Cow Feces Research Articles

Trichoderma sp. Breeding from Bamboo Stems (Schizostachyum brachycladum) and Its Application as an Inoculant for Organic Fertilizer Fermenters According to SNI 7763:2018

This research is an applied study involving the Al Falah farmer group in West Sumatra, Indonesia and was intended to develop a quality organic fertilizer processing technology based on SNI-7763:2018. A Trichoderma sp. culture was bred using bamboo stems (Schizostachyum brachycladum) on a bran medium in an incubator at 39 °C and 75% RH. Cow feces was air-dried for reduced water content from 82% to 60%, mixed with poultry feces (at a ratio of 60:40), and added with 0.3% Trichoderma sp. culture. The mixture was then stacked at a thickness of 70 cm for 7 days. The fermentation results showed an average fermentation temperature of 58 °C and changes in the pH of cow feces and poultry feces from 8.8 to 7.2 and from 3.6 to 6.8, respectively. The following data were also obtained: macronutrient content N = 2.82%, P = 2.78%, and K = 3.21%; organic matter content = 82.89%; C-organic content = 21.20%; C/N ratio = 7.52; and by-products = 1.02%. Based on the results of this research, the organic fertilizer produced complies with SNI-7763:2018.

Penyuluhan Penyakit Parasiter pada Ternak Ruminansia dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik di Kelompok Ternak Putra Rahayu, Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah

Parasitic diseases usually attack cattle or sheep, which can cause a decrease in livestock productivity. One of the parasitic diseases that arise is caused by the cage's cleanliness and poor management of faecal waste. This community engagement activity aims to increase farmers' knowledge about ruminants' parasitic diseases and train them to produce organic fertilizer from cow faeces. The activity was carried out at the Putra Rahayu Cattle Group Farmers in Tawangrejo Village, Jatipurno District, Wonogiri Regency. Activities included conveying information about parasitic diseases and training on making organic fertilizer from cow faeces. This livestock group has 25 members. All participants participated in the activity enthusiastically. As many as 28.6% of respondents already know how to make organic fertilizer. All participants did not know about parasitic diseases. After counselling and training, farmers' knowledge increased by 72.4% about how to make organic fertilizers and increased 100% of their knowledge about parasitic diseases in livestock. The results of the cow faeces test found that Toxocara sp., strongyle and trematode parasite eggs were then given a grant in the form of parasitic drugs for ruminants. This activity concludes that farmers' knowledge of parasitic diseases and organic fertilizers increases.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN CAMPURAN PUPUK ORGANIK FESES TERNAK SAPIN PADA USAHA TANI TOMAT (Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill. L.) TERHADAP EKONOMI PETANI

The first objective of this study is to analyze the costs, income and production of tomato farming using mixed organic fertilizers, for the second purpose, namely to analyze the factors that affect tomato farming using mixed organic fertilizers in Urung Purba Village, Purba District, Simalungun Regency). This research was conducted using the census method on 45 tomato farmers using organic mixed cow feces and single non-organic fertilizer. Data collection is done by interview, observation and documentation. Sources of data taken include primary data in the form of land area data, number of workers, labor wages, number of seeds, seed prices, amount of fertilizer used, fertilizer prices, tomato production/planting season period, selling prices of tomatoes, production costs, income as well as regarding the general condition of tomato farmers, and secondary data obtained from agencies related to this research such as the Office of Agriculture/Livestock in Urung Purba Village, Purba District, Simalungun Regency). Data analysis used the two-average difference test with two unpaired sample t-test techniques and cobb doubleglass production function analysis. The results of the analysis show that the cost of tomato farming using mixed organic fertilizers is Rp. 32,936,915 lower than the cost of tomato farming using a single non-organic fertilizer, which is Rp. 38,659,431 (real at 0.023), the income of tomato farming using fertilizers Mixed organic fertilizer was Rp.43,653,085, which was higher than tomato farming using a single non-organic fertilizer, which was Rp.34,938.069 (significantly at 0.002). The yield of tomato using mixed organic fertilizer was 30,636 kg higher than that of tomato farming using a single non-organic fertilizer, which was 29,439 kg (significantly at 0.030). The results of the analysis of the production function of cobb doubles mixed fertilizer show that the variable amount of organic fertilizer, the amount of non-organic fertilizer, the number of workers, the number of seeds and the amount of medicine have a significant effect on production with a probability of 0.005, as well as the analysis of the production function of a single non-organic fertilizer, showing the amount of fertilizer. non-organic, the number of workers, the number of seeds and the amount of medicine have a significant effect on production with a probability of 0.007.

