piping mode during occurrence of dam breach. As from the sensitivity analysis it was concluded, the effect of breach time on discharge is more sounded than the water level increase. This Dam Break modeling results obtained by studies could be used as flood mappings to assist the societies/communities for future planning developments in the flood prone areas/zones in advance.

Is the Ethiopian Federalism in Trouble?

Ethiopia is a country of a cultural and linguistic mosaic. Paradoxically, the political and bureaucratic system of the country has failed to accommodate the ethnolinguistic and religious diversity of the society. The Ethiopian monarchical system and the military dictatorial government have had pursued a policy of national unity and territorial integrity of the state often at the expense of ethno-linguistic and religious diversity. In effect, the different ethnic and religious groups had suffered from domination and injustice. This has led to the birth of ethno-nationalist movements taking arms against the strong central government demanding selfadministration. In 1991 the ethno-nationalist forces led by the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) have won the battle against the military government which led to the establishment of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. However, since its inception, there has been a widespread disagreement among Ethiopian political groups, scholars and even the public at large about the origin, structure and function of the federal system and its constitution. This particular paper aims at critically analysing the risks associated with the Ethiopian federal system in light of Ronald Watts’s six principles of federalism: disposition to democratic procedures; non-centralization as a principle; checks and balances to limit the concentration of political power; open political bargaining for making collective decisions; genuine group power-sharing within central institutions, often consociational and respect for constitutionalism and the rule of law while using literature and document analysis as data collection procedure and research methodology. In effect, secondary data sources have been reviewed including various types of relevant books, journal articles, government and non-governmental reports, government implementation plans and progress reports and lastly they have been carefully scrutinized and analysed to secure their reliability, suitability and adequacy. Finally, even though the aforementioned principles are embedded in the Constitution, the paper has found out that the government has practically failed to implement them. Consequently, the federal system in Ethiopia is mainly regulated by the policies of the ruling party rather than by the merits of the Constitution. In effect, the country is facing a multifaceted crisis and the federal system and its constitution are under imminent threats. In the end, the paper recommends that under the present scenario, the situation necessitates the government to carry out a deep structural and system reform focusing on the political and economic imbalances that are observable in the coalition ruling party and among the different ethnic groups in the country. Furthermore, since there is a widespread disagreement about the origin and development of the federal system and its constitution among different groups in and outside the country, holding a national reconciliation and political referendum on the federal system and its constitution is fundamental to fix ethnic driven conflicts and political instability in the country.

Decisions of the Ethiopian Federal Supreme Court Cassation Division: Imprescriptible Invalidation of Contract of Land Sale

In many parts of Ethiopia, land is the base for economic resources and prestige, as provided under the Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia this valuable asset is exclusively vested in the State and the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Concerning contractual agreement, sale of land is made imprescriptible by the decision of the Federal Supreme Court Cassation Division. The problem of this decision is that the civil code of the state provides ten years of period of limitation for invalidation of contract, made no clear exception for that matter, and the Cassation Division is empowered to only interpret the law of the state, not making a new law. Based on the problem narrated, the following questions are posed: whether the decision of the division falls under the ambit of its mandate or not and what is the practical value of the ruling? The questions are addressed via consultation of legal instruments of the state, the decisions of the cassation division and scholarly materials on the area.

Sustainable development laws in Ethiopia: Opportunities and challenges of their implementation

Despite the recognition of sustainable development in different legal documents and laws in Ethiopia, implementation in its fullest sense remains a key challenge. This article examines the place of sustainable development under the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) Constitution and other national environmental laws. It discusses the challenges of promoting sustainable development in Ethiopia by reviewing the existing and relevant literature and assessing legal documents and commitments made by the country. The article recommends the working together of government as well as environmental and investment institutions to make coordinated and coherent efforts to advancing effective implementation of sustainable development and the realization of SDGs in Ethiopia. Keywords : Sustainable Development, Constitution, Environmental Laws, Challenges

