Features Of Stratification Research Articles

Evolution mechanism of interface cohesion for the coating inducing by laser cladding YSZ@Ni core-shell nanoparticles: Experimental and theoretical research

Abstract Stainless steel coated by multi-layers of YSZ@Ni core-shell nanoparticles was sintered by laser cladding. Microstructure shows that the coating by laser cladding YSZ@Ni core-shell nanoparticles has a nanometer microstructure with stratification feature. Therein to cladding layer, amount of chromium atoms appear, and the Ni atoms are diffused largely in matrix layer, which results in the original YSZ@Ni core-shell nanoparticles translated into Cr crystal arming YSZ ceramics crystal. Such influence of variable bonding mechanism on ceramics/metal interface was studied deeply by first principle and molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that in diffusion process of solid state, the element diffusion of Zr↔Ni and Fe↔Ni are both hard to happen. But in Cr↔Ni diffusion process, it is hard only when they are at the nearest neighbor. Diffusion process in cooling process before liquid→solid phase transformation, the diffusion coefficient of Fe, Cr and Ni is DFe > DCr > DNi. But in nucleation process, its trend becomes DNi > DFe ≈ DCr, although all of them are too small. Deeply investigating on their electronic structure, the different distribution of Fe and Cr in cladding layer is originated from their trend of Mulliken population QO-Cr > QO-Fe. As a result, such weaken bonding of ZrO2/Cr has destroyed the initial purpose on the Ni as the excellent transition layers between ceramics enforcing phase and metal matrix phase. Thus comparing the connective and diffusive processes, our findings open an avenue for detailed and comprehensive studies of laser cladding process in producing composites.

Особенности стратификации понтических отложений юга Украины по остракодам

Особенности стратификации понтических отложений юга Украины по остракодам

Current Indications for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathies and Channelopathies.

Current indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in patients with channelopathies and cardiomyopathies of non-ischemic origin are mainly based on non-randomized evidence. In patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM), there is a tendency towards a beneficial effect on total mortality of ICD therapy in patients with significant left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Although an important reduction in sudden cardiac death (SCD) seems to be clearly demonstrated in these patients, a net beneficial effect on total mortality is unclear mostly in cases with good functional status. Risk stratification has been changing over the last two decades in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Its risk profile has been delineated in parallel with the beneficial effect of ICD in high risk patients. Observational results based on "appropriate" ICD interventions do support its usefulness both in primary and secondary SCD prevention in these patients. Novel risk models quantify the rate of sudden cardiac death in these patients on individual basis. Less clear risk stratification is available for cases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and in other uncommon familiar cardiomyopathies. Main features of risk stratification vary among the different channelopathies (long QT syndrome -LQTS-, Brugada syndrome, etc) with great debate on the management of asymptomatic patients. For most familiar cardiomyopathies, ICD therapy is the only accepted strategy in the prevention of SCD. So far, genetic testing has a limited role in risk evaluation and management of the individual patient. This review aims to summarize these criticisms and to refine the current indications of ICD implantation in patients with cardiomyopathies and major channelopathies.

Laser-clad YSZ@Ni (core–shell nanoparticle) composites coatings

YSZ@Ni core–shell nanoparticles were used to prepare a composite coating on an Fe-based alloy by laser cladding. Samples were sintered layer-by-layer with a laser power P in the range of 800–2000W, scanning velocity V in the range of 240–600mm/min, and the laser beam diameter D=5mm. The microstructures, phase constituents, and microhardness of a monolayer coating were investigated and compared with those of a multilayer coating. The results showed that the existing forms of core-YSZ in the monolayer coating comprised of four types: flower-like YSZ aggregates, few nanoscale YSZ particles at the grain boundaries, proeutectic YSZ phases, and YSZ/FeCr2O4 eutectic structure. Moreover, the multilayer coating structure was more homogeneous than the monolayer one. Interestingly, the YSZ@Ni core–shell nanoparticles were separated into core-YSZ and shell-Ni layer with a stratification feature during the laser cladding process.

