Fecal Coliform Concentrations Research Articles

Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria in a Horizontally Fed Subsurface Constructed Wetland Hybrid System

The management of effluents and their treatment is a fundamental issue in water management, the removal of different types of contaminants is another relevant issue for public health and the environment. Bacteria are one of the main types of contaminants in untreated water discharged to receiving bodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the removal efficiency of pathogenic bacteria in a horizontal feeding subsurface artificial wetland that treats wastewater originated from the Boca de Río Technological Institute, Veracruz, Mexico. A hybrid system composed of seven cells with three types of substrates and ornamental type vegetation was designed; the indicators evaluated were the concentration of total and fecal coliforms and the efficiency of bacterial removal in the stages of the system. The artificial wetland system demonstrated a significant reduction (p < 0.05) between the different cells of the system. The values of pathogenic bacteria removal obtained in the wetland were higher than 99% in the cells of the system and times. In conclusion, it was identified that the interaction of the components of this system and its operation under the climatic seasons of the site influenced the removal efficiency of pathogenic bacteria, allowing optimal removal efficiency.

DynQual v1.0: a high-resolution global surface water quality model

Abstract. Maintaining good surface water quality is crucial to protect ecosystem health and for safeguarding human water use activities. However, our quantitative understanding of surface water quality is mostly predicated upon observations at monitoring stations that are highly limited in space and fragmented across time. Physical models based upon pollutant emissions and subsequent routing through the hydrological network provide opportunities to overcome these shortcomings. To this end, we have developed the dynamical surface water quality model (DynQual) for simulating water temperature (Tw) and concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and fecal coliform (FC) with a daily time step and at 5 arcmin (∼ 10 km) spatial resolution. Here, we describe the main components of this new global surface water quality model and evaluate model performance against in situ water quality observations. Furthermore, we describe both the spatial patterns and temporal trends in TDS, BOD and FC concentrations for the period 1980–2019, and we also attribute the dominant contributing sectors to surface water pollution. Modelled output indicates that multi-pollutant hotspots are especially prevalent across northern India and eastern China but that surface water quality issues exist across all world regions. Trends towards water quality deterioration have been most profound in the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The model code is available open source (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7932317, Jones et al., 2023), and we provide global datasets of simulated hydrology, Tw, TDS, BOD and FC at 5 arcmin resolution with a monthly time step (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7139222, Jones et al., 2022b). These data have the potential to inform assessments in a broad range of fields, including ecological, human health and water scarcity studies.

Storage conditions, microbial quality, and transport costs of drinking water from alternative sources in a South African municipality.

Makana Local Municipality is located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The area is water-scarce and has been undergoing aridification in recent years, ie, there has been a 7-year long drought. At the same time, there has been a breakdown in provision of municipal services, such as drinking water, to the population since at least 2008. Mi-crobial water quality has been a result of this, and monitoring has been a challenge. Given the drought and the prob-lems with drinking water delivery, it was necessary to conduct this study to investigate the microbial quality of alterna-tive water resources that the Makana population can use during the municipal water outage. The microbial water quality of alternative sources of drinking water in the Makana Local Municipality was examined using the H2S test kit and enumeration of the fecal coliforms. Storage of the collected water was examined for potential factors influencing the microbial water quality of the alternative sources of drinking water. The costs of the water provision from the most suitable alternative sources of potable water were calculated. There was a general correlation between the H2S test kit results and the fecal coliform concentrations, with the latter values ranging from <0 to 23 ± 7 colony-forming units/100 mL. The bottled water from two retail outlets was provided the best alternative source of potable/drinking water, which is microbially safe, for the Makana population. If the consumption of the drinking water from an alternative source takes place within 24 hours of collection, then the Fairview spring could also be used as a source of drinking water for Maka-na residents. The total cost per 1 L of drinking water from alternative sources was estimated to be from 1.51 to 5.81 ZAR. Therefore, the maximum cost of daily provision of drinking water from alternative sources would account for a maximum of 0.88 percent of the monthly household expenditure in the middle-to-high-income household. However, the daily costs of such provision of drinking water would account for a maximum of 8.11 percent of the monthly household expenditure in the low-income household. Provision of the drinking water from the alternative sources would have a minor impact of the monthly ex-penditure in the middle-to-high-income households. However, it is likely that the low-income households would not be able to sustain their water supply from alternative sources for longer than 24 hours, during a municipal outage in the drinking water supply.

