Federal Council Research Articles

Telessaúde na atenção fisioterapêutica durante a pandemia de COVID-19: um relato de experiência

Abstract Introduction The actions and measures taken to mitigate the coronavirus pandemic significantly affected physio-therapy practice. Several initiatives were undertaken after the Federal Council of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy approved remote care. Thus, we aimed to identify, analyze, and discuss barriers, facilitators, and perceived challenges of telehealth physical therapy during the pandemic by describing an experience. Report description: The interruption of weekly face-to-face consultations led to remote care strategies using asynchronous methods, in the form of phone calls (health education), and a synchronous approach via video calls formats (mind-body practices without a pre-established frequency in the public service and twice weekly in the private sector). The type of personal device determined the health care delivery. The facilitators were interpersonal relationships, patient profile, type of personal device and previous experience with mind-body practices. The barriers were low education level, access to internet and type of connection. Challenges were restriction or absence of therapeutic touch and eye gaze, which are characteristic of the profession. Conclusion Despite its significant potential for the continuity and longitudinality of health care and development of social networks, telehealth depends on technological resources and, as such, tends to be exclusive due to the inequities in Brazil. Additionally, telehealth has relevant repercussions for physical therapy practice, especially therapeutic touch and eye gaze, which are soft skills inherent to the profession.

DEVER ÉTICO E LEGAL DO MÉDICO FRENTE AO PACIENTE TESTEMUNHA DE JEOVÁ

Jehovah’s Witness patients, because of their religious beliefs, refuse blood transfusions. Thereby, these patients’ treatment is a medical challenge due to the ethical-legal dilemma. This article aims to explore the conflict between the physician’s duty and respect for the patient’s autonomy, relating to the ethical and legal aspect. Methodology: an integrative review was made on the PubMed, Scielo, Capes Periódicos and Lilacs databases. Furthermore, the Federal Constitution, the Penal Code and the resolutions of the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM) on the subject were analyzed. Review: Article 5, item VI, of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil guarantees Brazilians and foreigners residing in the country freedom of conscience and belief, while CFM Resolution N. 1,021 / 80 imposes that the doctor must transfuse blood into the adult Witness of Jehovah patient in cases of risk of death, even without consent. This resolution is in accordance with article 135 of the Penal Code, which states: “medical or surgical intervention, without the consent of the patient or his legal representative, if justified by an imminent danger of death”. Conclusion: the limit between the patient’s autonomy and the physician’s duty is the threat of death, therefore, the doctor has the obligation to transfuse blood in these cases, without the need for consent, whether from the patient or its guardian.

Human rights violations in normalizing procedures on intersex children.

Intersex children in Brazil are still subjected to "normalizing" surgical procedures and subsequent bodily interventions to make their bodies conform to binary views of sex. Resolution n. 1,664/2003 of the Brazilian Federal Council of Medicine legitimizes interventions upon intersex bodies, being the only national normative instrument that address the subject. However, the demands of international intersex political activism have denounced how early childhood interventions for sex designation mutilate children's bodies and violate a number of human rights. This research discusses how early, irreversible, and normalizing procedures performed without the intersex person's consent are human rights violations. Based on the concept of epistemic (in)justice, we first look at the disputes surrounding the evidence that underpin medical practices. We demonstrate how such procedures violate human rights to health, body integrity, autonomy, and sexual and reproductive rights, analyzing which strategies were put into place to prevent them. We propose that intersex people be at the center of decisions regarding their bodies, that non-surgical paths be discussed with patients and their family members, and that early, invasive, mutilating, harmful, cosmetic, and unconsented surgical interventions on intersex children be prohibited. Guiding tools must introduce changes into its regulatory bias to, from an interdisciplinary perspective, include bioethical and human rights bodies, as well as intersex activists.

Instruments for assessing stress in Brazilians: an integrative review

Numerous instruments have been developed around the world to assess stress. This study aimed to identify instruments with validation studies that mapping stress in Brazil. an integrative review was carried out on databases and the Testing System of the Federal Council of Psychology (SATEPSI) in June 2017 and updated this year. Two independent judges participated in analyzing the results. Of the 6,377 articles, 47 articles were selected from the Index Psi, SciELO, LILACS and PubMed databases, and 35 instruments made up the sample, two of which were from SATEPSI. Nine of these tools map stress in a more general way, nine are aimed at specific clinical contexts, 12 are aimed at occupational stress, three at the sports context and another two at other contexts. Numerous health problems are associated with early and chronic stressors, however it was identified that most instruments access stress in a more recent period of time (last year, month or week). A more accurate analysis of the relationships between longitudinal stress and health outcomes appears limited in this sense. The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) appears as an alternative for studying stress throughout life in the Brazilian reality.

