Diffraction Characteristics Research Articles

The implementation method of point cloud denoising filter based on KinectV2

Abstract In the process of collecting data from point clouds, some factors, such as precision equipment, operator experience, environmental conditions, as well as characteristic diffraction effects of electromagnetic waves, changes in surface characteristics of test objects, and the impact of integration processes, are involved data and records that may display some point noise in the data point cloud. In addition to noise caused by measurement errors, practical applications can be affected by external interference and obstacles, which causes deviating values in the data point cloud to differ from the measurement entity. A 3D scanner, represented by the depth of the camera, is used to collect data. To eliminate these noises and anomalies, it is necessary to filter the initial points of the cloud. In this article, we suggest using statistical filtering algorithms to perform statistical analysis on each point community, remove points that do not meet predetermined standards, and remove outliers. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, it is compared with other filtering algorithms. The experimental results show that the filter algorithm proposed in this thesis has better effects on outlier points and can obtain the general shape properties of the point cloud.

Shelf-life enhancement of Gerbera jamesonii flowers by the green synthesised ZnO nanoflowers

ABSTRACT This study has been aimed to synthesise the self-assembled, flower-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NFs) by using a green synthesis method using the aqueous extract from the peels of Citrus reticulata. Both HR-TEM and Fe-SEM analyses have confirmed the flower-like morphology for the synthesised nanoparticles. The observed zeta potential value of −48.0 mV further indicated its highly stable structure. The X-ray diffractogram of the ZnO NFs showed the characteristic diffraction peaks for the crystalline ZnO without any impurity peak, indicating the complete reduction into nanoparticles and thereby, the formation of pure crystalline ZnO NFs. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NFs was then studied using the standard well diffusion method and demonstrated significant bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.048 mg mL−1. Additionally, the ZnO NFs were evaluated for their potential to enhance the shelf life of Gerbera jamesonii flowers when treated with different concentrations in a chitosan-based solution. The ZnO NFs supplemented solution here was found to preserve the freshness of the cut flowers for up to 9.3 ± 0.3 days compared to the 3-day shelf life of the control group. These findings suggest ZnO NFs to have significant antibacterial properties and can effectively extend the shelf life of cut flowers.

Lensless Imaging Based on Dual‐Input Physics‐Driven Neural Network

Lensless imaging, as a novel computational imaging technique, has attracted great attention due to its simplicity, compactness, and flexibility. This technique analyzes and processes the diffraction of an object to obtain complex amplitude information. However, traditional algorithms such as Gerchberg‐Saxton (G–S) algorithm tend to exhibit significant errors in complex amplitude retrieval, particularly for edge information. Additional constraints have to be incorporated on top of amplitude constraints to enhance the accuracy. Recently, deep learning has shown promising results in optical imaging. However, it requires a large amount of training data. To address these issues, a novel approach called dual‐input physics‐driven network (DPNN) is proposed for lensless imaging. DPNN utilizes two diffractions recorded at different distances as inputs and uses an unsupervised approach that combines physical imaging model to reconstruct object information. DPNN adopts a U‐Net 3+ architecture with a loss function of mean absolute error (MAE) to better capture diffraction features. DPNN achieves highly accurate reconstruction without requiring extensive data and being immune to background noise. Based on different diffraction intervals, noise levels, and imaging models, DPNN exhibits superior capabilities in peak signal‐to‐noise ratio and structural similarity compared with conventional methods, effectively achieving accurate phase or amplitude information reconstruction.

Temperature dependence of the diffraction efficiency of circular polarization gratings made by liquid crystal molecules with anisotropic absorption

Since liquid crystal molecules exhibit anisotropic absorption in the infrared region, there is concern about changes in the diffraction properties of polarization gratings (PGs) made of liquid crystals. In this study, we investigated the theory of the diffraction efficiency of the circular PGs with circularly polarized diffraction characteristics when they have anisotropic absorption. We found that the separation function of the circularly polarized light was maintained even in the presence of anisotropic absorption. The usefulness of this theory was discussed with experimental results of the temperature dependence of the diffraction efficiency of a circular PG at 10.2 μm.

