Language Features Research Articles

Is Chinese Dyslexia Similar Across Chinese Societies? Evidence from Hong Kong, Beijing, and Taipei

AbstractWhile previous research has documented the unique aspects of Chinese dyslexia as compared to dyslexia in alphabetic scripts, it remains unclear whether the difference in Chinese literacy experiences influences the manifestation of Chinese dyslexia. The present article first reviews the characteristics of Chinese languages and scripts, including important cognitive‐linguistic correlates (rapid automatized naming, phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness) of Chinese reading development and impairment. The diversity in Chinese literacy experiences of scripts, languages, and instructional practices, and consequently their impact on Chinese literacy acquisition across different Chinese societies are also reviewed. Using an equivalent Chinese assessment battery administered to 91 children with dyslexia from Hong Kong, Beijing, and Taipei, we examined the subtypes of Chinese dyslexia across these three societies concurrently. With the four cognitive‐linguistic skills included as the clustering variable, the hierarchical cluster analysis revealed four cognitive subtypes of dyslexia: 38% mild orthographic deficit subtype (OD), 33% phonological deficit subtype (PD), 18% morphological deficit subtype (MD), and 11% global deficit subtype (GD)—each with their own set of cognitive‐linguistic deficit profiles. Interestingly, all four subtypes of dyslexia manifested poorer orthographic skills as compared to the control group. Bayesian Analysis of Contingency Table further showed that the distribution of dyslexia subtypes remains similar across the three Chinese societies, suggesting invariance of the Chinese dyslexia construct. Findings highlight the importance of assessment in orthographic processing, rapid automatized naming, phonological awareness, and morphological awareness in order to understand Chinese dyslexia, both in a within and cross‐cultural Chinese perspective.

The Same Tool. Wittgenstein on Theology and Logic

ABSTRACT The paper deals with Wittgenstein’s early philosophy and discusses the issue of the relation between the necessary tools used within logic and theology. I argue that Wittgenstein’s standpoint requires the use of showing and seeing as a methodological tools. In the paper I define controversial and non-controversial types of utterance and show that Wittgenstein always uses the same tool to overcome the controversial way of speaking. In the paper, I show that Wittgenstein aestheticises logic and theology by shifting the burden of proof of the necessary features of language and the examined object, from controversial quasi-linguistic utterances to an aesthetically satisfying means of expression.

Analisis Penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Makalah Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi

This research aims to analyze the use of Indonesian in the Physical Education, Health and Recreation study program. Investigate how to use Indonesian language and language styles effectively and support data collection in writing papers in the Physical Education, Health and Recreation study program. This research uses a qualitative approach to investigate a series of academic papers and analyze the conformity of Indonesian language use with academic conventions and scientific language characteristics. The research results show that there are differences in language style and use of terminology, the majority of papers are able to meet relevant academic standards, although there are still obstacles in translating technical terms and using terminology consistently. This research can help academic writers to further refine the use of Indonesian in writing work in the Health and Recreation Services Education study program.

Advanced Sarcasm Detection in Newspaper Headlines: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Approaches

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of sarcasm detection in newspaper headlines using various machine learning techniques. We explore the effectiveness of logistic regression, Naïve Bayes (multinomial and Gaussian), random forest, and support vector machine (SVM) models in identifying sarcastic content within the concise format of news titles. Our research addresses the unique challenges posed by the brevity and impactful language characteristic of headlines. The study utilizes a curated dataset of sarcastic and non-sarcastic headlines, employing natural language processing techniques for preprocessing and feature extraction. Performance evaluation metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results indicate that the random forest model outperforms other approaches, achieving 94% accuracy in sarcasm detection. This research contributes to the growing field of sentiment analysis and offers insights into the nuanced task of decoding sarcasm in condensed textual formats. KEYWORDS: Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), TF-IDF, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Subtle Sarcasm