BRAZILIAN MULTI-SOCIETY POSITION STATEMENT ON EMERGING BARIATRIC AND METABOLIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES.

This Brazilian multi-society position statement on emerging bariatric and metabolic surgical procedures was issued by the Brazilian Society of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery (SBCBM), the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery (CBCD), and the Brazilian College of Surgeons (CBC). This document is the result of a Brazilian Emerging Surgeries Forum aimed at evaluating the results of surgeries that are not yet listed in the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), the regulatory agency that oversees and regulates medical practice in Brazil. The Forum integrated more than 400 specialists and academics with extensive knowledge about bariatric and metabolic surgery, representing the three surgical societies: SBCBM, CBC, and CBCD. International speakers participated online and presented their experiences with the techniques under discussion, emphasizing the regulatory policies in their countries. The indications for surgery and the subsequent procedures were carefully reviewed, including one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), single anastomosis duodeno-ileal with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S or OADS), sleeve gastrectomy with transit bipartition (SGTB), and sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition (SGII). The recommendations of this document are based on an extensive literature review and discussions among bariatric surgery specialists from the three surgical societies. We concluded that patients with a body mass index over 30 kg/m2 may be candidates for metabolic surgery in the presence of comorbidities (arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes) with no response to clinical treatment of obesity or in the control of other associated diseases. Regarding the surgical procedures, we concluded that OAGB, OADS, and SGTB are associated with low morbidity rates, satisfactory weight loss, and resolution of obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes and arterial hypertension. SGII was considered a good and viable promising surgical alternative technique. The recommendations of this statement aim to synchronize our societies with the sentiments and understandings of most of our members and also serve as a guide for future decisions regarding bariatric surgical procedures in our country and worldwide.

Delphi consensus on add-ons and social midia in Assisted Reproductive Technology.

This article reports the annals of a national consensus meeting on add-ons and social networks in Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART). The panel of experts has developed a set of consensus points and this document is intended to be referenced as a national consensus to allow social networks and add-ons to be used in ART, following the standards of the Code of Medical Ethics and the Federal Council of Medicine, in a safe ethical and responsible way.

Violações de direitos humanos nos procedimentos normalizadores em crianças intersexo

Intersex children in Brazil are still subjected to “normalizing” surgical procedures and subsequent bodily interventions to make their bodies conform to binary views of sex. Resolution n. 1,664/2003 of the Brazilian Federal Council of Medicine legitimizes interventions upon intersex bodies, being the only national normative instrument that address the subject. However, the demands of international intersex political activism have denounced how early childhood interventions for sex designation mutilate children’s bodies and violate a number of human rights. This research discusses how early, irreversible, and normalizing procedures performed without the intersex person’s consent are human rights violations. Based on the concept of epistemic (in)justice, we first look at the disputes surrounding the evidence that underpin medical practices. We demonstrate how such procedures violate human rights to health, body integrity, autonomy, and sexual and reproductive rights, analyzing which strategies were put into place to prevent them. We propose that intersex people be at the center of decisions regarding their bodies, that non-surgical paths be discussed with patients and their family members, and that early, invasive, mutilating, harmful, cosmetic, and unconsented surgical interventions on intersex children be prohibited. Guiding tools must introduce changes into its regulatory bias to, from an interdisciplinary perspective, include bioethical and human rights bodies, as well as intersex activists.