COMPATIBILITY OF DEATH PENALTY WITH THE PURPOSE OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT IN ETHIOPIA

The main target of this paper will be to discuss the compatibility and the necessity of the death penalty in Ethiopia with respect to Human Rights. It will give particular focus on the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in addressing the issue. It discusses the arguments for and against the death penalty and whether or not the practice should or should not be abolished from the Criminal Code of the country. It is evident that the death penalty is one of the most confrontational issues since the dawn of the principles of Human Rights. There are two different arguments between those who support the implementation of the death penalty and those who are against the death penalty. This paper will analyze these two different ideas based on legislation and academic literature.

Live Donor Kidney Transplant Outcomes Till February 2018 in the First Kidney Transplant Center in Ethiopia

Background Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients with end stage renal failure in industrialized countries, but its availability is very limited in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, this option was accessible for only those few who could afford to travel abroad with their living donors for donation and transplantation. In collaboration with faculty from the University of Michigan (UM), the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, National Kidney Transplant Center, the first Ethiopian kidney transplant program, was launched at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) in Addis Ababa in Sept 2015. This study reports on live donor and recipient kidney transplant outcomes to date. Methods This is a retrospective cross sectional qualitative study of live kidney transplant performed at Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College. Results This study reports on live donor and recipient kidney transplant outcomes to date. From September 2015 through February 2018, a total of 70 live kidney transplants were performed at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC). All procedures were performed by SPHMMC transplant team in collaboration with University of Michigan faculty and later experiences from Hospital Do Rim Sao Paulo Brazil was incorporated. All of recipients were 1st time recipients HLA typing and crossmatch were performed off site B and T cell crossmatch were negative by the CDC method in all patients None of the recipients have significant titer of Anti-HLA antibodies. Majority of donors were females (53.8%) and majority of recipients were males (60%). Donor age ranged from18 to 66 with a mean of 30.2 years. Mostly donors were siblings (40%) or parents (12%) of the recipient. Donor Outcomes 47 were initially hand assisted Laparoscopic nephrectomies (one conversion) with conversion rate of 6.7 % (due to intraperitoneal adhesions ), the remaining twenty three were open donor nephrectomi with after an experience sharing at hospital Do rim in Brazil(a mini-incision (~10 cm) open donor nephrectomy technique has been utilized). There was 100% survival, two re -hospitalization for lymphocele. 1 donor complication – Heamopneumothorax,and Small bowel obstruction requiring exploration, Prolonged hospital stay (14 days) and another with major bleeding during open donor nephrectomy. Recipient Outcome There was only one hyper-acute rejection and four graft censored death one having superficial surgical site infection and one suffering from Atelectasis. Conclusion Despite challenges arising from a resource-limited setting, outcomes of Living Donor Kidney Transplantations (LDKT) performed at SPHMMC are comparable to international standards. Blending experiences from different countries and evolving into a more suitable contextual implimentation of LDKT makes the prospects for sustainable Living Donor Transplantation in Ethiopia are promising. Ethiopian Mistry of Health.

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has an impressive record of human development improvements and output growth—averaging about 10 percent in the last decade—underpinned by public investment and productivity gains. However, over the last three years, droughts and weak international prices for agricultural commodities dampened growth and opened an external imbalance. Ethiopia is now experiencing a growth recovery after the 2015/16 drought. The authorities’ determined actions to control public borrowing and imports has reduced the current account deficit; and foreign direct investment is rising fast. However, exports remained stagnant in 2016/17 and drought conditions lingered in some areas.