Evolution and health risk of indicator microorganisms in landscape water replenished by reclaimed water

As an important means to solve water shortage, reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply. However, with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS, avian influenza and COVID-19 in recent years, people are increasingly concerned about the public health safety of reclaimed water discharged into landscape water, especially the pathogenic microorganisms in it. In this study, the water quality and microorganisms of the Old Summer Palace, a landscape water body with reclaimed water as the only replenishment water source, were tracked through long-term dynamic monitoring. And the health risks of indicator microorganisms were analyzed using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). It was found that the concentration of indicator microorganisms Enterococcus (ENT), Escherichia coli (EC) and Fecal coliform (FC) generally showed an upward trend along the direction of water flow and increased by more than 0.6 log at the end of the flow. The concentrations of indicator microorganisms were higher in summer and autumn than those in spring. And there was a positive correlation between the concentration of indicator microorganisms and COD. Further research suggested that increased concentration of indicator microorganisms also led to increased health risks, which were more than 30% higher in other areas of the park than the water inlet area and required special attention. In addition, (water) surface operation exposure pathway had much higher health risks than other pathways and people in related occupations were advised to take precautions to reduce the risks.

A comparative study of several types of indices for river quality assessment

Abstract Water is vital for humans, plants, and animals; unfortunately, some anthropogenic activities adversely alter water quality (WQ). Many indicators can be used for WQ assessment; fortunately, extensive data can be simplified by using WQ indices (WQIs). The main difference among WQIs lies in the way of assessing pollution and the number and types of WQ indicators used; therefore, the selection of a reliable WQI should be the first step. This research aimed to compare several types of indices and evaluate their effectiveness. Eighteen sampling sites were monitored, and the selected indices showed different results. Biological indices exhibited a significant statistical correlation and yet different quality results. In addition, biological WQIs showed different outcomes from the physicochemical index. The high concentrations of phosphates, fecal coliforms, and biological oxygen demand, found in most rivers, were responsible for adversely influencing the quality results of the physicochemical index; however, their high concentrations found in some sampling sites had no adverse effect on the macroinvertebrate's existence; therefore, biological WQ assessment showed better quality results than the physicochemical index. The Rapid Bioassessment Protocol index, based on visual habitat observations, proved to be an easy way to classify WQ and an adequate replacement for biological indices.

Uncertainty assessment for three-dimensional hydrodynamic and fecal coliform modeling in the Danshuei River estuarine system: The influence of first-order parametric decay reaction

Modeling fecal contamination in water bodies is of importance for microbiological risk assessment and management. This study investigated the transport of fecal coliform (e.g., up to 2.1 × 106 CFU/100 ml at the Zhongshan Bridge due to the main point source from the Xinhai Bridge) in the Danshuei River estuarine system, Taiwan with the main focus on assessing model uncertainty due to three relevant parameters for the microbial decay process. First, a 3D hydrodynamic-fecal coliform model (i.e., SCHISM-FC) was developed and rigorously validated against the available data of water level, velocity, salinity, suspended sediment and fecal coliform measured in 2019. Subsequently, the variation ranges of decay reaction parameters were considered from several previous studies and properly determined using the Monte Carlo simulations. Our analysis showed that the constant ratio of solar radiation (α) as well as the settling velocity (vs) had the normally-distributed variations while the attachment fraction of fecal coliform bacteria (Fp) was best fitted by the Weibull distribution. The modeled fecal coliform concentrations near the upstream (or downstream) stations were less sensitive to those parameter variations (see the smallest width of confidence interval about 1660 CFU/100 ml at the Zhongzheng Bridge station) due to the dominant effects of inflow discharge (or tides). On the other hand, for the middle parts of Danshuei River where complicated hydrodynamic circulation and decay reaction occurred, the variations of parameters led to much larger uncertainty in modeled fecal coliform concentration (see a wider confidence interval about 117,000 CFU/100 ml at the Bailing Bridge station). Overall, more detailed information revealed in this study would be helpful while the environmental authority needs to develop a proper strategy for water quality assessment and management. Owing to the uncertain decay parameters, for instance, the modeled fecal coliform impacts at Bailing Bridge over the study period showed a 25 % difference between the lowest and highest concentrations at several moments. For the detection of pollution occurrence, the highest to lowest probabilities for a required fecal coliform concentration (e.g., 260,000 CFU/100 ml over the environmental regulation) at Bailing Bridge was possibly greater than three.