Time since faecal deposition influences mobilisation of culturable E. coli and intestinal enterococci from deer, goose and dairy cow faeces.

Mobilisation is a term used to describe the supply of a pollutant from its environmental source, e.g., soil or faeces, into a hydrological transfer pathway. The overarching aim of this study was to determine, using a laboratory-based approach, whether faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are hydrologically mobilised in different quantities from a typical agricultural, wildlife and wildfowl source, namely dairy cattle, red deer and greylag goose faeces. The mobilisation of FIB from fresh and ageing faeces under two contrasting temperatures was determined, with significant differences in the concentrations of both E. coli and intestinal enterococci lost from all faecal sources. FIB mobilisation from these faecal matrices followed the order of dairy cow > goose > deer (greatest to least, expressed as a proportion of the total FIB present). Significant changes in mobilisation rates from faecal sources over time were also recorded and this was influenced by the temperature at which the faecal material had aged over the course of the 12-day study. Characterising how indicators of waterborne pathogens are mobilised in the environment is of fundamental importance to inform models and risk assessments and develop effective strategies for reducing microbial pollution in catchment drainage waters and associated downstream impacts. Our findings add quantitative evidence to support the understanding of FIB mobilisation potential from three important faecal sources in the environment.

Discrepancies among healthy, subclinical mastitic, and clinical mastitic cows in fecal microbiome and metabolome and serum metabolome.

Mastitis is generally considered a local inflammatory disease caused by the invasion of exogenous pathogens and resulting in the dysbiosis of microbiota and metabolites in milk. However, the entero-mammary pathway theory may establish a possible link between some endogenous gut bacteria and the occurrence and development of mastitis. In the current study, we attempted to investigate differences in the gut microbiota profile and metabolite composition in gut and serum from healthy cows and those with subclinical mastitis and clinical mastitis. Compared with those of healthy cows, the microbial community diversities in the feces of cows with subclinical mastitis (SM) and clinical mastitis (CM) were lower. Lower abundance of Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Coprococcus, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminococcus, and Alistipes, and higher abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria and the genera Escherichia-Shigella and Streptococcus were observed in CM cows. Klebsiella and Paeniclostridium were significantly enriched in the feces of SM cows. Several similarities were observed in feces and serum metabolites in mastitic cows. Higher levels of proinflammatory lipid products (20-trihydroxy-leukotriene-B4, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2, and 9,10-dihydroxylinoleic acids) and lower levels of metabolites involved in secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid, 12-ketolithocholic acid), energy (citric acid and 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine), and purine metabolism (uric acid and inosine) were identified in both SM and CM cows. In addition, elevated concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were detected in the serum of SM and CM cows. Higher serum concentrations of triglyceride and total cholesterol and lower concentrations of high-density lipoproteins in mastitic cows might be related to changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites. These findings suggested a significant difference in the profile of feces microbiota and metabolites in cows with different udder health status, which might increase our understanding of bovine mastitis.

Comparison of metabolites in rumen fluid, urine, and feces of dairy cow from subacute ruminal acidosis model measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

In this study, metabolites that changed in the rumen fluid, urine and feces of dairy cows fed different feed ratios were investigated. Eight Holstein cows were used in this study. Rumen fluid, urine, and feces were collected from the normal concentrate diet (NCD) (Italian ryegrass 80%: concentrate 20% in the total feed) and high concentrate diet (HCD) groups (20%: 80%) of dairy cows. Metabolite analysis was performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identification, and statistical analysis was performed using Chenomx NMR software 8.4 and Metaboanalyst 4.0. The two groups of rumen fluid and urine samples were separated, and samples from the same group were aggregated together. On the other hand, the feces samples were not separated and showed similar tendencies between the two groups. In total, 160, 177, and 188 metabolites were identified in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces, respectively. The differential metabolites with low and high concentrations were 15 and 49, 14 and 16, and 2 and 2 in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces samples, in the NCD group. As HCD is related to rumen microbial changes, research on different metabolites such as glucuronate, acetylsalicylate, histidine, and O-Acetylcarnitine, which are related to bacterial degradation and metabolism, will need to be carried out in future studies along with microbial analysis. In urine, the identified metabolites, such as gallate, syringate, and vanillate can provide insight into microbial, metabolic, and feed parameters that cause changes depending on the feed rate. Additionally, it is thought that they can be used as potential biomarkers for further research on subacute ruminal acidosis.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections in Cattle Breeders in Mlaten Village, East Java