TELEPERÍCIA EM PERÍCIAS MÉDICAS JUDICIAIS: SITUAÇÃO ATUAL, APÓS A REGULAMENTAÇÃO DA TELEMEDICINA NO BRASIL

Introduction: In the context of disagreement between different fields of medicine, law, justice, legislation, doctrines and complementary sciences regarding telemedicine, the need to carry out this study became evident. Objective: to discuss the relationship between the current legislation in force in October 2022, after the regulation of telemedicine in Brazil, with the possibility of using technologies, in judicial medical expertise or telemedicine in that country. Methodology: This theoretical and qualitative work has a descriptive and explanatory nature, through bibliographic research, searching in databases, as well as analyzing doctrines, legislation and related jurisprudence, and through an ontological hermeneutic approach, relating the variables, advantages and risks , with the historical, theoretical, doctrinal and scientific technical basis. Discussion: Resolution number 317, of the National Council of Justice (CNJ) and national jurisprudence on the use of medical teleexpertise, contrast with the position of the national medical community, through the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), whose understanding remains evident through opinions and resolutions, regarding the inoperability of such a practice currently. Conclusion: The contemporary national situation of teleexpertise is rudimentary, abstaining from scientific substrate, tools or other methodologies that allow its ethical, fair, legal implementation, free from external influences, under current conditions. Keywords: Expert Testimony, Telemedicine, Health Law, Health’s Judicialization, Remote Consultatio, Telediagnostics.

Open Hearts, Closed Doors: Immigration Reform and the Waning of Mainline Protestantism by Nicholas T. Pruitt

Reviewed by: Open Hearts, Closed Doors: Immigration Reform and the Waning of Mainline Protestantism by Nicholas T. Pruitt Kristofer Allerfeldt Open Hearts, Closed Doors: Immigration Reform and the Waning of Mainline Protestantism. By Nicholas T. Pruitt. (New York: New York University Press, 2021. Pp. 296. $45. ISBN: 9781479803545). When we encounter Protestantism in the US immigration debates of the early to mid-20th century, it is usually backing up Nordic supremacy and anti-Catholicism. In this context, Protestantism equates with nativism and restriction. This book argues that as well as fuelling anti-immigrant sentiments, over the 40 years between the harsh quotas of 1924 and their overturning in 1965, moderate, mainline, Protestant activists played a leading role in promoting religious and racial tolerance and multi-culturalism. When Pruitt calls his subjects “mainline”, he’s referring to “a collective label applied to numerically predominant, largely white denominations driven by ecumenism.” Their Protestantism was driven by “home missions, mid-century sensibilities, and internationalist views . . . to confront long-standing racial prejudice . . . and incorporate diverse immigrant groups into their churches” (p. 3). Driven by humane theoretical and practical responses to the refugee crisis of the 1930s, WWII, de-colonisation and the Cold War, they were highly instrumental in dismantling restrictions on both European and Asian migration. One of the central themes of the book is the irony that the cultural pluralism inherent in opening US borders to increased diversity was the inevitable decline in the influence of Protestantism itself. Yet, as Pruitt points out Protestantism retained its key role in defining the national identity, even as its authority seemed to wane. The shift in Anglo-Protestantism’s leadership from cultural, racial and religious gatekeepers to staunch advocates of E Pluribus Unum reflected, reinforced and drove the post-war Liberal consensus. Yet as Pruitt also points out, this was not necessarily the stance of the rank and file. He cites a Harris poll taken in 1965. On the eve of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which largely did away with the discriminatory quotas of the 1920s, 65% of American Protestant Americans objected to any increase in immigrant numbers. This thinking highlights—to my mind—one big gap in the book’s coverage of the declining influence of Anglo-Protestantism. If white Protestantism lost authority [End Page 218] over these years, the influence of African-American Protestantism powered ahead. Yet, this is barely mentioned. There is some attention paid to Mexican and Latin American immigration and migration. There is some commentary on Asian immigrants and Asian Americans. This is in spite of the fact that more than two-thirds of African Americans still identify as Protestant—and the figure for the period of the study was undoubtedly higher—their influence is largely skated over. It is also important because although church attendance generally declined over these years, that trend was slower in Black churches than in white. This is an anomaly. For if, as Pruitt argues, Anglo-Protestantism’s liberalism cost it influence, Black Protestantism’s humane stance made it far more visible and powerful, far more important, both within its own communities and on the national stage. Not only were Black churches and Black ministers vital to first the defense, then advance of civil rights, but they also formed crucial communal links in the continuing Great Migration from the Deep South. There is no analysis of liberal Protestantism’s failure to support federal anti-lynching measures, or the Federal Council of Churches for Christ’s (FCC) and National Council of Churches’ failure to make any significant inroads into integration. Professor Pruitt makes no mention of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. While these are not immigration policy matters, they do show that vaunted ideals of racial equality only went so far. This omission is serious, but in general, this is a keenly observed book. It is richly researched and clearly—if densely—written. It represents a vital counterargument and revision of the standard narrative of nativism and its reverse in the twentieth century. I will certainly order a copy for Exeter University’s library. Kristofer Allerfeldt University of Exeter Copyright © 2023 The Catholic University of America Press ...

