Federal Capital Territory Research Articles

MUSHROOM PRODUCTION BY SMALL-SCALE FARMERS: AN APPROACH TO ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND REDUCING HUNGER AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA

The study was carried out to investigate mushroom production by small-scale farmers as an approach to economic empowerment and reducing hunger among rural households in North Central Nigeria. The study used 389 respondents sampled through multi-stage sampling technique from three States and the Federal Capital Territory. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Binary logit regression model and Binomial test) were used to analyse the data. Results showed that the majority of the respondents were males (59.13%), married (53.47%), with the average age of 37.37 years, a mean household size of five persons and a mean educational level of 14years. They were mostly into farming (32.90%) and at full- time level (77.63%). The farmers earned an average annual income of N360,539.85 and N426,092.55 before and after adding mushroom to their farming activities and were satisfied with the proceeds from mushroom production. Strategies such as establishing and participating in cooperative groups (mean = 3.55), development of improved mushroom growing materials (mean = 3.40) and extension agents training of farmers on input use for mushroom production (mean = 3.30) were advocated to increase mushroom production. Socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, marital status, age, educational level, household size and farm status positively influence the income earned by farmers from mushroom production. It is recommended that there is need for a robust extension programme to be carried out on farmers training on the use of inputs.

SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ INTENTION TO USE AND THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS ELECTRONIC PAYMENT PLATFORMS IN GWAGWALADA AREA COUNCIL OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY, NIGERIA

Smallholder farmers in Nigeria have not been substantially influenced by the country's growing usage of payment systems, and it is unclear what these farmers think of the electronic payment platforms available in the study region. This study assessed smallholder farmers’ intentions to use and attitudes toward electronic payment platforms in the Gwagwalada Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. Ninety-three smallholder farmers were sampled using a multi-stage sampling technique. The study adopted descriptive statistics, the Likert scale, and the Probit model to achieve the specific objectives. The result showed that the majority of the respondents were single with an average age and household size of approximately 38 years and 6 persons respectively. Most of the smallholder farmers in the study area showed intention to use electronic payment platforms for their transactions. The farmers also expressed confidence in using electronic payment platforms and strongly agreed that the use of electronic payment platforms is risky and therefore preferred human tellers to electronic payment platforms. The Probit model analysis revealed that the coefficient of education and income (P<0.05) positively and statistically influenced farmers’ intention to use electronic payment platforms. The study suggests that programs be developed in the study area to facilitate electronic payment options, increase farmers' income, and inform farmers of the advantages of using electronic payment platforms for utility and financial transactions in the Gwagwalada Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory.

Detection and public health risks of Salmonella spp and other pathogens in eggs

Salmonellosis and some other illnesses have been documented to be acquired through consumption of infected raw or undercooked foods such as eggs. Large population of human and animals around the Federal Capital Territory (F.C.T.), Abuja could be at risk due to the high consumption of this important food materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify Salmonella spp and the related bacteria pathogens from the eggshells and the egg contents of samples obtained from five (5) deep liter farms within the FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. A total number of 150 samples of eggs, 30 each from the selected deep liter farms viz; Lugbe, Abaji, Kuje, Gwagwalada and Madalla were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and other pathogens using conventional culture method. The results revealed that 20.8% of the total bacteria count from all the egg content were contaminated with Salmonella spp. Other bacteria pathogens like E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from both the egg shells and the egg contents. The observation was similar to literatures but the occurrence of these pathogens in the egg content was higher than expected. Therefore, the present study provides a recent data-generation of the prevalence of S. typhimurium and other pathogens in eggs at farm level in the selected locations in the FCT, Nigeria. It is important to remember that necessary control is required at all levels in the egg production chain and strict hygiene is needed to avoid epidemic resulting from the consumption of eggs.