Removal of fecal coliforms from sewage treatment plant tailwater through AMF-Canna indica induced bioretention cells

Fecal coliform in the tailwater from sewage treatment needs to be deeply removed by chlorine disinfection, but ensuing disinfection by-products (DBPs) bring severe environmental and sanitary risks. Therefore, current work focused on whether bioretention cells can be used as an eco-friendly method to effectively remove fecal coliforms from tailwater remains to be further studied. Three saturated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-Canna indica L. induced bioretention cells with anthracite of different sizes (0.5–1, 1–2, and 2–4 mm) and their control groups were designed to investigate tailwater fecal coliform removal efficiency. The AMF colonization of Glomus on Canna and its improvement effect, as well as the factors affecting the fecal coliform removal efficiency of the AMF-Canna bioretention cells, were discussed. The results revealed that AMF could successfully inoculate on Canna to form a stable symbiotic system and improve its plant height, root length, and underground biomass. The bioretention cells could remove fecal coliforms of 1.37 log to 3.73 log in the tailwater from sewage treatment (103.04–104.73 MPN/L). The removal efficiency of fecal coliforms of bioretention cells would be improved with AMF inoculation and the increase of the influent fecal coliform concentration, but the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was relatively limited. Current findings proved that bioretention cells investigated in the present study had potential to further reduce the HRT and increase the influent pollution load on the premise of performing efficient fecal coliform removal.

Cascade capture, oxidization and inactivation for removing multi-species pollutants, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity from hospital wastewater

As reservoirs of pathogens, antimicrobial resistant microorganisms and a wide variety of pollutants, hospital wastewaters (HWWs) need to be effectively treated before discharge. This study employed the functionalized colloidal microbubble technology as one-step fast HWW treatment. Inorganic coagulant (monomeric Fe(III)-coagulant or polymeric Al(III)-coagulant) and ozone were used as surface-decorator and gaseous core modifier, respectively. The Fe(III)- or Al(III)-modified colloidal gas (or, ozone) microbubbles (Fe(III)-CCGMBs, Fe(III)-CCOMBs, Al(III)-CCGMBs and Al(III)-CCOMBs) were constructed. Within 3 min, CCOMBs decreased CODCr and fecal coliform concentration to the levels meeting the national discharge standard for medical organization. Regrowth of bacteria was inhibited and biodegradability of organics was increased after the simultaneous oxidation and cell-inactivation process. The metagenomics analysis further reveals that Al(III)-CCOMBs performed best in capturing the virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes and their potential hosts. The horizontal transfer of those harmful genes could be effectively hampered thanks to the removal of mobile genetic elements. Interestingly, the virulence factors of adherence, micronutrient uptake/acquisition and phase invasion could facilitate the interface-dominated capture. Featured as cascade processes of capture, oxidation and inactivation in the one-step operation, the robust Al(III)-CCOMB treatment is recommended for the HWW treatment and the protection of downstream aquatic environment.