The International Parliament Conference “Russia – Africa”

On March 19–20, 2023 an International Parliament Conference “Russia – Africa” was held in Moscow. Members of parliaments of over 40 African countries as well as deputies of the State Duma, members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and representatives of the business and academic community participated in this conference. Within the Conference, several round tables were organized on March 19 where the most crucial issues were discussed on the inter-parliamentary cooperation in the field of science and education, the search of the joint solution on economic challenges, different security issues and the resistance to the Western neocolonialism. On March 20, the plenary session entitled “Russia – Africa in the Multipolar World” took place with the participation of Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia. The Conference not only identified major problems that impede the further sustainable social and economic growth of African countries but also proposed possible ways to solve them. Representatives of the business and academic community expressed their readiness to work together with their African partners to solve common tasks.

CURRÍCULO MÍNIMO VERSUS DIRETRIZES NACIONAIS DE CURSO: CAMINHOS DIVERGENTES NA FORMAÇÃO DOS PROFISSIONAIS DA QUÍMICA

MINIMUM CURRICULUM VERSUS NATIONAL COURSE GUIDELINES: DIVERGENT PATHS IN THE TRAINING OF PROFESSIONALS IN CHEMISTRY. The professional practice of chemist is defined by Ordinary Resolution no 1,511 of 1975, edited by the Federal Council of Chemistry. This legislation is outdated and not in line with the National Curricular Guidelines for chemistry courses, approved by the National Council of Education in 2001. This situation has greatly hampered the training of future chemistry professional and the modernization of undergraduate courses and must be urgently corrected by those responsible for formulating the legislation that defines the chemistry courses. Thus, we understand that the time has come for the Federal Council of Chemistry, Scientific Societies and Universities to work together to solve this problem, modernizing the legislation that defines the attributions of the chemistry professionals and defining the necessary profile for their professional practice in the XXI century.

Ozone therapy in brazil: achievements and challenges for the future.

The practice of Ozone Therapy in Brazil began in 1975, with Doctor Heinz Konrad. In the 90’s, other professionals started to practice it in a precursory and unregulated way, with imported equipment. The work of physician Edison de Cezar Philippi stands out, who was a great disseminator and together with other physicians such as Dr. Glacus Brito, Dr. Maria Emília Serra, Dr. Ana Cristina Barreira, among others, founded the first association of Ozone Therapy in Brazil, which in 2006 became Brazilian Association of Ozone Therapy (ABOZ), with Dr. Maria Emília Gadelha Serra as its first president. In the state and regulatory scope, Ozone Therapy was an unknown technique. Numerous scientific articles were presented to the Ministry of Health, the Federal Council of
 Medicine, and ANVISA (equipment regulatory agency in Brazil). The first regulatory framework for Ozone Therapy in Brazil took place in 2015, with the publication of Resolution CFO 166/2015, which regulated Ozone Therapy in Dentistry.
 In 2018, Ozone Therapy was included as an integrative practice by the Ministry of Health of Brazil, with the publication of ORDINANCE N° 702 (21/03/2018) which included new practices in the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC), of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). From this milestone, the Professional Class Councils began to understand and regulate Ozone Therapy within the scope of each profession.
 Currently, dentistry, physiotherapy, pharmacy, nursing, veterinary medicine, and biomedicine councils have an official understanding of Ozone Therapy, each within its scope of action and with a specific definition of training. These resolutions collaborate to improve the scenario of Ozone Therapy in the country, bringing more possibilities for treatment, and health care for the entire population.
 Although there are numerous qualified studies for the practice to be regulated for medicine, the Federal Council of Medicine is still waiting for more scientific evidence, so it only authorizes activities in the experimental scope (registered clinical research).
 In the meantime, faced with the difficulties of understanding from the Federal Council of Medicine, the national congress approved a bill proposing that ozone therapy be authorized throughout the national territory. This bill is currently under review by the Senate and the next step is presidential sanction.
 Even with all the regulatory achievements in these 15 years of work, we still have many challenges to overcome. The main one is the regulation for use by doctors, so Ozone Therapy becomes an official technique. In addition, for Ozone Therapy to be carried out more ethically and scientifically, it is necessary to understand the scenario and some challenges:
 • How to establish boundaries between professional categories, since ozone has many application routes - not all professionals are prepared to perform more invasive routes.
 • The established model based on the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
 • Banalization of the technique by unqualified professionals, leading to a false understanding and discrediting of the technique.
 • Difficulty in regulating equipment and minimum quality standards, while on the internet equipment from China enters without qualification.
 • Standardization and minimum criteria for the manufacture of Ozonized Oils, based on studies and not on empiricism.