Semantic Role-Marking in Lunyore Morphology and Syntax

Semantic roles denote different semantic relations that a noun phrase plays with respect to the action or state described by a predicate of a sentence. Semantic is another universal feature of language, if there is an event involving more than one participant, the speaker and the hearer care to know who is the agent, who is the patient or who is the experiencer and who is the stimulus. There seem to be some languages that, despite this obvious concern, do not mark semantic role in any consistent way. The key objective is to examine semantic role-marking in Lunyore morphology and syntax. Descriptive research design was adopted and the target population was the people of Emuhaya Sub county in Vihiga county. Purposive sampling technique was applied to gather head-marked phrases from churches, baraza sessions and Lunyore texts. The research instruments included conversations, written texts from Lunyore, participant and non-participant observations until saturation stage was attained. Data was analyzed through descriptive form. It was found that semantic role-marking was influenced by the morphological structure of the head-marked phrase. The study also found that there is a syntactic and semantic relationship in head-marked phrases. Theta theory was applicable in examining the semantic role marking in Lunyore head-marked phrases.

Unraveling The Ecological Perspective Of Green Discourse: A Critical Study Of Newspaper Articles

The present study aims to examine the language of newspaper articles within the purpose to explore the constructive meanings of green discourse [1]employed in those articles from an ecological perspective. However, the main objective of this study has been to trace the language features that the speaker used to highlight the importance of green environment. Fairclough's (1995) notion of critical discourse analysis has been applied as the framework of this study. Meanwhile, the sample has been comprised of ten articles chosen by making the use of purposive sampling. The findings revealed that newspaper articles play an important role in shaping the attitude of the people towards environment by making them aware of the impact which climate change may have on their lives.

Register of male and female Arabic language teachers on YouTube channels: A gender analysis in sociolinguistics

Language and gender have a strong connection, especially in a social context. This study examines register in Arabic by looking at the language used by male and female teachers who utilize the YouTube media platform to provide basic Arabic tutorials. From these videos, the language characteristics of male and female Arabic language teachers can be observed, in terms of gender. In general, this study investigates the registers of male and female Arabic language teachers. Specifically, it elaborates on the significant differences between the language used by male and female Arabic language teachers based on a register analysis. The research question is thus divided into two: (1) what is the typical character of male teachers and female teachers of Arabic on YouTube channels; (2) how do male and female Arabic teachers use register on YouTube channels. The method used in this research can be divided into three stages. The first stage was the data collection, which was carried out by viewing and observing Arabic language learning videos uploaded onto YouTube channels by male and female teachers. The second stage was the data analysis, which used the model of Miles and Huberman, consisting of data reduction, data display and data conclusion. The final stage was the reporting of the results, using illustrative quotes in the form of descriptions and narratives related to the language registers of male and female teachers in terms of a sociolinguistic study. The gender-based language characteristics can be identified from aspects of gesture, word choice, greeting pronunciation and the mention of personal names. This research contributes to the development of the study of language learning in terms of gender based on an online social media platform.

MicroMagnetic.jl: A Julia package for micromagnetic and atomistic simulations with GPU support

Abstract MicroMagnetic.jl is an open-source Julia package for micromagnetic and atomistic simulations. Using the features of the Julia programming language, MicroMagnetic.jl supports CPU and various GPU platforms, including NVIDIA, AMD, Intel, and Apple GPUs. Moreover, MicroMagnetic.jl supports Monte Carlo simulations for atomistic models and implements the nudged-elastic-band method for energy barrier computations. With built-in support for double and single precision modes and a design allowing easy extensibility to add new features, MicroMagnetic.jl provides a versatile toolset for researchers in micromagnetics and atomistic simulations.