Особенности стратиграфии мэотических отложений юга Украины по остракодам

Особенности стратиграфии мэотических отложений юга Украины по остракодам

Turbulence in theEastChinaSea:The summertime stratification

AbstractA series of 134 microstructure profiles were taken in the central East China Sea from a drifting ship, covering more than 12 miles over the sloping bottom. The water depthzvaried in the range 52–62 m; the tidal elevation of semidiurnal component was ±1 m. Prior to the onset of 25 h drift, a hydrographic section consisting of 9 stations, 15 miles apart, was taken in the area. A shallow mixed surface layer (SL) underlain by a diurnal pycnocline (z < 13 m), a sharp thermohalocline (13 < z < 30 m), and about 20 m tall bottom boundary layer (BBL) were the main features of summertime stratification. The splitting of upper pycnocline by a warmer, saltier intrusion led to the generation of turbulent patches at the lower, but not at the upper, density interface of this water body, suggesting asymmetry of mixing across the intrusion. In a limited range of the normalized squared buoyancy frequency,, the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation ratedecreased sharply as, whereW/kg ands−1. Measurements in the sharp pycnocline and in lesser‐stratified transitional layers between the pycnocline and the SL and BBL show that the cumulative distribution functionscan be modeled either by the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution or the lognormal distribution.

ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE SOURCES OF INEQUALITY IN ROMANIA. A VISUAL STUDY

1. Introduction The paper submits the results of a descriptive research on the perception of inequality in Romania. I have tried to discover the subjective perspectives of inequality (whether there is inequality in Romania, which the unequally distributed resources and which the unequally, yet acceptably distributed resources, in Romania). What is new about this paper consists both in the methodological approach (perception of inequality, qualitatively studied, by means of the visual method) and in its results (by the richness of details with which inequality is described). I have also attempted to compare the perception of inequality in subjects from two different societies: Romania and Italy. This attempt has resulted in a few hypotheses (to be tested in wider representative studies), which aim at explaining the differences in the perception of the inequality sources, as well as the differences in terms of inequality acceptability. In Marshall (2003) inequality is defined as unequal rewards or chances offered to society's (p. 288). Cherkaoui (1996) shows that any uniform distribution of a resource is unequal. Inequalities basically social, as they related to some economic, political, prestige stratifications, or of other nature (p. 133). I tried to discover the structure of inequality in contemporary Romanian society, from the perspective of my subjects. Which resources perceived as unequally distributed in Romania? Which the features of stratification, according to my subjects; which the status-related beliefs they share? I likewise tried to discover which the resources perceived as unequally distributed, yet acceptably, in Romania? Where applicable, which acceptable sources of inequality? Kerbo (2009) posits that social stratification means that inequality has been hardened or institutionalized and there is a system of relationships that determines who gets what and why. When we say institutionalized, we mean that a system of layered hierarchy has been established. People have come to expect that individuals and groups with certain positions will be able to demand more influence and respect and accumulate a greater share of goods and services. Such inequality may or may not be accepted equally by a majority in the society, but it is recognized as the way things are (p. 10). 2. Theoretical framework Sociology offers an abundance of literature with respect to inequality. Kerbo (2009) posits that inequality results from the people's differentiated access to resources and services. When referring to inequality, most authors bring into question other related concepts (most frequently stratification or classes). Any sociological analysis related to stratification starts with Marx. In Marx's conception, stratification is underlain by the economic dimension of life: property is the origin or, at least, one of the foundations of the inequality between people (Cherkaoui 1997:113). Marx envisions 3 types of property: labour force, capital and land. Marxist tradition of thought relative to stratification was supplemented by Weberian tradition (equally strong and prestigious in the sociological theoretical frame of inequality). Unlike Marx, Weber posits that, in describing stratification, we must consider not only the economic aspects, but also some other types of resources. The 3 dimensions of ranking envisioned by Weber are: economic, statutory and political, wherefrom the class, status and political hierarchies ensue. Most subsequent studies on inequality started from the aforementioned traditions. Most researches on inequality have focused on classes and identified various types of resources that generate cleavages. Then there authors who claim the disappearance of classes (if not those in se, at least those per se, where class awareness exists). …

Spectral analysis and abundances of the post-HB star HD 76431

HD 76431 is a slow rotating post-HB star that shows an underabundance of helium by 0.5 dex relative to the solar value. These observational facts suggest that atomic diffusion could be active in its atmosphere. We have used the MMT and Bok spectra to estimate the atmospheric parameters of the target star using the model atmospheres and synthetic spectra calculated with tlusty and synspec. The derived values of the effective temperature, surface gravity, and helium abundance are consistent with those obtained by Ramspeck et al. It appears that non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects are not important for HD 76431. We have used Stokes I spectra from ESPaDOnS at CFHT to perform an abundance analysis and a search for observational evidence of vertical stratification of the abundance of certain elements. The results of our abundance analysis are in good agreement with previously published data with respect to average abundances. Our numerical simulations show that carbon and nitrogen reveal signatures of vertical abundance stratification in the atmosphere of HD 76431. It appears that the carbon abundance increases towards the deeper atmospheric layers. Nitrogen also shows a similar behaviour, but in deeper atmospheric layers we obtain a significant dispersion for the estimates of its abundance. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of vertical abundance stratification of metals in a post-HB star and up to now it is the hottest star to show such stratification features. We also report the detection of two Si iii and one Ti iii emission lines in the spectra of HD 76431 that were not detected in previous studies.