Growth Performance of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 under an Innovative Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture System (IMTA) in the Mar Grande of Taranto (Mediterranean Sea, Italy)

The cultivation of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, has been tested in an innovative Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture system (IMTA) in the Mar Grande of Taranto, as part of the EU-funded Remedialife project. This farming method could solve several problems including the low growth rate in mesotrophic environments while reducing the environmental impact of fish mariculture. Three productive cycles have been carried out. The first (2018–2019, traditional experiment) was conducted in three long lines around six cages of the fish farm in order to evaluate total mussel production under the innovative IMTA system and quality for human consumption by analyzing the concentration of culturable heterotrophic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in mussel tissues. In addition, 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including 16 EPA priority compounds and seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are indicators of PCB contamination in the environment, were analyzed using gas chromatography in conjunction with a mass spectrometer. The second cycle (2020–2021, horizontal distance experiment) aimed to test the influence of fish cages on mussel growth by placing mussels near and far from the fish cages. The third cycle (2021–2022, vertical distance experiment) aimed to overcome the phenomenon of “heat waves” that can occur in the Mar Grande of Taranto during summer by testing the growth performance of mussels at two different depths (1 and 12 m). The following parameters were measured: Shell Length, L (mm); Shell Dry Weight, SDW (g); Flesh Dry Weight, FDW (g); Condition Index, IC = FDW/SDW. The results showed that the best growth performance was obtained near the fish cages and at a depth of 12 m. Moreover, the indicators of microbial contamination and concentrations of chemical compounds analyzed in mussel tissues cultured under the innovative IMTA system were in compliance with the reference values of European regulations.

Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

Water quality has been a major problem in Pakistan owing to a mix of factors such as population expansion, industrial units in urban areas, and agricultural activities. The purpose of this research is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of water quality monitoring and assessment in Pakistan. The article begins by examining the water sources of Pakistan (i.e., surface water, groundwater, and rainwater). The paper then discusses the methods used by researchers in Pakistan for water quality monitoring and assessment, including chemical, physical, and biological methods. It has been determined that in certain regions in Pakistan, the concentration of arsenic present in the groundwater exceeds the national and international prescribed maximum limits. The range of arsenic concentrations in the Punjab province can vary from 10 to 200 μg/L, while higher concentrations of up to 1400 μg/L have been recorded in Sindh. In the Punjab province, fluoride concentrations vary from 0.5 to 30 mg/L, while in Sindh, the levels can reach up to 18 mg/L. In addition, some of the research has talked about bacteria. A 2017 study found that the fecal coliform concentrations in certain water in different cities of Pakistan surpassed limits and were as high as 1100 CFU/100 mL. Additionally, natural factors such as geological formations and high salinity in some areas contribute to the contamination of water. The effect of water pollution on public health has the potential to cause harm. It is critical to investigate creative strategies for improving water quality, and it is necessary to make investments in research and development, which could include the implementation of sophisticated technologies and the conception of new treatment processes. The review performed in this paper facilitates an understanding of the current water quality in Pakistan, including the types and magnitudes of contaminants present in the water sources. Subsequently, the assessment emphasizes deficiencies and challenges in the existing water quality monitoring frameworks and provides suggestions for improving them. This review is also of significant benefit to all the stakeholders involved in ensuring clean and safe water for human consumption and other purposes in Pakistan, such as policymakers, water managers, researchers, and other stakeholders.

The impact of combined sewer outflows on urban water quality: Spatio-temporal patterns of fecal coliform in indianapolis

Many urban waterways with older stormwater drainage systems receive a significant amount of untreated or poorly treated waste from Combined Sewer Outflow (CSO) systems during precipitation events. The input of effluent waste from CSO to urban water streams during storm events often leads to elevated fecal coliform, specifically Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) in these waterways. The aim of the study is to examine fecal coliform concentration, water chemistry, and water quality parameters to better understand spatio-temporal patterns of fecal coliform associated with CSO events in three waterways from Indianapolis, Indiana (USA). The waterways are Pleasant Run Creek (PRW), Fall Creek (FC) and White River (WR). The sampling occurred biweekly over one year for PRW, nine months for FC, and an intense (∼every three days) sub-analysis of the presumed peak period of fecal coliform growth (July) for WR. All PRW and FC sampling sites significantly exceeded the EPA contact standard limit of 200 CFU/100 mL for fecal coliform concentrations during the sampling period. We found no relationship between fecal coliform levels and the number or density of CSO outfalls above a given site. The most significant predictors of increased fecal coliform concentrations were precipitation on the sampling day and cumulative degree days. The most significant predictors of decreased fecal coliform were maximum precipitation during the ten-day window prior to sampling and median discharge during a three-day window prior to sampling. These findings suggest a push-pull balance within the system where CSO activation and seasonal gradients replenish and promote fecal coliform growth. At the same time, large hydrologic events act to flush and dilute fecal coliform concentrations. The results from this study help us to better understand how different drivers influence fecal coliform growth and how this information can be potentially used to predict and remediate the conditions of urban water streams.