Korean assessment of adult basic literacy: Instrument development

This study describes the development of a Korean assessment instrument measuring adults’ basic literacy ability. Instrument items were generated from a literature review, inputs from experts through the Delphi method, and focus group interviews. Items and measurement procedures were tested and confirmed through three steps of pilot implementations. As a result, three sets of test items measuring up to level 4 of the Korean basic literacy ability for adults were successfully developed. This assessment is simple, fast, and inexpensive and reflects the distinctive characteristics of the Korean language and Korean contexts. The instrument’s practicality will contribute to its further utilization in identifying and supporting adults in need of basic literacy education.

Adults Adapt to Child Speech in Causative Semantics.

Causation is a core feature of human cognition and language. How children learn about intricate causal meanings is yet unresolved. Here, we focus on how children learn verbs that express causation. Such verbs, known as lexical causatives (e.g., break and raise), lack explicit morphosyntactic markers indicating causation, thus requiring that the child generalizes the causal meaning from the context. The language addressed to children presumably plays a crucial role in this learning process. Hence, we tested whether adults adapt their use of lexical causatives to children when talking to them in day-to-day interactions. We analyzed naturalistic longitudinal data from 12 children in the Manchester corpus (spanning from 20 to 36 months of age). To detect semantic generalization, we employed a network approach with semantics learned from cross-situational contexts. Our results show an increasing trend in the expansion of causative semantics, observable in both child speech and child-directed speech. Adults consistently maintain somewhat more intricate causative semantic networks compared to children. However, both groups display evolving patterns. Around 28-30 months of age, children undergo a reduction in the degree of causative generalization, followed by a slightly time-lagged adjustment by adults in their speech directed to children. These findings substantiate adults' adaptation in child-directed speech, extending to semantics. They highlight child-directed speech as a highly adaptive and subconscious teaching tool that facilitates the dynamic processes of languageacquisition.

Ethnic integration and evolution of the phonological features of Northern Standard Chinese Language

ABSTRACT: Ethnic integration is often accompanied by language contact and language shift. The process of "ethnic integration" is the process of "remolding" northern standard Chinese language into an inter-ethnic language and ultimately into a common national language. Only by reevaluating the phonological rules and structure of the languages (mainly Altaic) of northern non-Han ethnic groups and investigating the interference with and influence on Chinese during the language shift by the non-Han ethnic groups, can we comprehend that the common national language is a language community jointly shaped by the Han people and other ethnic groups during ethnic integration. The speakers of ethnic languages are, therefore, not only the transmitters but also the co-modelers in forming the common national language. 摘要: 民族融合往往伴随着语言接触和语言转换。"民族融合"的过程就是 将北方标准汉语"重塑"为族际共同语进而成为民族共同语的过程。 只有基于以阿尔泰语为主的北方诸民族语音系规则和音韵结构特征重 新思考并深入研究以阿尔泰为主的北方诸民族在转用汉语过程中对汉 语形成的干扰和影响，才能理解民族共同语是在民族融合过程中汉族 与其他民族共同塑造的语言共同体。在民族共同语形成的过程中，民 族语者不仅是民族共同语的传播者，也是民族共同语的共同塑造者。

Will Chinese (Putonghua) Replace English as a Global Language in the Next Century?

As China’s economic power continues to grow, its economy, politics, culture, and education continue to influence the world. Previous studies have discussed whether Chinese can replace English as a global language, but not the specific challenges of learning Chinese. This paper will compare whether the Chinese language possesses these qualities by examining how English has evolved into a language of global influence politically, economically, culturally, and educationally. This paper can provide a reference on whether Chinese is the dominant language of instruction or English-medium education. At the same time, the possibility of Chinese as a global language can be assessed by comparing whether Chinese possesses certain characteristics of a global language.

Chinese EMR Named Entity Recognition Using Fused Label Relations Based on Machine Reading Comprehension Framework.