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Predictors for the prevalence of under-nutrition, wasting and stunting of 3 to 12 years school aged children in the Asella Luther Child Development Project - Oromiyaa, Ethiopia

Background: Malnutrition remains a major public health problem in developing countries. In Oromia region prevalence of child malnutrition indicated that 29.1% with 6.6% severe underweight, 14.1% of the children are wasted (3.5% severe wasting) and 53.6% of the children are stunted with 17.1% severe stunting. Primary school age is a dynamic period of physical and mental development. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) paid due attention to malnutrition, but still constant. Objective: The objective of the research was to determine the prevalence of undernutrition; Wasting and Stunting for children registered in Lutheran project and associated factors. Methods: Project based case studies of 384 children and cross sectional study design were applied to determine the magnitude of malnutrition using Semi-structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and clinical examination of 217 samples. Binary logistic regression was carried out, using Odds Ratio to determine the strength of predictors. Results: From socio-demographic characteristics 61.28% of the children moderate while 5.98% of them were extremely strong academically. Clinical examination showed only 9.4% of was moderately malnourished. 70.94 to 100% of the children were not taken the diphtheria tetanus, influenza diseases and hepatitis A vaccination. Based on Weight for Age, Height for Age and Weight for Height; 23%, children were severely undernutrition, 23% severely stunted and 16% severely wasted where 47%, 34% and 19% under a risk of undernutrition, stunting and wasting respectively. 60.68% of children were not received vitamin A regularly. Conclusion: Children who’s not completed Vitamin A Versus completed (AOR=1.298), completed vaccination (AOR=0.379), Female/male (AOR=2.533) underweight. The finding indicated that explanation of Z-score is important that explaining the malnutrition status of the children. Maternal/guardians educational status was associated with children’s underweight. Prevalence of malnutrition was occurred in less percent than the regional data. Breakfast is widely acknowledged to be the most important meal of the day and awareness creation also very important for the community to not miss breakfast possibly.

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues

English

The issues of minority rights have been given a significant concentration in the political discourses of today. In traditional literatures and policy packages, the issues have been given a special emphasis pertaining to the protection of minority rights. Since the end of the World War II, many international instruments are adopted, declarations are domesticated; Ethiopia is a case in point. After the downfall of the Dergue; Ethiopia has ratified international human rights instrument like International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (hereafter ICCPR), International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (hereafter ICESCR) and African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Right (ACHPR) . As it is determined to follow ethnic based federal system under the existing Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) constitution that acknowledges unity within diversity. On the other hand, some studies revealed that the existing legal and institutional mechanisms of accommodation have practical gaps to effectuate the intention up to the grass roots. In lieu of this, the study explores the status of minority rights in the Tigray Regional State Constitution and its practical correlates on the Irob people in Eastern Tigray, and Kunama people in Western Tigray. In doing this, it takes a sample of three Tabias from two Weredas/ District in Kunama and the whole Wereda from Irob based on a purposive sampling technique. Consequently, the result of this study indicated that constitutionally, the Tigray National Regional State (TNRS) recognizes the existence of the Irob and Kunama people at least with the establishment of their local administration. Nevertheless, this notable achievement and the actual practice are not without limitation. Hence, ensuring of self-administration for the Irob people is simply the same as the other Werdas of Tigray; they are not treated as special Wereda to exercise their right. Given that constitutional recognition of minorities is not an end by itself; it needs to be supported by appropriate legal documents with its practical correlate of sustaining it, as it deemed required. However, there is no guaranteed special consideration for the representation of Irob and Kunama people in the Regional council and other Regional governmental institutions. Finally, the study suggests that the Tigray National Regional State should open legal and institutional rooms for the protection of minority rights that enable them to enjoy their rights and play roles in the existing federal system. Key words: Ethiopia, Tigray, Federal Constitution, Regional Constitution, minority rights.