Evaluation of Wastewater Discharge Reduction Scenarios in the Buenaventura Bay

Buenaventura Bay is facing severe pollution due to the direct discharge of untreated wastewater from 695 outlets along the coast, which serves 500,000 people. To address this issue, a study was conducted using the RMA11 water quality model, which was previously calibrated and validated, coupled with the RMA10 3D hydrodynamic model to assess sanitation scenarios in the bay. Five effluent reduction scenarios were proposed and compared based on fecal coliform concentration as an indicator, with evaluation also based on areas where fecal coliform concentrations exceeded the standard for primary contact. The model results revealed poor water quality in the bay, indicating that immediate action was necessary to prevent further deterioration. The proposed staged reduction in discharges would initially have more severe effects than the current situation, but this would improve when the treatment plant became operational. However, even with the plant in operation, the complete sanitation of the bay cannot be achieved, and further measures are required. This study emphasizes the urgent need for effective and sustainable measures to improve water quality in Buenaventura Bay and demonstrates the usefulness of the modeling approach in identifying effective sanitation scenarios to achieve this goal. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive management strategy to tackle pollution in the bay and provide insights for other regions facing similar challenges.

Linking downstream river water quality to urbanization signatures in subtropical climate

Urbanization has several hydro-ecological effects on receiving waters. Hence, understanding how urbanization influences river water quality is essential for proper river management. However, an inappropriate approach that correlates urbanization signatures with water quality may result in spurious correlations. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of urbanization signatures with two key pollutants of stream flows: nutrients and pathogens. In contrast to the commonly used approaches that are based on economic or demographic metrics, our approach represents urbanization signatures using related anthropogenic activities and evaluates the effect of such activities on water quality parameters. The approach was also applied to evaluate the impacts of urbanization on nutrient and pathogen trends in the river waters of Hong Kong. The data were collected for the period of 1986–2020 from the Environmental Protection Department and monthly measurements were performed. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), Escherichia. coli (E. coli), and fecal coliforms (FC) showed consistently decreasing trends. However, the long-term seasonality of nutrients differed from that of pathogens. TP and TN exhibited homogenous seasonality with an approximately sinusoidal relationship from January to December, whereas the seasonality of pathogens was more complex and not dependent on river flow dilution effects. Additionally, urbanization impacts on station nutrients and pathogen characteristics were found to be unevenly distributed; under high water temperatures, nutrient concentrations were found to be decreased because of the rainfall dilution effect on river flows. Both urban point and diffuse sources of pollution significantly contributed to nutrient pollution in rivers. Furthermore, the concentrations of FC were not highly influenced by suspended solids, and dissolved oxygen was negatively correlated with all pathogens. Furthermore, the river flow rate was found to improve the water quality in terms of both nutrients and pathogens; urban point source pollution and river temperature alteration were shown to mainly contribute to seasonal variations in both nutrients and pathogens.

Assessment of the spatiotemporal water quality variations in the Middle Route of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project by multivariate analysis.

As an important drinking water source for North China, the Middle Route of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRP) must provide high-quality water to maintain the health and safety of more than 60 million people. However, different water transfer operation modes may affect the water quality status, and the spatiotemporal characteristics of water quality in the MRP, with high water transfer volumes, remain poorly understood. In this study, the differences in water quality in the MRP between the initial stage (Nov. 2015 to Oct. 2017, low transfer volumes) and the current stage (Nov. 2017 to Oct. 2020, high transfer volumes) were compared, and the spatiotemporal water quality variations in the current stage were evaluated using multivariate statistical methods. For this purpose, approximately 12,528 observations, including the datasets of 12 water quality parameters collected from 29 monitoring sites, were used. The results showed that the water quality status improved significantly during the current stage. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), physical parameters (natural), nutrients, organic matter and microbes (anthropogenic), and heavy metals (natural and anthropogenic) were the key factors influencing water quality variations. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis, 12months were classified into two groups: the high-flow period (HFP, Jun.-Oct.) and the low-flow period (LFP, Nov.-May). Additionally, 29 sampling sites were grouped into three sections: the Henan section (HN; S1-S16), Hebei section (HB; S17-S24), and Tianjin-Beijing section (TB; S25-S29). From the perspective of water quality regulation, the total nitrogen concentration and permanganate index in the HB and TB sections of the MRP should be considered throughout the year, and the faecal coliform concentrations in these two sections should also be considered during the HFP. The results of this study could be helpful for local administrations to understand and control pollution and better protect the quality of water in the MRP.