Role of depth in optical diffractive neural networks

Free-space all-optical diffractive neural networks have emerged as promising systems for neuromorphic scene classification. Understanding the fundamental properties of these systems is important to establish their ultimate performance. Here we consider the case of diffraction by subwavelength apertures and study the behavior of the system as a function of the number of diffractive layers by employing a co-design modeling approach. We show that adding depth allows the system to achieve high classification accuracies with a reduced number of diffractive features compared to a single layer, but that it does not allow the system to surpass the performance of an optimized single layer. The improvement from depth is found to be limited to the first few layers. These properties originate from the constraints imposed by the physics of light, in particular the weakening electric field with distance from the aperture.

Exploring the Potential of Halotolerant Actinomycetes from Rann of Kutch, India: A Study on the Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles.

A tremendous increase in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has been noticed in the last decades, which is due to their unique properties at the nano dimension. The present research work deals with synthesis mediated by the actinomycete Streptomyces tendae of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), isolated from Little and Greater Rann of Kutch, India. The confirmation of the formation of AgNPs by the actinomycetes was carried out by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer where an absorbance peak was obtained at 420 nm. The X-ray diffraction pattern demonstrated five characteristic diffraction peaks indexed at the lattice plane (111), (200), (231), (222), and (220). Fourier transform infrared showed typical bands at 531 to 1635, 2111, and 3328 cm-1. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the spherical-shaped AgNPs particles have diameters in the range of 40 to 90 nm. The particle size analysis displayed the mean particle size of AgNPs in aqueous medium, which was about 55 nm (±27 nm), bearing a negative charge on their surfaces. The potential of the S. tendae-mediated synthesized AgNPs was evaluated for their antimicrobial, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), anti-biofilm, and anti-oxidant activity. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at (8 µg/mL), followed by Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger at (32 µg/mL), and against Candida albicans (64 µg/mL), whereas Bacillus subtilis (128 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (256 µg/mL) were much less sensitive to AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs displayed activity against MRSA, and the free radical scavenging activity was observed with an increase in the dosage of AgNPs from 25 to 200 µg/mL. AgNPs in combination with ampicillin displayed inhibition of the development of biofilm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae at 98% and 83%, respectively. AgNPs were also successfully coated on the surface of cotton to prepare antimicrobial surgical cotton, which demonstrated inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis (15 mm) and Escherichia coli (12 mm). The present research integrates microbiology, nanotechnology, and biomedical science to formulate environmentally friendly antimicrobial materials using halotolerant actinomycetes, evolving green nanotechnology in the biomedical field. Moreover, this study broadens the understanding of halotolerant actinomycetes and their potential and opens possibilities for formulating new antimicrobial products and therapies.

Preparation of Nb5+ Doped Na3V2(PO4)3 Cathode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the abundance and low cost of sodium resources. Cathode material plays a crucial role in the performance of sodium ion batteries determining the capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability. Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is a promising cathode material due to its stable three-dimensional NASICON structure, but its discharge capacity is low and its decay is serious with the increase of cycle period. We focused on modifying NVP cathode material by coating carbon and doping Nb5+ ions for synergistic electrochemical properties of carbon-coated NVP@C as a cathode material. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to confirm the phase purity and crystal structure of the Nb5+ doped NVP material, which exhibited characteristic diffraction peaks that matched well with the NASICON structure. Nb5+-doped NVP@C@Nbx materials were prepared using the sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman and Brunauer -Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. First-principles calculations were performed based on density functional theory. VASP and PAW methods were chosen for these calculations. GGA in the PBE framework served as the exchange-correlation functional. The results showed the NVP unit cell consisted of six NVP structural motifs, each containing octahedral VO6 and tetrahedral PO4 groups to form a polyanionomer [V2(PO4)3] along with the c-axis direction by PO4 groups, which had Na1(6b) and Na2(18e) sites. And PDOS revealed that after Nb doping, the d orbitals of the Nb atoms also contributed electrons that were concentrated near the Fermi surface. Additionally, the decrease in the effective mass after Nb doping indicated that the electrons could move more freely through the material, implying an enhancement of the electron mobility. The electrochemical properties of the Nb5+ doped NVP@C@Nb cathode material were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that NVP@C@Nb0.15 achieved an initial discharge capacity as high as 114.27 mAhg-1, with a discharge capacity of 106.38 mAhg-1 maintained after 500 cycles at 0.5C, and the retention rate of the NVP@C@Nb0.15 composite reached an impressive 90.22%. NVP@C@Nb0.15 exhibited low resistance and high capacity, enabling it to create more vacancies and modulate crystal structure, ultimately enhancing the electrochemical properties of NVP. The outstanding performance can be attributed to the Nb5+-doped carbon layer, which not only improves electronic conductivity but also shortens the diffusion length of Na+ ions and electrons, as well as reduces volume changes in electrode materials. These preliminary results suggested that the as-obtained NVP@C@Nb0.15 composite was a promising novel cathode electrode material for efficient sodium energy storage.