The Performance and Likability of the Federal Council of Switzerland Is Assessed More Positively than That of its Members on Average.

The Federal Council of Switzerland is often perceived as a single entity. The aim of this paper is to compare an evaluation of the performance and likability of the Federal Council as a group with a mean evaluation of the individual members of this body. There are theories that predict different outcomes: An equal-weight averaging model predicts that the Federal Council will be evaluated equally to the mean evaluation of the members. Some unequal-weight averaging models predict that the Federal Council will be evaluated more negatively than the mean of the members because, for example, negative members could be given more weight. Other unequal-weight averaging models predict that the Federal Council will be evaluated more positively than the mean of the members as individuals. One reason is that in the domain of ability, positive information is more diagnostic than negative. Therefore, members with high abilities could be given greater weight. In two studies, the present paper provides evidence for a more positive evaluation of the Federal Council of Switzerland than the mean evaluation of its members. These studies extend the validity of previous work on individual impression formation to group evaluations.

The correct completion of the dental record and its role in legal proceedings

The dental record is the essential document that must contain essential patient information that can be used as evidence of civil actions involving dental surgeons. Objective: to illuminate the importance of dental documents for the resolution of judicial issues. Methodology: This is a narrative literature review on the Google Scholar platform, on the website of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Federal Council of Dentistry. Results:A way to prevent legal problems caused during dental treatment. Furthermore, it is necessary for the dental surgeon to correctly fill in the medical record, in order that this information can be used as judicial evidence. Conclusion: The growing number of civil lawsuits filed against dental surgeons is the result of the commercialization of dental work, and it is therefore important that these professionals prevent themselves, through the correct filling of dental documents, and are aware of their rights and duties.

Patient’s Medical Records in Brazil: Legal and Regulatory Considerations

This work aimed to research medical records' legal and regulatory definitions as found in force not only in the Brazilian normative systems but also at the Federal and Regional Councils of Medicine (Conselho Federal e Conselhos Regionais de Medicina), particularly their completeness to be accepted by the judicious system. This empirical retrospective documentary research recovered norms, legislations, resolutions, and professional opinions about medical records and some of its parameters, such as content, legibility, and accountability using official legal and regulatory digital platforms. No period limitation was set for document recovery; however, only current ones (still in force) were analyzed in full. Documents that dealt with the content of the medical record per se were included; those that dealt with custody, confidentiality, digitization, and access to third parties were excluded. The Brazilian legislation does not provide a clear definition of medical records or their core content. Nonetheless, its collective nature is recognized. The Federal and Regional Councils of Medicine have issued numerous resolutions and opinions on the matter, clarifying its completeness in nature. Medical Records are a collection of health documents of a patient, which should be readily available upon court request as a complete medical dossier, and must contain legible and signed copies, including all the procedures a person underwent while under care.

Die mislukte sinodale eenwording van die NG Kerk in 1911

Synodical unity in the Dutch Reformed Church in 1911 – an attempt that failed. In 1862 the Supreme Court of the Cape Colony terminated the synodical unity of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa. Delegates of congregations outside the Colony could no longer represent them in the Cape or Mother Synod. The court used Ordonnance 7 of 1843 of the Colony. In 1907 the newly founded Federal Council of Dutch Reformed Churches decided to lead an effort in the Church to replace this federal bond with a closer synodical bond. The Council was a combined body of the four Dutch Reformed Churches of respectively the Transvaal, Free State, Natal and Cape. However, to achieve this, they needed the help of the state authorities of the Union of South Africa to scrap all legal obstacles in the way of the Dutch Reformed Church. After consultations with the authorities, the Church was asked to formulate a concept act to replace these hindrances. The act was accepted by Parliament, but the Church could not get the required three quarters of a majority in three quarters of its consistories for the bill to be accepted. Thus, the effort for a new synodical unity failed.Contribution: This article adds to the history of the synodical structure in the Dutch Reformed Church. In doing so it concentrates on the failed attempt in this church in 1911 to form an all-inclusive – as far as congregations are concerned – synodical bond with attention to the required church political principles behind such a structure. This is also relevant to the present efforts for unity in the family of Dutch Reformed Churches, as well as other reformed churches in Southern Africa. The approach is a reformed perspective on the relationship between state and church.