Background: Soil-transmitted helminth infections are diseases caused by the ingestion of infective stages (in the form of eggs, larvae, cysticercoid, and plerocercoid) of worms (nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes) into the human gastrointestinal tract through the fecal-oral route. The risk factors associated with soil-transmitted helminth infections are environmental factors and hygiene factors. These factors are commonly found in agricultural areas. Therefore, we conducted research in Mlaten Village because the majority of the villagers work as cattle breeders. In addition, the surrounding community, especially cattle breeders, experienced excessive diarrhea that was probably caused by a lack of hygiene knowledge, poor sanitation, and low awareness of cattle care and management. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infections in cattle farmers in Mlaten village, Mojokerto, East Java. Methods: This research was conducted using a survey method and cross-sectional study design with 30 cattle farmers as respondents. Human and cow feces were identified using a staining method in the form of 2% eosin. We also used questionnaires to determine the risk factors. The data obtained were presented descriptively and risk factors were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: The results showed that the habit of cutting nails (OR= 0.083; CI 95%= 0.007-0.950; p<0.05), the habit of washing hands (OR= 0.000; CI 95%= 0.000-0.000; p<0.05), and the habit of washing hands with soap (OR= 0.040; CI 95%= 0.267-18.925; p<0.05) have a significant effect on the incidence of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Conclusion: The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections is significant to personal hygiene risk factors.

Ammonia and greenhouse emissions from cow's excreta are affected by feeding system, stage of lactation and sampling time

Decomposition of dairy cows' excreta on housing floor leads to ammonia and greenhouse gases production, yet factors affecting total emissions have not been fully disclosed. This work aimed to assess the impact of lactation stage, feeding system and sampling time on gaseous emission potential of cow's faeces and urine in laboratory chambers systems. Individual faeces and urine were collected from two groups of four cows, at peak and post peak lactation, from three commercial farms with distinct feeding systems: total mixed ration (TMR), total mixed ration plus concentrate at robot (TMR + robot), and total mixed ration plus concentrate in automatic feeders (TMR + AF). Samples were collected before a.m. (T8h), at middle day (T12h), and before p.m. (T17h) milking. In a laboratory chambers system, faeces and urine were mixed in a ratio of 1.7:1, and ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions were monitored during 48-h. Cumulative N–N2O emissions were the highest in TMR + robot system, post peak cows and sampling time T17h. An interaction between stage of lactation and sampling time was detected for N–NH3 and N–N2O (g/kg organic soluble N) emissions. Post peak cows also produced the highest cumulative N–NH3 emissions. Overall results contribute for the identification of specific on-farm strategies to reduce gaseous emissions from cows' excreta.

Training on making rice straw-based compost for farmer group in Prafi District, Manokwari Regency

Farmers in Prafi District often experience problems with the availability of inorganic fertilizers, so it is necessary to provide organic fertilizer. The objectives were (1) to provide insight into the role of environmentally friendly fertilizers for soil and plants; (2) to transfer knowledge and technology for composting based on rice straw waste; (3) to assist farmers in Prafi District, in overcoming the problem of scarcity and high prices of fertilizers. This training was held in Aimasi Village, Prafi District, which was attended by 24 members of Harapan Makmur group and Petani Peternak Terpadu Sebelas group. The training included preparation of materials, counseling, and practice, application of compost to plants, and evaluation. The results of the activity showed that the participants gave a very good response to the introduction of composting technology made from a mixture of rice straw and cow feces. Farmers were able to make compost, so there was no need to buy fertilizers used for planting vegetables and fruits. Moisture content, organic matter, C-total, and N-total of rice straw-based compost were within the criteria of SNI compost. It was concluded that most of the farmers had understood the material provided and had been able to independently make compost with good quality.