Efficient Stratified Testing Procedure for a False Discovery Rate

The false discovery rate (FDR) has become a popular error measure in the large-scale simultaneous testing. When data are collected from heterogenous sources and form grouped hypotheses testing, it may be beneficial to use the distinct feature of groups to conduct the multiple hypotheses testing. We propose a stratified testing procedure that uses different FDR levels according to the stratification features based on p-values. Our proposed method is easy to implement in practice. Simulations studies show that the proposed method produces more efficient testing results. The stratified testing procedure minimizes the overall false negative rate (FNR) level, while controlling the overall FDR. An example from a type II diabetes mice study further illustrates the practical advantages of this new approach.

Characterizing PML/RAR? Isoforms of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) in Malay Patients

Aim: Reciprocal translocation between retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR?) gene on chromo- some 17 and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene on chromosome 15 is the hallmark for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Three different PML/RAR? isoforms have been described; S-form, L-form and V-form. Our aims were to characterize the different types of PML/RAR? iso- forms in Malay patients with APL and to determine the outcome of these different types of iso-forms. Materials and methods: RT-PCR analysis was performed on 20 patients recruited from hematology-oncology ward. RT-PCR detected fusion transcript of PML/RAR? in all patients. Results and Discussion: Of these patients, 65% (13 patients) exhibited L/V-form, and 35% (7 patients) S-form. Total white blood cell count (TWBC) was higher in L/V-form (25 x 109/l) compared to S-form (2.1 x 109/l) (p < 0.05). Five years survival rate was 100% and 33.3% for L/V-forms and S-forms respectively (p<0.005). Conclusion: We conclude that L/V- forms is the commonest isoform among Malays. They presented at younger age with higher TWBC counts. Although the sample size is small, our preliminary data showed an interestingly longer survival outcome among L/V-forms compared to S-form. PML/RAR? isoforms could be used in future as risk stratification feature in patients diagnosed as APL. Further study with more number of patients is required. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.15553 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(3) 2014 p.311-315

Tissue engineering of skin: human tonsil-derived mesenchymal cells can function as dermal fibroblasts

It is unclear whether dermal fibroblasts are indispensable key players for tissue engineering of dermo-epidermal skin analogs. In this experimental study, we wanted to test the hypothesis that tonsil-derived mesenchymal cells can assume the role of dermal fibroblasts when culturing pigmented skin analogs for transplantation. Mesenchymal cells from excised tonsils and keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts from skin biopsies were isolated, cultured, and expanded. Melanocytes and keratinocytes were seeded in a ratio of 1:5 onto collagen gels previously populated either with tonsil-derived mesenchymal cells or with autologous dermal fibroblasts. These laboratory engineered skin analogs were then transplanted onto full-thickness wounds of immuno-incompetent rats and analyzed after 3 weeks with regard to macroscopic and microscopic epidermal characteristics. The skin analogs containing tonsil-derived mesenchymal cells showed the same macroscopic appearance as the ones containing dermal fibroblasts. Histologically, features of epidermal stratification, pigmentation, and cornification were identical to those of the controls assembled with autologous dermal fibroblasts. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed these findings. These data suggest that human tonsil-derived mesenchymal cells can assume dermal fibroblast functions, indicating that possibly various types of mesenchymal cells can successfully be employed for "skingineering" purposes. This aspect may have clinical implications when sources for dermal fibroblasts are scarce.

Theoretical prediction of electric fields in wind‐blown sand

Existing experimental and theoretical studies have identified the existence of an electric field in wind‐blown sand, whose strength is hundreds to thousands of times larger than that of the fair‐weather electric field (around 120v m− 1) and is related to the intensity of the wind‐blown sand transport. The direction of electric field is often upward pointing and opposite to that of the fair‐weather electric field. In this study, we performed theoretical predictions of electric fields in wind‐blown sand transport by assuming a constant charge‐to‐mass ratio (i.e., − 60µc kg− 1) of the saltating particles and considering the streamwise spatial variation of particle concentration in the evolution of wind‐blown sand. Our results show that there exist both vertical and horizontal electric fields in wind‐blown sand transport. The numerical results of vertical electric fields and mass flux are in good agreement with the experimental data measured by Schmidt et al. [1998] and Shao and Raupach [1992], respectively, which suggests that our model is valid. The horizontal electric field demonstrates a vertical stratification feature and is about one order of magnitude bigger than the fair‐weather electric field. Finally, the effects of the wind speed and the sand grain diameter on electric fields are discussed.