Chinese electronic medical record (EMR) presents significant challenges for named entity recognition (NER) due to their specialized nature, unique language features, and diverse expressions. Traditionally, NER is treated as a sequence labeling task, where each token is assigned a label. Recent research has reframed NER within the machine reading comprehension (MRC) framework, extracting entities in a question-answer format, achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, these MRC-based methods have a significant limitation: they extract entities of various types independently, ignoring their interrelations. To address this, we introduce the Fusion Label Relations with MRC (FLR-MRC) model, which enhances the MRC model by implicitly capturing dependencies among entity types. FLR-MRC models interrelations between labels using graph attention networks, integrating these with textual data to identify entities. On the benchmark CMeEE and CCKS2017-CNER datasets, FLR-MRC achieves F1-scores of 0.6652 and 0.9101, respectively, outperforming existing clinical NER methods.

A Study of the Regional Characteristics of Liu Xiaogeng's Choral Music Works

Background and Aim: This article takes the regional characteristics of Liu Xiaogeng's choral music works as the main research subject, aiming to sort out the regional music characteristics and regional performance characteristics of Liu Xiaogeng's choral music works, to better guide the creation of contemporary Chinese choral music works. Materials and Methods: The research method of this thesis is mainly the literature analysis method and qualitative analysis method. The literature analysis method is mainly used to collect and sort out the information about Liu Xiaogeng's choral music works, which mainly comes from China Knowledge Network, Yunnan Provincial Library, Yunnan Provincial Museum of Literature and Art, the Internet, publishers, and purchased books. The qualitative analysis method is mainly used to screen the regional dialect characteristics, regional music style characteristics, regional music theme characteristics, and regional music cultural characteristics used in the relevant literature to classify the categories. Results: The main purpose of the study is to refine and summarise the regional characteristics of Liu Xiaogeng's choral music works, which include four aspects, namely, regional dialect characteristics, regional music style characteristics, regional music theme characteristics, and regional music cultural characteristics. Conclusion: Liu Xiaoqeng composes his works with the regional dialect liner notes, folk songs, or ditties of Yunnan Province as his main materials. These dialect liner notes, folk songs, or ditties have very different regional language characteristics and distinctive modal music styles. It is these characteristics that make Liu Xiaogeng's choral music works have distinctive regional characteristics.

An Analysis of Men’s Language Features of an Dark Action Comedy on Prime Video

The purpose of the research titled "An Analysis of Gender in Language of a Dark Action Comedy on Prime Video" is to identify gendered language features applied in the series The data was collected using documentation method and was analyzed using qualitative method based on Jennifer Coates of men's language features as applied to the characters in the series "The Boys" episode 1 on Amazon Prime. The research identified several language features, including order versus proposal, swearing and taboo language, and interruptions, applied to the characters in the series. The main characters, Hughie and Hugh Campbell Sr., predominantly exhibited these features. Hughie used direct forms of address, swear words, and interruptions in his speech. Other characters in the series also displayed men's language features and differences in their language use.

교착어적 특성을 활용한 한국어문법교육 연구 - 서울대 한국어 초·중급 교재를 중심으로

This study is developed by proceeding with the contents of “A Study on the Composition and Content Analysis of Korean Textbooks” (2021). Previous studies have shown that the characteristics of the structure of textbooks centered on oral language have led to a lack of linkage with the system of grammar education, and this study is linked to the fact that the problem of grammar education is found in the characteristics of Korean language called agglutinative language. The reason we paid attention to the agglutinative language characteristics was that it was sometimes pointed out as a major type of error by foreign learners, and it was considered suitable for understanding the basic principles. Therefore, by analyzing the target grammar for each level 1 to 4 in units of grammatical morpheme, a grammar category that revealed agglutinative language characteristics was set and classified. The classification items are grammar in which postpositions are combined, grammar in which endings are combined, and other vocabulary, which is based on the grammatical role of the ending or postposition, which is the minimum unit that constitutes grammar. Additionally, the grammar content was investigated by dividing the postposition combination grammar and the ending combination grammar into elementary and intermediate levels. The grammar related to ending combination occupied the highest proportion in the entire levels, confirming that Korean is predicate-oriented and the importance of the ending. The grammar content required for basic sentence composition at the beginner level was a final ending, a connection ending, prefinal ending, and some of transformative ending and auxiliary connective ending, In intermediate level, transformative ending that organizes sentences, auxillary connective ending that adds meaning, and various subordinate connective ending were required as grammar content. For grammar related to postposition combination, a case-marking postpositional particle that constitutes a basic sentence at the beginner level and a auxiliary postpositional particle that adds special meaning at the intermediate level were required as grammar content. It is hoped that the agglutinative language, typological characteristics of the Korean language, will help to select and organize the contents of Korean grammar education.