Assessment of Radon Contamination in Drinking Water Sources Around Babban Tsauni Gold Mining Area, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, is produced through the disintegration of radionuclides like uranium, thorium, or radium in the earth's crust. In this study, the radon levels and the annual effective dose from drinking water sources were assessed in Babban Tsauni, Gwagwalada, Nigeria, where artisanal gold mining is taking place. Water samples were collected and analyzed for 222Rn using liquid scintillation counter (Tri-Carb-LSA1000). The highest radon activity concentration was found in Dobi with a value of 3.215 Bq/L, while the lowest was found in Tsauni 7; 0.025 Bq/L. Both values were significantly below the maximum contamination level of 11.1 Bq/L and the world average value of 10 Bq/L, as established by USEPA and WHO respectively. The annual effective dose from ingesting radon was also below the permissible limit of 1 mSv/y for all age groups, the values for adult, children and infant ranged in mSv/y from 5.59E-07 to 2.35E-05, 8.39E-07 to 3.52E-05, 9.79E-07 to 4.11E-05 and 1.79E-07 to 2.55E-06, 2.68E-07 to 3.82E-06, 3.13E-07 to 4.46E-06 for ground and surface water sources respectively. This study concluded that the radon concentrations in the water sources remained within safe limits and that the anthropogenic activities of gold mining had no significant effect on the water sources.

Assessment of Radon Contamination in Drinking Water Sources Around Babban Tsauni Gold Mining Area, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, is produced through the disintegration of radionuclides like uranium, thorium, or radium in the earth's crust. In this study, the radon levels and the annual effective dose from drinking water sources were assessed in Babban Tsauni, Gwagwalada, Nigeria, where artisanal gold mining is taking place. Water samples were collected and analyzed for 222Rn using liquid scintillation counter (Tri-Carb-LSA1000). The highest radon activity concentration was found in Dobi with a value of 3.215 Bq/L, while the lowest was found in Tsauni 7; 0.025 Bq/L. Both values were significantly below the maximum contamination level of 11.1 Bq/L and the world average value of 10 Bq/L, as established by USEPA and WHO respectively. The annual effective dose from ingesting radon was also below the permissible limit of 1 mSv/y for all age groups, the values for adult, children and infant ranged in mSv/y from 5.59E-07 to 2.35E-05, 8.39E-07 to 3.52E-05, 9.79E-07 to 4.11E-05 and 1.79E-07 to 2.55E-06, 2.68E-07 to 3.82E-06, 3.13E-07 to 4.46E-06 for ground and surface water sources respectively. This study concluded that the radon concentrations in the water sources remained within safe limits and that the anthropogenic activities of gold mining had no significant effect on the water sources.

Exploring Google Earth Engine, Machine Learning, and GIS for Land Use Land Cover Change Detection in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, between 2014 and 2023

Exploring Google Earth Engine, Machine Learning, and GIS for Land Use Land Cover Change Detection in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, between 2014 and 2023

Effect of Mathematical Games on Senior Secondary School Students’ Achievement in Mathematics According to Gender

Playing mathematical games helps many senior secondary school students—especially girls—acquire basic mathematical skills, but it can be difficult. Thus, this study examined how gender-related mathematical gameplay affects secondary school students' performance. The design of the study was quasi-experimental. Purposively, a sample of fifty senior secondary school students from the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria's Abuja Council Area was chosen. Using a coin toss, the researcher randomly allocated intact classes to the experimental and control groups. An algebraic achievement test administered before and after the treatment determined the students' achievement level. T-tests, means, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. According to the study, among students who played mathematics games, female students had a higher mean score than male students. The findings imply that mathematical games enhance mathematics teaching and learning and should thus be encouraged and used by teachers to introduce concepts in mathematics to students at different levels, irrespective of their gender.

Promoting Maternity Care: Knowledge, Perception and Challenges of Midwives in Selected Government Hospitals in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja

: Introduction: One major threat to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is the refusal of about one-third of pregnant and postpartum women to access maternity care from health facilities. Evidence suggests that women who do not access maternity care have reported to have experienced or witnessed disrespectful maternity care at health facilities. The aim of this study is to investigate the knowledge, perception and challenges of promoting respectful maternity care by midwives. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 6 selected government hospitals in FCT. A stratified random sampling technique was used in classifying FCT into 6 strata. The hospitals were selected using simple random sampling from each stratum. Then, the Purposive Non-probability sampling technique was used to select 112 midwives working in the maternity units at the study hospitals. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Results: The percentage of midwives that expressed knowledge of respectful maternity care and its components is 84.6%. 71.2% expressed positive perceptions of respectful maternity care. 58.4% identified challenges related to promotion of respectful maternity care. The average percentage of respondents acknowledging the prospects and opportunities for promoting respectful maternity care is 89.6%. Conclusion: Midwives generally exhibit a positive attitude towards respectful maternity care. A significant proportion of midwives have undergone training on RMC, possess a deep understanding of its key components, and feel confident in their ability to apply the principles of respectful care in their daily practice. However, despite this positive outlook, challenges persist in the provision of respectful maternity care.

Assessment of E-Land Administration in Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria

This study evaluated the demand and supply of land parcels at the Federal Capital City Abuja, Nigeria from 2006 and 2015, and as well ascertained the efficiency of service delivery of Abuja Geographic Information System which will help understand the reason for the short falls of the e-LA in the FCT. The primary data sources of this study were from stakeholders of land administration via questionnaire administration as well as data gathered from scheduled interviews to sample the opinion of staff of the Abuja Geographic Information Systems (AGIS), the agency in charge of Land Administration in the Abuja, to determine the overall system of e-LA in the FCT, management of e-LA activities and the operations as well as knowing if the organizations saddled with the responsibility of e-LA have the required number of staff. It recognizes the need for individual workers to function properly through education and training programs and determine the overall vision, efficiency of their implementation of e-LA and the performance of the system in meeting the challenge of e-LA. The result of the SWOT matrix of Abuja Geographic Information System revealed Weaknesses of Abuja Geographic Information System (AGIS) greater than its Strengths. Threats were greater than Opportunities, so it is easy to conclude that Abuja Geographic Information System (AGIS) has not managed e-LA in the FCT effectively and efficiently but it has managed to survive and cope with the management. As established from the study, Abuja Geographic Information System procedures do not engender equality and fairness.

Assessing the Link between Maternal Transport Modes and Childhood Mortality in Nigeria

ObjectivesThe study explored the association between maternal transport modes and childhood mortalities in Nigeria.MethodUtilizing data and definitions from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey report, the ten-year early mortality rates of the five childhood mortalities and the percentage of live births in the 5 years before the survey, transported by eight identified means of transportation, were statistically correlated for each of Nigeria’s 36 states and the federal capital territory (FCT) in the R environment at a significance level of α < 0.05.ResultsIn the spatial distribution of the five childhood mortalities, a notable north-south dichotomy was observed, contrasting with the spatial spread of maternal transport modes. The five childhood mortalities exhibited a significant, moderately positive correlation with transportation by Private Car or Truck, while their associations with Public Transport or Bus and Walking were notably moderate but negative.Conclusion for PracticeWhile the use of private cars or trucks should be encouraged as a means of maternal transport, public transport should be better organized to provide efficient services to women who need such services for maternal and child healthcare. Additionally, steps should be taken to reduce travel distances to health facilities to manageable distances for mothers.

Universal Basic Education Policy and the Quality of Primary Education in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria

Universal Basic Education Policy and the Quality of Primary Education in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria

Community Feedback on Mass Medicines Administration for Neglected Tropical Diseases in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of annual mass drug administration (MDA) as the strategy for controlling and eliminating the five preventive chemotherapy neglected tropical diseases (PC-NTDs). The success of MDAs hinges on community acceptance, active participation, and compliance. This study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of community members, to obtain a more thorough understanding of their openness and willingness to participate in MDA and other NTD elimination activities. A mixed-methods approach was employed, utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods for comprehensive data collection. Eighteen key informant interviews (KIIs) and sixteen focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to explore community engagement, participation, medication utilization, and programme perception. Triangulation of findings from interviews and discussions with household survey results was performed to gain a deeper understanding of emerging themes. The household survey involved interviewing 1220 individuals (Abaji: 687; Bwari: 533). Audio tapes recorded KIIs and FGDs, with interview transcripts coded using Nvivo 12.0 software based on predefined themes. Descriptive analysis using SPSS version 21 was applied to quantitative data. Results indicated high awareness of mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns in both area councils (Abaji: 84.9%; Bwari: 82.9%), with a small percentage claiming ignorance (15.1%), attributed to lack of information or absence during health campaigns. Respondents primarily participated by taking medication (82.5%), with minimal involvement in other MDA campaigns. Perception of medicines was generally positive, with a significant association between participation level and performance rating (p < 0.05). The study recommends leveraging high awareness and community responsiveness to enhance engagement in various MDA activities, ensuring sustainability and ownership of the programme.