A domains-based taxonomy of supported accommodation for people with severe and persistent mental illness

A lack of definitional clarity in supported accommodation and the absence of a widely accepted system for classifying supported accommodation models creates barriers to service planning and evaluation. We undertook a systematic review of existing supported accommodation classification systems. Using a structured system for qualitative data analysis, we reviewed the stratification features in these classification systems, identified the key elements of supported accommodation and arranged them into domains and dimensions to create a new taxonomy. The existing classification systems were mapped onto the new taxonomy to verify the domains and dimensions. Existing classification systems used either a service-level characteristic or programmatic approach. We proposed a taxonomy based around four domains: duration of tenure; patient characteristics; housing characteristics; and service characteristics. All of the domains in the taxonomy were drawn from the existing classification structures; however, none of the existing classification structures covered all of the domains in the taxonomy. Existing classification systems are regionally based, limited in scope and lack flexibility. A domains-based taxonomy can allow more accurate description of supported accommodation services, aid in identifying the service elements likely to improve outcomes for specific patient populations, and assist in service planning.

Investigating the topology of interacting networks

Network theory provides various tools for investigating the structural or functional topology of many complex systems found in nature, technology and society. Nevertheless, it has recently been realised that a considerable number of systems of interest should be treated, more appropriately, as interacting networks or networks of networks. Here we introduce a novel graph-theoretical framework for studying the interaction structure between subnetworks embedded within a complex network of networks. This framework allows us to quantify the structural role of single vertices or whole subnetworks with respect to the interaction of a pair of subnetworks on local, mesoscopic and global topological scales. Climate networks have recently been shown to be a powerful tool for the analysis of climatological data. Applying the general framework for studying interacting networks, we introduce coupled climate subnetworks to represent and investigate the topology of statistical relationships between the fields of distinct climatological variables. Using coupled climate subnetworks to investigate the terrestrial atmosphere's three-dimensional geopotential height field uncovers known as well as interesting novel features of the atmosphere's vertical stratification and general circulation. Specifically, the new measure "cross-betweenness" identifies regions which are particularly important for mediating vertical wind field interactions. The promising results obtained by following the coupled climate subnetwork approach present a first step towards an improved understanding of the Earth system and its complex interacting components from a network perspective.

Flight periodicity and the vertical distribution of high-altitude moth migration over southern Britain

The continuous operation of insect-monitoring radars in the UK has permitted, for the first time, the characterization of various phenomena associated with high-altitude migration of large insects over this part of northern Europe. Previous studies have taken a case-study approach, concentrating on a small number of nights of particular interest. Here, combining data from two radars, and from an extensive suction- and light-trapping network, we have undertaken a more systematic, longer-term study of diel flight periodicity and vertical distribution of macro-insects in the atmosphere. Firstly, we identify general features of insect abundance and stratification, occurring during the 24-hour cycle, which emerge from four years' aggregated radar data for the summer months in southern Britain. These features include mass emigrations at dusk and, to a lesser extent, at dawn and daytime concentrations associated with thermal convection. We then focus our attention on the well-defined layers of large nocturnal migrants that form in the early evening, usually at heights of 200-500 m above ground. We present evidence from both radar and trap data that these nocturnal layers are composed mainly of noctuid moths, with species such as Noctua pronuba, Autographa gamma, Agrotis exclamationis, A. segetum, Xestia c-nigrum and Phlogophora meticulosa predominating.

Stratification of Bastar Tribes

Caste system ethnic formation and other religion-based communities speak of plurality in India depicts a variety of cultural variations. Concerning Indian society the saying of unity in diversity it is revealed that the diversity is not only distinctive feature of caste but it goes beyond providing a typical stratification in the social order; while the world of Indian tribes is conspicuously different than the caste society which is conceived as egalitarian society. Instances of widespread social equality are common. However differentiation in terms of inequality at social economic as well as political arena could also be annunciated and some of such trends got impetus after the establishment of close culture contact with the non-tribal more so with the social system of caste. This may have sprouted the rise of social stratification among Indian tribes. The present paper highlights about the features of stratification among the Bastar tribes. (authors)

Temperature stratification of the lower atmosphere over Moscow

Features of diurnal and annual cycles and of seasonal changes of temperature stratification in the lower 800-m air layer over Moscow are discussed on the basis of analysis of long-term data of acoustic (sodar) observations at Moscow State University (MSU). Of about 34 000 separate hours of height-time sweep of echo signal during 1988–2003, refined estimates are presented of occurrence frequencies of surface and elevated inversions, unstable stratification, etc., in Moscow. On the basis of long series of hourly sodar data and surface weather observations at MSU, special features of temperature stratification are considered under extremely low and high values of air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. A review is presented of existing data on temperature stratification in central Russia for the whole period of aerological observations; results of acoustic sounding are compared against the data obtained using other techniques.