A framework for the emergence and analysis of language in social learning agents

Neural systems have evolved not only to solve environmental challenges through internal representations but also, under social constraints, to communicate these to conspecifics. In this work, we aim to understand the structure of these internal representations and how they may be optimized to transmit pertinent information from one individual to another. Thus, we build on previous teacher-student communication protocols to analyze the formation of individual and shared abstractions and their impact on task performance. We use reinforcement learning in grid-world mazes where a teacher network passes a message to a student to improve task performance. This framework allows us to relate environmental variables with individual and shared representations. We compress high-dimensional task information within a low-dimensional representational space to mimic natural language features. In coherence with previous results, we find that providing teacher information to the student leads to a higher task completion rate and an ability to generalize tasks it has not seen before. Further, optimizing message content to maximize student reward improves information encoding, suggesting that an accurate representation in the space of messages requires bi-directional input. These results highlight the role of language as a common representation among agents and its implications on generalization capabilities.

A Study on the Design Language Characteristics and Evolutionary Attributes of Automobile Signature Head lighting - focused on flagship sedan models of three German car brands -

A Study on the Design Language Characteristics and Evolutionary Attributes of Automobile Signature Head lighting - focused on flagship sedan models of three German car brands -

HRT in DMC? the orthographic representation of high rising terminals in WhatsApp

Contemporary research has shown that a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is productive in exploring patterns of Digitally Mediated Communication (DMC). In this paper, I demonstrate the analytical potential of this approach by studying the typographic representation of a prosodic feature of spoken language – High Rising Terminals (HRTs, e.g., that beer pong place I went for my birthday?) – in a large corpus of WhatsApp messages (96,471 messages; 594,183 words) sent by 15 young British adults. Combining methods and approaches from variationist and interactional sociolinguistics, I show that the orthographic representation of HRTs patterns in pragmatically similar ways to the feature in speech in that it most frequently functions as a way of verifying the interlocutors’ comprehension of discourse-new information. The precise rate and pragmatic function of this feature, however, appears to be constrained by the textual modality of the platform. Concluding, I join others in arguing for the analytical potential of employing a multidimensional approach to studying variable patterns of DMC.

Jacobson’s Distinctive Features and the Analysis of assimilation in Kurdish Bahdini local dialect

Distinctive Features are generally used to describe the smallest units of sound in both phonetic and phonological analyses which aims to differentiate between the meaning of one word and another in a certain language. The topic of distinctive features has always caught the interest of phonologists and many schoolars used these features as the smallest units of sounds in order to describe sound features in all human languages. This research is an attempt to represent the distinctive features of Kurdish language, as well as to explain assimilation through Jacobson,s Distinctive Features in order to reach some phonological rules in Kurdish language. Samples are taken and analysed from revels written by speakers from the center of Duhok in order to represent the distinctive features of the sounds which affect the adjacent sounds, as well as creating the rules of the sounds which affect each other. Jacobson’s features are mainly based on a acoustic description of sounds. The most important hypotheses of this research show that this theory meets the following requisitions: Distinctive Features (DFs) can describe a natural class of sounds. They can also describe the distinctions of sounds in all languages of the world and these features can be defined phonological. In conolusion it is clear that in Bahdini local dialect, The changes often affect the sound which carries the feature (±voiced) of stop and fricative sounds in general, and upon the feature (+voiced) of fricative in novel particularly.