Brazil Reflects a Global Gender Disparity in Speech-Language Pathology: A Comparison of Leadership and Representation Within the Profession

Purpose: Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are professionals marked by occupational gender segregation, with speech-language pathology jobs being dominated by women worldwide. In the United States, male participation in leadership and prominent positions within the profession has been gradually increasing, but the proportion of men compared to women is still very low. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of Brazilian men who are SLPs, assess the participation of male SLPs in leadership positions within the profession, and compare this gender distribution with that of other countries. Method: In this retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study, we considered information contained in public databases and information obtained through utilizing the Brazilian Access to Information Law. Male representation in Brazil was assessed considering the distribution of active male speech-language pathology professionals, participation in collegiates of the Brazilian federal and regional speech-language pathology councils, participation in the board of the Brazilian Society of Speech-Language Pathology, participation in editorial boards, authorship in Brazilian journals, and prevalence in public health care. Besides the data gathered in Brazil, for comparison purposes, data on scientific representation in the United States and that of speech-language pathology societies in 40 countries were collected. Results: Males represent 4.8% of the Brazilian active speech-language pathology professionals. Representation in public health care was low (3.0%), which reveals a significant gender disparity. Male participation in leadership positions averaged at around 14%–25%, which can illustrate a potential growth in the field of male professionals. Conclusions: The gender disparity seen globally remains present in Brazilian SLPs. The findings of this study can benefit the profession by recognizing this inequality and stimulating the search for solutions that favor gender equality considering Brazilian sociocultural features.

Use and Applicability of Ozone Therapy in Clinical Practice in Dentistry: An Integrative Review

Ozone is a colorless gas with a characteristic odor present in nature in the form of trivalent oxygen. In 2015, the Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO/Brazil) approved the use of ozone therapy and in 2018 the Ministry of Health (MS/Brazil) approved the application of Ozone Therapy as a Complementary Integrative Practice in the Unified Health System. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the applicability of ozone therapy in dental practice. This is an integrative literature review whose search was performed in the Medline/Pubmed, LILACS, SciElo, and Google Scholar databases. Studies published in the last 5 years in English, Portuguese or Spanish were eligible. After the search, 312 titles were found and after exclusion of duplicates and analysis of abstracts and full text, 13 articles were included in this review. The literature reports the application of ozone therapy in several areas in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases. As a mechanism of action, ozone has a direct antimicrobial effect, immunoregulation, antioxidant defenses, analgesic, and vasodilator effects. In dentistry, its applicability is mainly in preventive dentistry and as a complement in surgical procedur es, endodontic, and periodontal treatments.

DOES RUSSIA NEED A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LAW?

In Russia, there has been a long-standing effort to develop a special law against domestic violence, as well as a debate on the need for such a law. In 2016, such a bill was sent to the State Duma but received negative feedback and was withdrawn. In 2019, work on the adoption of such a law resumed and a draft was developed and posted on the official website of the Federation Council. However, this draft also received a lot of criticism. In this context, the author considered it important to address the issue and conduct an analysis. Objective: Analysis of the draft laws "On prevention of domestic violence in the Russian Federation" 2016 and 2019 in the context of the current legal regulation, international and foreign experience. Results: the author concluded that the existing legal regulation does not adequately address the issue of prevention of domestic violence and does not protect victims of such violence. A large number of measures which could help to solve this problem are absent in the Russian legal system.

Desapilar lo apilado: estrategia de los actores públicos y privados de la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina) ante las negociaciones por la nueva concesión de la hidrovía Paraná-Paraguay

We aim to describe the several actors and their position related to Paraná‑Paraguay Hydroway’s new public concession contract. We analyse the debate about Parana‑Paraguay Hydroway considering the position of a strong public‑private coalition, which aimed to consolidate the current model and operating condition of the Hydroway and has deployed defensives strategies for facing several demands proposed by a variety of public and private actors, who aim to modify this public policy. We based the analysis on Hydroway’s Federal Council’s documents. Hydroway’s Federal Council is a participative instance created by the Federal Government to discuss jointly with civil society issues related to the new administration of Paraná‑Paraguay Hydroway.