Microbial contamination effects on the hydrochemical parameter in a Thettiyar watershed, Kerala, India, using GIS.

The present study has been carried out to assess the quality of groundwater and surface water resources of Thettiyar watershed, Kerala, India. Sixty-six water samples were collected during pre-monsoon (April, 2019) and monsoon (July, 2019) season, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness and major cations and anions and microbiological parameters as well. According to the piper diagram's plot, Ca and Mg dominate over Na among the cations, and Cl is the most prevalent anion in groundwater throughout both the studied seasons. The hydrochemical analysis of water samples revealed that all the parameters are within the permissible limit except for pH. For microbiological analysis, the samples were tested for total coliform and fecal coliform. Most of the groundwater samples collected have higher total coliform and fecal coliform (E. coli) content than the recommended count by BIS (2012). The pre-monsoon surface water samples owned a maximum number of 3700cfu/100ml (TNTC-too numerous to count) of total coliform and 1400cfu/100ml (TNTC) of fecal coliform. In monsoon, the number of total coliform and fecal coliform has increased to 3800cfu/100ml and 1900cfu/100ml respectively. E. coli and total coliform are effectively correlated with each other in both seasons, in accordance with the statistical study. Domestic, sewage dump, and other household wastes are the main sources of bacterial contamination in the study area, which in turn nourishes contaminant organisms. According to the results, the government or municipality should implement an appropriate system for managing solid waste and should take all necessary measures to clean up the study area.

Tidal effect on the dispersion of fecal pollution indicator bacteria and associated health risks along the Kribi beaches (Southern Atlantic coast, Cameroon)

Assessment of fecal contamination indicator bacteria concentrations on beaches are important for health risk prevention and management. This study assessed temporal changes in bacterial abundances as a function of tidal cycles and seasons along the Kribi beaches, Cameroon. Overall, samples taken during low and high tides during the different seasons of the year showed that the waters of Kribi beaches are exposed to fecal contamination due to the presence of different concentrations of fecal coliforms (5–35 CFU/100 ml), total coliforms (100–600 CFU/100 ml), Escherichia coli (0–15 CFU/100 ml), Streptococcus feacalis (50–700 CFU/100 ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (300–7200 CFU/100 ml), Vibrio cholerea (5–250 CFU/100 ml), Vibrio parahemoliticus (0–115 CFU/100 ml), and Aerobic Mesophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria (99–875 CFU/100 ml). Regardless of bacterial strain and sampling site, cell abundances were significant at low tides and during rainy seasons. At each sampling station (Mpalla, Ngoyè and Mboamanga), depending on the seasons and tidal cycles, significant correlations were recorded between the abundances of some bacterial strains and some environmental variables (P< 0.05). The presence and high abundance of these potentially pathogenic bacterial strains in the waters of Kribi beaches constitute a real public health threat for swimmers. The limitation of this microbiological pollution requires the implementation of an efficient collection and treatment plan for solid and liquid waste (sanitary wastewater) in the city of Kribi.