Urinary tract virulence genes in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli from dairy cows, beef cattle, and small ruminants

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli is an important cause of urinary tract infections in humans. ESBL producers E. coli were reported in food-producing animals, but no previous study reported the virulence potential of these isolates. Thus, this study determined the virulence potential of ESBL producers E. coli isolates from 518 beef feces, 610 dairy cow feces, 305 dairy cow milk, 503 sheep milk and 445 goat milk samples. A total of 278 isolates; specifically, 130 from beef feces, 39 from the cow's feces, 42 from cow's milk, 44 from sheep milk and 23 from goats’ milk were isolated and then tested for 14 virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction. After that, the correlation of virulence genes presence among the isolates was determined statistically. Overall, 97% of the isolates carried fimH, 39% carried iroN E. coli and 32% carried papC. The kpsMT K1, cnf1, papAH, papG allele II & III, papG allele II, and kpsMT II were carried by 6 to 23% of the isolates, while less than 6% of the isolates carried papG allele III, papG allele I, Univcnf, iutA and hlyA. About 68.2% of the isolates carried two or more virulence genes and 41.8% carried three or more. Moreover, the isolates had 71 different profiles of virulence genes, where the most common profiles were fimH alone (86 isolate), fimH + iroN E. coli (35 isolate), fimH + papC (20 isolate), and fimH + papC + iroN E. coli (13 isolate). The adhesion, capsule synthesis and toxins secretion genes were significantly associated (p ˂ 0.01) with each other. These results call for awareness about the risk of food animals as reservoirs of ESBL uropathogenic E. coli that would threaten public health and limits the treatment options for urinary tract infections.

Bokashi Application for Organic Farming in Manuk Mulia Village, Karo District

Berkah Mulia is a farmer group in Manuk Mulia Village, Karo Regency with 19 members. Livestock developments may cause several problems such as environmental pollution in the form of livestock manure which causes unhealthy environmental conditions. In addition, the unstable supply of chemical fertilizers and high prices are problems that are quite difficult to solve. The solution to this problem is the utilization of cattle feces in Bokashi which can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil due to the use of excessive chemical fertilizers to improve soil quality. Bokashi is compost produced from the fermentation process or organic matter fermentation with EM4 technology. The method implemented in the community service is having interviews and discussions to find the solution for all problems. Then use teaching media in the form of banners and brochures about the method of making bokashi. Training, counseling, and mentoring are carried out by providing materials and practices for making bokashi using cow feces. The results of the activity show that this community service can increase the knowledge and skills of farmers by 84% related to making bokashi. This activity can also reduce environmental pollution and reduce the cost of purchasing chemical fertilizers so that horticultural crop production increases.

Prevalence and intensity of parasitic worm eggs of bali cow (Bos sondaicus Muller) feces from two different shed sanitations

Bali cow (Bos sondaicus Muller) is a cow that is widely maintained. Poor sanitation of cowshed is caused by cow feces that are not cleaned, and become a medium of transmission of gastrointestinal worm parasites. The study aimed to compare the prevalence, intensity and degree of infection of parasitic worm eggs in the feces of Bali cows from two different shed sanitation, from a shed with poor sanitation and a from shed with good sanitation. The eggs of parasitic worms are separated from feces by buoyant methods and by sedimentation methods. The results showed that 15 out of 16 samples of Balinese cows contained parasites with a total of 43 worm eggs. The number of parasites obtained from Bali cow feces samples from shed with poor sanitation is higher (31 worm eggs) than that obtained from a well-sanitized shed (12 worm eggs). The prevalence, intensity and degree of parasitic infection obtained from Bali cow feces samples from a shed with poor sanitation were higher than those obtained from a shed with good sanitation. The results showed that poor shed sanitation increased the chances of cows being infected with parasites so that the prevalence, intensity and degree of infection of parasitic worm eggs were also high.

The Combination Human and Cow Feces Biofertilizer to Improve the Soil and Water Quality in Pond of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