The State of Human Rights and Human Security in FDRE: A Comparative Case Study of Tigray and Afar Regional States

This study is the result of a comparative case study about the protection of human right from the vintage point of the promotion of human security in Tigray and Afar National Regional States in Ethiopia. Despite the multifaceted differences between the two regions, the study shows how the universality of human rights and contextual nature of human security plays off and has comparatively examined the protection and promotion of human right and human security in the study area. In the academic literature, glossy either condemnation or admiration of the state of human right and human security in FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) is a common representation. However, this study contends that there are similarities and stark differences in the state of human rights and human security between the two regions. Still, human right violations remain to significantly hinder the promotion of human security. Besides political (threats and risks) insecurity, which is common to regions, livelihood insecurity in Afar, personal and physical insecurities in Tigray are major indicators of slack in human right protection.

English

The landmark of good governance in order to bring sustainable development in Ethiopia was the ratification of 1995 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) constitution. Within this constitution, the individual and group rights of people were protected, indicators of good governance was identified and mentioned and recognitions for different institutions were given. Even though the constitution was drafted with different rights, the implementation was not as much as it was expected. In order to bring sustainable development, good governance is so important. To conduct the study only secondary data were used. Different relevant data’s on the issues were systematically collected from books, magazines, newspapers, internet, articles, journals, and different report. However those data were critically reviewed and analyzed. Good governance is the precondition for sustainable development. In this paper, the researcher tried to identify the indicator of good governance such as legitimacy of the government, community participation, local empowerment, accountability, transparency, democratic institutions and freedom of media. Different challenges of good governance were identified. These are excessive poverty, population growth and high unemployment combined with a high incidence of HIV/AIDS. Fallow opportunities such as improper utilization of natural resources, lack of proper utilizations of different democratic institutions were also identified. Different measures were taken to overcome those challenges. The strategies such as government and institutions should work together, devise ways and means of sharing of national wealth, avoid failed state, insure discipline and organization, encourage culture of completion and innovation and fight corruption. These strategies are adopted by government, institutions, non state actors and individual members. Key words: Good governance, sustainable development, linkage.

Declaration of Principles Agreement Signed by the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Republic of the Sudan

Declaration of Principles Agreement Signed by the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Republic of the Sudan

English

This paper analyzes the corporate financial reporting legal and regulatory environment in Ethiopia. The aim of the paper is reviewing and examining the legal and regulatory requirements for corporate financial reporting, and analyzing the extent of the implementation of policy recommendations made by ROSC Ethiopia team in 2007.  Qualitative research was employed through analysis of legal and non-legal documents (such as Commercial codes, various proclamations, regulations and directives, manuals academic literatures, newspapers, etc.). The empirical results of the study revealed that there were inadequate laws that stipulate the detail minimum requirements and formats for presentation and disclosures of both financial and non-financial information in financial statements of Corporate Companies in Ethiopia. Regarding the extent of the implementation of the recommendations made by Reports on Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) Ethiopia (2007), the examination of legal and regulations revealed that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has enacted financial reporting law, established the regulatory body, adopted IFRS instead of setting its own accounting standards and mandated International Standards on Auditing (ISA) for auditors. Key words: Ethiopia, accounting standards, financial reporting, legal and regulatory environment.

Protection of the Right to Freedom of Assembly under Ethiopian Law: Gaps and the Way Forward

The right to Freedom of assembly is among the political rights enshrined under the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). Despite the frequent reporting of its rampant violation by human right monitoring bodies and the media, one cannot find a research that assesses the adequacy of protection offered to the right by the Ethiopian Constitution and other laws of the country. This article seeks to fill this gap by indicating some of the key problems with the existing legal regime governing the right and the prevailing practice. As such, it argues that the present Constitution of Ethiopia gives an incomplete protection to the right, by failing to go beyond listing grounds of limiting it without incorporating additional guarantees of preventing arbitrary restrictions such as necessity and proportionality in explicit manner. Moreover, it contends that this problem was exacerbated by the presence of too many loopholes in the Peaceful Demonstration and Public Political Meetings Proclamation that ranges from inadequate rules governing notification procedure to the absence of fair hearing and judicial or administrative review procedures in the law. Suggestions to improve the legal guarantees for freedom of assembly in Ethiopia are also made in the article in light of lessons from the experience of other national and international jurisdictions with better standards of protection. Furthermore, it asserts that reforming the legal regime applicable to freedom of assembly and ensuring its appropriate implementation requires a strong political will of the ruling party in promoting good governance, respecting rule of law and strengthening democratic institutions. Key terms Demonstration, Ethiopia, freedom of assembly, notification, proportionality, limitation