MARINE POLLUTION RELATED TO WASTEWATER DISCHARGES FROM STORMWATER DRAINAGE CANALS: EXAMPLE OF THE POLLUTION OF THE WARF OF SOUMBÉDIOUNE BY CANAL IV IN DAKAR, SENEGAL

This study aims to assess marine pollution related to liquid effluent discharges from stormwater drainage channels. The methodological approach consists of a literature review, field visits and observations, interviews with resource persons, sampling, and analysis of physicochemical and biological parameters at the Camberene Wastewater Treatment Plant. The results obtained show that the liquid effluents discharged at the Soumbédioune warf are of domestic origin. With 309.28 mg/L of BOD5 and 1267 mg/L of COD, the concentrations of the physicochemical parameters of the waters of Canal are well above the Senegalese standards for the discharge of liquid effluents into the natural environment. The concentration of fecal coliforms of about 11.3 105 FC/100 ml largely exceeds the limit of the new European directive on bathing waters (2006/7/EC) which is of the order of 200 FC/100 ml for excellent quality bathing waters. The liquid effluents from Canal IV must undergo a treatment process in a WWTP before being discharged into the sea.

Study of Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water from Ain Mkbrta Source in Morocco

Springs water is underground water, considered purer than surface water. Its nature depends on the rocks and soils through which it flows. They can be highly charged with specific minerals, which explains why these waters do not meet drinking water standards, but they are widely used for therapeutic properties. In this current work, we investigated the physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of a water source known for its therapeutic effects, particularly in dermatology. We also examined the geological characteristics to understand the origin of the mineralization of these waters, with the aim of making better use of them on both a medical and economical levels. Ain Mkbrta source, 60 km from Fez city. It belongs to the Rif external domains (Rif Chain), and given its chemical composition, this spring is similar to the Moulay Yacoub hydrothermal spring, with a very pronounced odor due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The outcome of physico-chemical analysis of Ain Mkbrta spring showed a very high conductivity, a high hydrogen sulfide content and a wide variety of minerals in significant quantities, such as calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, sulfide, and chloride. Furthermore, Bacteriological analysis is moderately satisfactory, with low concentrations of fecal coliforms and revivable germs.

Effects of Blended Enzymes, Organic Catalysts, and Probiotics on the Water Quality of Pasig River, Philippines

The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the blend of enzymes, organic catalysts, and probiotics on the water quality of Pasig River and to determine its sustainability to aquatic life. The effects of varying the dosage of the mixture were also identified. The data observed were compared to the standard for fishery water set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). On-site application results were analyzed using paired t-test. All parameters were normally distributed. Temperature, phosphate, and BOD measures were significantly changed at (p&lt;0.05). Results showed mixture effectiveness on temperature, pH, Chloride, Nitrate, TSS, Oil and Grease, and Surfactant as they passed the DAO 2016-08 Class C Standard. BOD, Phosphate, TSS, and Ammonia concentrations were reduced in Ayala samples. DO, Nitrate and Fecal Coliforms concentrations were reduced in Nagtahan samples. Varying the amount of mixture application yields no significant effect on the water quality. Fishes and aquatic life can still not thrive on this kind of water.

Acidifiers and prebiotics in the diets of nursery-stage piglets as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and intestinal health of nursery-phase piglets (22 to 64 days of age) fed a diet supplemented with organic acids and prebiotics or a diet supplemented with colistin. One hundred fifty weaned piglets 22 days old and with an initial weight of 5.56 kg were allotted to pens based on BW in a completely randomized block design to one of three treatment diets: T1, negative control; T2, colistin (10 mg/kg); and T3, mannan oligosaccharides + beta-glucans + ammonium formate, formic acid, ammonium propionate and acetic acid (1 kg/ton). The daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion, diarrhea score, cecal Lactobacillus, E. coli and fecal coliform content, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were evaluated. The performance results considering the whole nursery phase showed a better (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion for T3 (1.593) and T2 (1.602) compared with T1 (1.679). The diarrhea score of T2 was lower than that of T1 (P &lt; 0.05) and similar to that of T3 (P ≥ 0.05). The piglets that received T3 presented a greater concentration of proinflammatory cytokines at 36 days of age than T1, similar to T2 (p &lt; 0.05), with the exception of TNFa, where T3 was superior to all groups, whereas at 57 days of age the piglets that received T2 presented a greater concentration of inflammatory cytokines. The piglets fed diets supplemented with a combination of mannan oligosaccharides, beta-glucans and acidifiers, representing an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics, performed similarly to those fed colistin-supplemented diets.