Clinico-haematological manifestation of single and mixed &lt;i&gt;Trypanosome species&lt;/i&gt; infection of pigs in Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) and Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Clinico-haematological manifestation of single and mixed &lt;i&gt;Trypanosome species&lt;/i&gt; infection of pigs in Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) and Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Economic efficiency of rice production among the small-scale women farmers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

This study evaluated the economic efficiency of rice production among the small-scale women farmers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 100 small-scale women rice farmers. The primary data were collected with the aid of a well-designed and well-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting technique, financial analysis, the Stochastic production frontier efficiency model, and the Tobit dichotomous regression model. The results show that 88% of women rice farmers were below 50 years old. The mean age was 44 years. Averagely, they were small-scale farmers with 1.31 hectares of farm land. The labor input in man-days constituted the highest percentage of about 50.8% of the total costs of activities involved in rice production. The net farm income and gross margin ratio was estimated at 416,800 Naira and 0.63 respectively. This shows that the rice production by women farmers was profitable and worthwhile. The mean allocative, economic, technical efficiency scores were 50.3%, 50.8%, and 51.20% leaving the efficiency gaps of 49.7%, 49.2%, and 48.8% for improvement respectively. The significant factors influencing the economic efficiency of the rice production among women farmers include the following: – farm size, labor input, household size, seed input, fertilizer input, chemical input, farm experience, and access to credit. The major constraints encountered by women rice farmers include the following: inadequate credit facilities (1st), high cost of labor (2nd), high cost of fertilizers (3rd) and high cost of herbicides (4th). The study recommends that farm inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer input, chemical input and herbicides should be made available to women farmers at affordable prices. Credit facilities devoid of rigorous administrative procedures at low interest rate should be made available to women farmers Keywords: economic efficiency, rice production, Tobit regression model, small-scale women farmers, Abuja, Nigeria

Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus among HIV Positive and HIV Negative Pregnant Antenatal Women in Federal Capital Territory Abuja Hospital

A significant contributor to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a major cause of Chronic Hepatitis, cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Cancer (HCC). The incidence of HBV-related HCC cases is projected to increase for at least two decades due to the high prevalence of chronic HBV infection throughout the world. The overall aim of this study is to determine the sero-prevalence and molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus among HIV positive and HIV negative antenatal women attending Federal Capital Territory Abuja hospitals. A total number of 302 samples were collected from 302 participants between the ages of 18-55 years. The samples were screened for HIV, HBV, HBV serology markers, using rapid test kits, HBV Viral load and HBV genotyping was carried out using multiplex PCR method and data was analyzed using appropriate tools. Nine tested positive for HIV, 34 tested positive for HBV and 2 tested positive for both HIV and HBV, corresponding to 2.9 % (95% CI; 1.2 – 3.8) prevalence for HIV, 11.3% (95% CI; 8.7 – 13.6) for Hepatitis B and 0.7% for HIV/HBV co-infection. Age 25-35 years old had the highest prevalence of HBV 22(7.3%) followed by those of less than 25 years old 8(2.8%) and 1(0.7%) each for age range 36-45 years, 2(0.7%) and 46-55 years. HBeAb and HBcAb were expressed highest among subject within the age range of 25 – 35 year 14 (41.2%) and 22 (64.7 %,) participants respectively, followed by the age range of less than 25 years 5 (14.7%) and 8 (36.4%), for HBeAb and HBcAb respectively. There was no Hepatitis B envelop antigen (HBeAg) nor Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) among the study group. Of the 34 samples, 20 (62%) had undetectable viral load, while 14 (38%) had detectable viral load. Genotype E was three times more prevalent among those of 25 years old and above than those less than 25 years old detected (75% and 25%). However, genotype B/E mixed was more expressed (60% of cases) among those less than 25 years old, than those greater than 25 years of age (40%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of genotype E and B/E serotype between HBV+/HIV-patients and their HBV+/HIV+ counterpart (P=0.08 and P=0.15, respectively). HBV Genotype E single infection viral load was significantly (P=0.01) more expressed among those 25 years of age and above than less than 25 years old (4,354,703 ± 346865 IU/ml versus 55.6 ±28.1 IU/ml). Mixed infection genotype B/E was significantly (P=0.04) more expressed among those less than 25 years of age than those 25 years old and above (730.9 ± 238 IU/ml versus IU/ml versus 91.1 ± 48 IU/ml). There was no significant difference between the mean of HBV Viral load HBV+/HIV- patients and their HBV+/HIV+ counterpart (T-test =0.009; P=0.92). In conclusion FCT is 11.3% prevalence rate of HBV and genotypes E and B/E are in circulation among pregnant women among the pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in FCT hospital in Abuja.