P‐45: A simulation method for crossed‐type exit pupil based on polarization volume grating

We propose a simulation method for two‐dimensional (2D) crossed‐type exit pupil expansion based on polarization volume grating (PVG) applied in diffractive waveguide holographic display. The functions of turning and decoupling of the PVG are realized through two continuous Bragg regions, and the spatial director distribution of liquid crystal is combined with RCWA to model its diffractive characteristics and ray tracing simulation.

P‐266: Late‐News Poster: Quality Assessment Towards Reflective Pattern Based on Diffraction Appearance

While polarizer‐free (Pol‐less) OLED displays increase the efficiency of the panels with lowering the thickness, there comes an issue of the screen quality drop due to diffraction. We have investigated phenomena and invented a novel model for diffraction, since the color‐difference‐based evaluation alone has limitations in responding to customer needs in various environments and reflecting situations in which actual users embrace the screen quality. The main spatial features of the diffraction appearance were classified into the size and complexity of the pattern, and each factor was quantified through a specialized model. Diffraction features can be automatically calculated as numerical values from the invented model reflecting perceptual levels, which acts as a ‘ruler’ to achieve a good 'grade' of image quality in the product development stage. In this paper, we demonstrate what plays vital roles in diffraction appearance on Pol‐less displays and how to evaluate the diffraction in representative values.

Synthesis and Cation Exchange of LTA Zeolites Synthesized from Different Silicon Sources Applied in CO2 Adsorption

Zeolites have a well-ordered crystalline network with pores controlled in the synthesis process. Their composition comprises silicon and aluminum, so industrial residues with this composition can be used for the synthesis of zeolites. The use of zeolites for CO2 adsorption is feasible due to the characteristics that these materials have; in particular, zeolites with a low Si/Al ratio have greater gas adsorption capacities. In this work, the synthesis of LTA (Linde Type A) zeolites from silica fumes obtained from the industrial LIASA process and light coal ash is presented. We explore three different synthesis routes, where the synthesized materials undergo cation exchange and are applied in CO2 adsorption processes. Studying the synthesis processes, it is observed that all materials present characteristic diffractions for the LTA zeolite, as well as presenting specific areas between 6 and 19 m2/g and average pore distributions of 0.50 nm; however, the silica fume yielded better synthesis results, due to its lower impurity content compared to the light coal ash (which contains impurities such as quartz present in the zeolite). When applied for CO2 adsorption, the standard materials after cation exchange showed greater adsorption capacities, followed by the zeolites synthesized from silica fume and, finally, the zeolites synthesized from coal ash. By analyzing the selectivity of the materials for CO2/N2, it is observed that the materials in sodium form present greater selectivity when compared to the calcium-based materials.