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

This 2016 Article IV Consultation highlights that Ethiopia’s macroeconomic outturn during 2015/16 has been adversely affected by a severe drought and the weak global environment. As a result, output growth is estimated to have slowed down to 6.5 percent in 2015/16. The slowdown was mitigated by effective and timely policy responses to the drought, and buoyant industrial and services sectors. Over the medium-term, growth is projected to recover to within the 7.3–7.5 percent range, reflecting the growth-oriented reforms envisaged in the recently adopted second Growth and Transformation Plan. Public investment is projected to moderate, while private investment is projected to increase gradually.

Domestic violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia; systematic review.

BackgroundViolence against women is now widely recognized as a serious human right abuse, and an important public health problem with substantial consequences physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health. Data on systematic review of domestic violence are needed to support policy and program recommendations. Therefore, the overall purpose of this systematic review was to assess magnitude of domestic violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia.MethodsStudies systematically reviewed in Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 2000 to 2014. Systematic review was employed on published research works from databases such as Pubmed, popline, Hinari, and Google using key words. We also consulted public health experts. Community based studies with a study population (15–49 years) were included for review. Thirteen peer reviewed papers and two consecutive Ethiopian demographic and health surveys (2005 and 2011) were included to the systematic review. Twenty seven available in open access journals were retrieved and assessed based on the criteria’s such as community based study, cross sectional study design, clearly report prevalence and associated factors were included in the systematic review work. Finally, 15 papers were included in this review.ResultsLifetime prevalence of domestic violence against women by husband or intimate partner among 10 studies ranged from 20 to 78 %. The lifetime domestic physical violence by husband or intimate partner against women ranged from 31 to 76.5 %. The life time domestic sexual violence against women by husband or intimate partner ranged from 19.2 to 59 %. The mean life time prevalence of domestic emotional violence was 51.7 %. Significant number of women experienced violence during their pregnancy period. Domestic violence against women significantly associated with alcohol consumption, chat chewing, family history of violence, occupation, religion, educational status, residence and decision making power.ConclusionDomestic violence against women was relatively high in different parts of Ethiopia. Domestic violence has direct relationship with sociodemographic characteristics of the victim as well as perpetrator. Therefore, appropriate health promotion information activities needed to tackle associated factors of domestic violence against women or to prevent and control the problem to save women from being victim.

Language policy, ideologies, power and the Ethiopian media

ABSTRACTEthiopia is one of the very few African countries where the local language press is in the mainstream. Amharic-language newspapers are dominant. This article examines the extent of the dominance of the Amharic press and the factors responsible for this. It also looks at language politics in the country and activism for linguistic human rights, particularly in the media domain. A combination of literature reviews and document analyses was used to obtain data for the study. The Amharic language enjoys a privileged position compared to other indigenous languages of Ethiopia and English. Amharic is the second most widely spoken Semitic language in the world, after Arabic. It is the official working language of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and several regional states within the federal system. It is also the official language of the military and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church. Although it is only indigenous to about 23 per cent of the population, its official status sees it being spoken nationwide. Interestingly, Afan Oromo, a Cushitic language, is indigenous to 33.80 per cent of the population, and thus can be regarded as the largest indigenous language in Ethiopia. While the wide dissemination of local language media in Ethiopia can be explained by the historical fact that the country was never colonised, the emergence of Amharic as the de facto language of the nation and the media is what interests these authors. This study discovered that the dominance of Amharic is due to the language policies of successive Ethiopian regimes down the ages which privileged it over other indigenous languages.