Mineral extraction and governance in the Nigerian Mining Industry: An examination of regulatory conflicts amongst Nigeria’s three tiers of government

Nigeria’s abundant mineral potentials can be harnessed to significantly contribute to her socio-economic development if the regulatory framework of the Nigerian Mining Industry (NMI) is properly articulated and implemented, devoid of the regulatory conflicts that have been observed amongst various regulatory and government entities. This article analyses a 2019 – 2020 study undertaken by the Ministry of Mines and Steel development in the Federal Capital Territory and 17 out of the 36 States of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which exposed mining sector-related regulatory conflicts amongst the Federal, State and Local Governments and their Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs). The study also revealed that, despite certain extant Constitutional and statutory instruments vesting the control of minerals and mining activities on the Federal Government and its Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, the implementation of other national and subnational statutory instruments has generated regulatory conflicts and controversial interferences in the governance of mineral resources in the country. This development has led to adverse political and socio-economic implications and outcomes. Thus, after an in-depth consideration of these regulatory conflicts and its implications, the article recommends, among other salient solutions, the amendment and/or repeal of all applicable mining statutes and regulations to remove these regulatory conflicts, and this will better position the NMI on the path to restoration and ultimately surpassing its glorious past.

Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residue Levels in Fruits and Vegetables Sold in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria

The study evaluated the organochlorine pesticide residue levels in fruits and vegetables sold in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Six samples were bought from eleven major markets across the six Area Councils of FCT, Abuja. The samples were mixed to form composite groups of the fruits and vegetables, and prepared using QuEChERS method. It was analysed using Agilent 7890 Gas Chromatography equipped with a micro-cell Electron Capture Detector (μECD). The analysis revealed that the hazard index (HI) for all the fruits and vegetables studied were well below the levels of adverse health effect for chronic exposure except for Onion in children which was 1.2287. The HI for the various fruits and vegetables in children were higher than those for the adult. For example, the HI for Tomato, Green Amaranth Leaves and Pepper all in children were 0.4485, 0.4411 and 0.3981 respectively while the HI for Tomato, Green Amaranth Leaves and Pepper all in adult were 0.1121, 0.1103 and 0.0995 respectively. The calculated cancer risk associated with the consumption of these fruits and vegetable showed values well below the upper bound of 1.0x10-6 except for Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide. a-BHC, b-BHC, and d-BHC especially in children. From the hazard index and cancer risk analysis, Aldrin and Dieldrin have been implicated as the pesticides of concern since they were present in reasonable concentrations for almost all the samples and age groups studied. The highest potential of cancer risk was found in Onions for children. Also, the total cancer risk implicated Onions (with a value of 1.2x10-4 for adult and 4.7x10-4 for children) and Pepper (with a value of 5.5x10-5 for adult and 2.2x10-4 for children) as the most contaminated foodstuffs with pesticide residues in the studied area. The order of the total cancer risk from the study was Onions &gt; Pepper &gt; Tomato &gt; Green Amaranth Leaves &gt; Fluted Pumpkin Leaves &gt; Okra for both adult and children. In conclusion it was observed that pesticide residues of Endrin, o,p'-DDE and Heptachlor in Onions, Green Amaranth Leaves and Pepper were above the Codex maximum residue level (MRL). Endrin in Onions had 858.0%, o, p'-DDE in Onions had 276.0%, o, p'-DDE in Green Amaranth Leaves had 100.8%, Heptachlor in Pepper had 168.4% and Heptachlor in Onions had 119.2%. Also, the hazard index of chronic exposure and cancer risk of children for Onions requires urgent attention as their values were well above the acceptable limit. Therefore, periodic monitoring of pesticides residues in these fruits and vegetables cannot be over emphasized, but will go a long way to prevent, control and reduce environmental pollution and health risks. Also, taking precautionary measures like proper cooking before consumption of these foodstuffs is advised.