This research was conducted from November to December 2019 at the peatland of Kualu Nenas Village, Tambang District, Kampar District, Riau Province. The purpose of this research is to get a comparison of the concentrations of human and cow biofertilizers for chemistry parameters of soil and water. The method used in this study was the experimental method of using the Complete Random Design (CRD) one factor with five treatments and three repetitions. The treatment used were P0 (Without biofertilizer), P1 (20% human feces biofertilizer + 80% cow feces biofertilizer), P2 (40% human feces biofertilizer + 60% cow feces biofertilizer) P3 (60% human feces biofertilizer + 40% cow feces biofertilizer), P4 (80% human feces biofertilizer + 20% cow feces biofertilizer). The study was using 1x1x1,4 m peat ponds which were filled with 50 fishes that were maintained for 28 days. The results of this study showed a mixture of 80% human feces biofertilizer + 20% cow feces biofertilizer provides the best solution for chemical parameters of soil and water that soil pH is 6,95, N-Total 0,3733%, P-Total 0,6073%, K-Total 0,5133%, KBOT 63,90%, and C/N 23,80 then water temperature were about 27-29 0C, water pH were about 6-7, DO were about 3,6-6,0 mg/L, CO2 were about 20,78-32,97 mg/L, water nitrate were about 0,5150-4,2134 mg/L and orthophosphate were about 1,3047-4,7463 mg/L. The growth of Pangasius (P. hypophthalmus) maintained is absolute weight is 17,33 g, absolute length is 4,433 cm, and the survival rate of Pangasius is 86%.

Equilibrium Behavior of CO2 Adsorption from Biogas onto Zeolites

Biogas is one of the types of renewable energy that has a major gas content of CH4 and CO2. One of the methods for upgrading biogas is adsorption. The principle of adsorption’s work is to deliver biogas into a column with containing adsorbent, so that a CO2 gas is bound to zeolite, causing the CH4 to increase in the result product. The biogas used in research came from a cow feces that was dumped into a 10bar pressure vessel. Adsorbent used zeolite 13X that was activated. The biogas tube has a height 0.3 m and diameter 3 cm. It was made of stainless steel and there was a cartridge heater inside. Biogas was channeled into adsorbent column with pressure variations 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2 bars and temperature variations 30, 50 and 100°C. The flow rate of biogas used 4 L/minute with a 4-minute data retrieval. Data retrieval was continuous, so that the composition of CO2 gas from beginning to end recorded on the Gas analyzer. The research aims to identify the balance of adsorption with variations in pressure and temperature by Langmuir equation which has been developed. The results show if the higher the pressure, then CO2 that was absorbed is inversely proportional to the temperature where the higher the temperature, the less CO2 was adsorbed. This research succeeded in getting the Langmuir constant, maximum amount adsorbed of CO2, and heat of adsorption.

The comparative of activator effect and fermentation time on nutrient quality, physical quality (temperature, pH) in compost

Activator in compost has key role to get soil nutrient more nutritious. Compost is one of organic material that help environment keep always good. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Stardec and EM4 using cow feces, chicken manure, rice straw, palm fronds and palm leaves. Compost is one type of organic fertilizer derived from plant and animal waste which is very useful for improving nutrients in the soil. Most farms in Indonesia do not use waste such as animal manure to be used as compost. The research was conducted anaerobically, by analyzing N, P, K, water content, C/N ratio, pH, and temperature. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 7-day fermentation treatment and the provision of different activators, namely stardec and EM4. The results of this study indicate that compost using Stardec and EM4 activators showed levels of NPK, pH, Temperature met the standards for nutrient content, as well as physical quality.

Rapid identification of new isolates of Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici is widely used for many applications, such as propionic acid production, cereal silage, and also as probiotic. Due to this plethora of applications, new isolates of A. acidipropionici with improved features are being searched for. These new isolates must be accurately identified, however, most approaches become expensive and time-consuming when the number of isolates is high. On the contrary, fluorescence in situ hybridization allows the affordable, reliable, and rapid identification of microorganisms in pure cultures and environmental and medical samples. Therefore, the aim of this work was to apply a fluorescent in situ hybridization probe for the reliable identification of new A. acidipropionici isolates. To this end, probe Pap446, specific for A. acidipropionici, was validated by hybridization assays with strains of this species from different origins, other species of the same genus or family, and unrelated genera. Eight isolates with propionibacterium characteristics were obtained from milk and feces of cows. Probe Pap446, hybridized only with isolates III and VI. The identity of these isolates was further confirmed by PCR using group and species-specific primers for propionibacteria and 16S rDNA sequencing.