“Small-tufted” ganglion cells and two visual systems for the detection of object motion in rabbit retina

Small-tufted (ST) ganglion cells of rabbit retina are divided into eight types based upon morphology, branching pattern, level of dendritic stratification, and quantitative dimensional analysis. Only one of these types has been previously characterized in Golgi preparations, and four may be discerned in the work of others. Given their small dendritic-field size, and assuming uniform mosaics of each across the retina, ST cells comprise about 45% of all rabbit ganglion cells, and are therefore of major functional significance. Four ST cells occur as two paramorphic (a/b) pairs, and thus belong to class III, as previously defined. Four branch in sublaminae a and b of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and therefore belong to class IV. ST cells have small cell bodies 10-15 microm in diameter, small axons 0.7-1.3 microm in diameter, and small dendritic-field diameters, 40-110 microm in mid-visual streak. The dendrites of ST cells are highly branched, and bear spines and appendages of varying length, but vary from type to type. Class III.2 cells and class III.3 cells are partly bistratified. Class IV small-tufted cells differ characteristically in multiple features of dendritic branching and stratification. Class III small-tufted cells apparently have concentric (ON-center and OFF-center) receptive fields and may have "sluggish-transient" (class III.2) and "sluggish-sustained" (class III.3) physiology. Class IV cells include the "local-edge-detector" (LED) (class IVst1), and are all expected to give ON-OFF responses to small, centered, slowly moving visual stimuli. Based upon systematic variation in dendritic-field size across the retina, ST cells may be divided into two groups. In this "universal prey" species, they may belong to two systems of motion detection, typified by ON-OFF directionally selective and LED ganglion cells, respectively, specialized for detection of rapid motion at the horizon for land-based predators, and slow motion for airborne predators.

Radar studies of the vertical distribution of insects migrating over southern Britain: the influence of temperature inversions on nocturnal layer concentrations

Insects migrating over two sites in southern UK (Malvern in Worcestershire, and Harpenden in Hertfordshire) have been monitored continuously with nutating vertical-looking radars (VLRs) equipped with powerful control and analysis software. These observations make possible, for the first time, a systematic investigation of the vertical distribution of insect aerial density in the atmosphere, over temporal scales ranging from the short (instantaneous vertical profiles updated every 15 min) to the very long (profiles aggregated over whole seasons or even years). In the present paper, an outline is given of some general features of insect stratification as revealed by the radars, followed by a description of occasions during warm nights in the summer months when intense insect layers developed. Some of these nocturnal layers were due to the insects flying preferentially at the top of strong surface temperature inversions, and in other cases, layering was associated with higher-altitude temperature maxima, such as those due to subsidence inversions. The layers were formed from insects of a great variety of sizes, but peaks in the mass distributions pointed to a preponderance of medium-sized noctuid moths on certain occasions.

Radar studies of the vertical distribution of insects migrating over southern Britain: the influence of temperature inversions on nocturnal layer concentrations

AbstractInsects migrating over two sites in southern UK (Malvern in Worcestershire, and Harpenden in Hertfordshire) have been monitored continuously with nutating vertical-looking radars (VLRs) equipped with powerful control and analysis software. These observations make possible, for the first time, a systematic investigation of the vertical distribution of insect aerial density in the atmosphere, over temporal scales ranging from the short (instantaneous vertical profiles updated every 15 min) to the very long (profiles aggregated over whole seasons or even years). In the present paper, an outline is given of some general features of insect stratification as revealed by the radars, followed by a description of occasions during warm nights in the summer months when intense insect layers developed. Some of these nocturnal layers were due to the insects flying preferentially at the top of strong surface temperature inversions, and in other cases, layering was associated with higher-altitude temperature maxima, such as those due to subsidence inversions. The layers were formed from insects of a great variety of sizes, but peaks in the mass distributions pointed to a preponderance of medium-sized noctuid moths on certain occasions.