THE IMPLICATION OF MONITORING AND INCENTIVES ON BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ADMINISTRATION (FCTA)

The study examines the Implication of Monitoring and Incentives on Budget Implementation in Nigeria: a case study of Federal Capital Territory Administration (FCTA). The variables studied were, monitoring and incentive. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. The methodology employed was descriptive statistics, one sample z statistics. The result reveals that lack of incentive and monitoring has negative and statistically significant relationship with budget implementation. Based on this finding, the study concludes that, lack of incentives and monitoring adversely affects budget implementation. Suffice it to say that bureaucratic bottleneck impeded budget implementation. In view of the above conclusion, the study recommends that, there is need for the FCTA to provide incentives and motivation to staff in order to improve performance in; collection of revenues, budget preparation exercise and implementation and to guard against all sorts of behaviours. Also there is need for proper monitoring of budget, adequate provisions of relevant Votes of Charge should be provided so that expenditure will match budget request, good reporting system on the level of accomplishments need to be put in place and efficient mechanisms for project feedback and information required for project monitoring must be available.

Assessing the Profile of Glyphosate Residues in Maize Grains Sold in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria

The profile of glyphosate residues in maize grains sold in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja (FCT), Nigeria was assessed. Twenty-six maize grain samples of yellow and white morphotypes were collected from some selected markets within the FCT, Abuja. Analytical methods on the pulverized maize grains included solvent extraction using (acetonitrile/water (55:45), clean-up of pesticide residues and their quantification by HPLC/UV as described by the AOAC-QuEChERS method. The results showed that the mean concentration of glyphosate in the maize grains ranged from 0 to 24.30 ± 0.002 mgkg_1 with a mean glyphosate concentration of 3.474 mgkg-1 was detected. Four samples representing 17.86% of the samples collected violated the WHO/FAO CODEX standard of 5.0 mgkg-1 while values recorded for Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for all the samples were within an acceptable limit of 0 - 1 mgkg-1. Heath risk index values were &lt;1 suggesting that the consumer populations were not at risk. The high profile of glyphosate residue in maize grains from Gwagwalada Area Council of the FCT is of great concern and needs to be further investigated.

Leadership Styles and Employee Wellbeing in Federal Capital Territory Internal Revenue Service

This study investigated the impact of leadership styles on employee wellbeing in FCTIRS. The study specific examined the impact of transformational leadership style, transactional leadership style and authoritative leadership style on employee emotional wellbeing in FCTIRS. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research. The population of this study is 758 staff of FCTIRS. A sample of one hundred and fifty (150) staff of FCTIRS was taken. However, one hundred and twenty (120) copies of the questionnaire were validly completed. The study utilised structured survey questionnaire as data collection instrument. Data collected were descriptively analysed while multivariate regression analysis was used to establish relationship among leadership styles and employee emotional wellbeing. All tests were performed at a 5% level of significance using SPSS software. The study found that transformational leadership style has a positive and significant relationship with employee emotional wellbeing. The results also indicated that transactional leadership style and authoritative leadership style do not have any statistically significant relationship with employee emotional wellbeing. It is recommended that FCTIRS and other related organisations should invest in training programmes that would boost the transformational leadership skills among managers and supervisors to enhance the wellbeing of organizational members.