Potential of Renewable Energy in Jamaica’s Power Sector: Feasibility Analysis of Biogas Production for Electricity Generation

Jamaica is heavily dependent on fossil fuels to meet its energy demand and is currently seeking to reduce consumption. Accordingly, it is essential to investigate the expansion of renewable energy systems to achieve its 2030 renewable energy goal of 50%, with 70% diversification in energy types, as outlined in the National Energy Policy 2009–2030. This study explores biogas feasibility in Jamaica and discusses the potential for electricity generation from combinations of dairy cow and Swine feces with sugarcane bagasse. The study’s primary purpose is to assess the feasibility of biogas production from livestock manure and sugarcane bagasse for electricity generation and manure treatment. Findings reveal that biogas anaerobic digestion and the co-digestion of different varieties of animal manure with sugarcane bagasse can generate up to 122,607.68 MWh or 2.49% of Jamaica’s total electrical energy generation in 2019. The findings indicate a high potential for the installation of community-based plants. Moreover, considering all scenarios and the remaining feedstock, potential electrical energy increases to 222,868.60 MWh (4.53% of total energy generation). This power may be fed to the electrical grid network or consumed by local producers. In addition, electric power generation from animal manure and sugarcane bagasse is feasible with improved technical capability and human development. Additionally, anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of sugarcane bagasse plus animal manure offer an excellent solution to mitigate climate change.

Tofu Liquid Waste Treatment Process Using Anaerobic Baffled Reactor with Cow Stool and Lactobacillus casei Addition

Tofu liquid waste causes ecosystem damage due to its high organic matter content. Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is a waste treatment in the absence of oxygen where there is a sedimentation process using activated sludge. This process converts organic material into methane gas, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. This study aims to determine the effect of addition of cow feces and Lactobacillus casei bacteria on decreasing levels of COD, TSS, VSS, pH and gas pressure. The research process was carried out in two stages of processing tofu liquid waste, namely the batch and continuous stages. Batch and continuous processes use an ABR reactor which has four chambers. Parameters measured include, COD, TSS, VSS, pH and Gas Pressure. The results obtained by the best batch process were obtained without the addition of bacteria, the ratio of cow feces and activated sludge was 1:4, the COD removal was 81.63%, the TSS removal was 1,300 mg/L, the VSS removal was 1,200 mg/L and the pH value final 8.0 for 6 days. The best processing time in the continuous process is 6 hours, the COD removal is 78.12%, the TSS removal is 600 mg/L, the VSS removal is 500 mg/L and the final pH value is 6.5. It can be concluded that the more cow feces added, the faster and greater the removal of COD, TSS, VSS and pH values ​​tended to increase in the treatment of adding bacteria.

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Bio-Balitani dalam Optimalisasi Pengolahan Limbah Peternakan di Yayasan Lembu Putih

The White Lembu Preservation, which is located in Taro Village, Tegallalang District, is one of the places that produces livestock waste which is an indicator of the cause of environmental pollution if it is not managed properly. The service activities carried out are aimed at processing livestock waste, especially cow feces and urine which accumulate into organic fertilizer by disseminating Bio-BaliTani technology. This technology is a multi-use technology based on fermentation technology utilizing superior lignocellulytic probiotic bacteria isolates from the rumen contents of bali cattle and termites. The methods used in this activity are socialization, training, formation of demonstration plots, and mentoring. Bio-BaliTani technology is applied to the processing of livestock manure, feces and urine into organic fertilizer by adding Bio-BaliTani. The results of the activity show that farmers who are members of the Lembu Putih Foundation are able to absorb and apply technology that is well disseminated as indicated by their increased knowledge in the production of solid organic fertilizer and the production of liquid organic fertilizer (biourine). The organic fertilizer produced has been marketed to several hotels in the Tegallalang and Ubud sub-districts. Based on the results of the activity, it can be concluded that the dissemination of Bio-BaliTani technology can be accepted and applied by the Lembu Putih Foundation

Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows and their surrounding environment on a livestock farm practicing prudent antimicrobial use.

On a livestock farm where antimicrobial administration and its history had been managed for prudent use of antimicrobials, we surveyed antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from cow feces and the surrounding environment (i.e., rat and crow feces, and water samples from a drainage pit and wastewater processing tank) every month for 1 year. Two strains (1.7%) in cow feces were resistant to tetracycline, whereas all other strains were susceptible to all other antimicrobials. Among 136 strains isolated from cows and wild animals, only one ampicillin-resistant strain was identified. The antibiotic resistance rate in the drainage from the barn was 8.3% (10/120), and all strains showed susceptibility for 8 months of the year. Tetracycline resistance was common in all resistant strains isolated from animal feces and water samples; all tetracycline-resistant strains carried tetA. These results strongly support the proper use and management of antibiotics on farms to minimize the outbreak and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.