Simulation of gradient period polarization volume gratings for augmented reality displays

Augmented reality (AR) displays are gaining attention as next-generation intelligent display technologies. Diffractive waveguide technologies are progressively becoming the AR display industry's preferred option. Gradient period polarization volume holographic gratings (PVGs), which are considered to have the potential to expand the field of view (FOV) of waveguide display systems due to their wide bandwidth diffraction characteristics, have been proposed as coupling elements for diffraction waveguide systems in recent years. Here, what we believe to be a novel modeling method for gradient period PVGs is proposed by incorporating grating stacking and scattering analysis utilizing rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) theory. The diffraction efficiency and polarization response were extensively explored using this simulation model. In addition, a dual-layer full-color diffractive waveguide imaging simulation using proposed gradient period PVGs is accomplished in Zemax software using a self-compiled dynamic link library (DLL), achieving a 53° diagonal FOV at a 16:9 aspect ratio. This work furthers the development of PVGs by providing unique ideas for the field of view design of AR display.

Manganese-substituted strontium ferrite catalyst on honeycomb structured cordierite support for oxidation of diesel particulate matter

Perovskite-based catalysts have been explored as low-cost substitutes for platinum (Pt)- based catalysts for diesel particulate matter (DPM) oxidation. In this work, manganese (Mn)-substituted strontium ferrite (SrFeMnO3-δ) (SFM) as a catalyst was coated on the honeycomb structure of cordierite support and tested for its catalytic performance for DPM oxidation using a real-world engine. The characteristic diffraction peaks due to the presence of the perovskite structure of SFM were observed for the cordierite-supported SFM. Mn was substituted in the lattice of un-substituted strontium ferrite and no other impurities were formed upon the Mn-substitution. Highly agglomerated SFM particles were formed solely due to the perovskite phase formation temperature (900 °C). The SFM catalyst enhanced catalytic Printex-V oxidation performance compared to its oxidation without the catalyst, where Printex V was used as the model DPM. The SFM catalyst showed high CO2 selectivity upon the oxidation of DPM. These results infer that the SFM catalyst possesses promise as an alternative to commercially available DOC catalysts based on PGM for DPM oxidation. SFM-coated cordierite support performed much better in terms of particle number, mass and surface area than commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) or without DOC at no engine load. The performance is substantially higher even at moderate engine loads of up to 40% and comparable at very high engine loads of 100%. Detailed investigations on a real engine exhaust and measurement of crucial parameters like particle number, mass and surface area suggest convincing and relatively rare evidence for its potential as a catalyst for diesel exhaust emission control catalyst.

The diffraction and re-initiation characteristics of gaseous detonations with an irregular cellular structure

Two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed in this study to look at the diffraction and subsequent evolution of an irregular structure detonation in a stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture, propagating from a small-width pre-detonator (width d) into a larger-width testing channel (width D). By varying the ratio D/d from 1.1 to 5.5, three kinds of propagation modes and the corresponding dynamics of the irregular structure detonation waves are elucidated. The numerical results show that, for an irregular structure detonation wave, the D/d range from 1.0 to 1.1 corresponds to the supercritical mode, the critical mode for D/d ranging from 1.2 to 5.0, and a D/d larger than 5.0 results in the subcritical mode. Compared to the equivalent numerical study for regular structure detonations, the critical width ratios for the supercritical mode and the critical mode are found different for irregular structure detonation. Detonation waves with an irregular structure are more likely to change from the supercritical mode to the critical mode. In the critical mode, the re-initiation process of an irregular structure detonation could originate in two ways, i.e., the Mach reflection of the diffracting lead shock LS to form the main triple point TP1 or self-sustained triple points (the TP2∼TP4) from the diffracting cellular detonation front. On the other hand, the re-initiation process of a regular structure detonation could result solely from the Mach reflection of the LS to form the TP1. By defining the distance between the backward-facing step and the explosion bubble HS formed by the collision of the new triple points as the characteristic distance L (mm), it is shown that the irregular structure detonation requires a longer characteristic distance L than the regular structure detonation to generate the HS at the centerline. The findings of this study offer potential avenues for optimizing pre-detonator and combustion chamber configurations in detonation engines.

Potential of polyphenols from Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume on enhancing the quality of starchy food during frying.

The increasing concerns about health have led to a growing demand for high-quality fried foods. The potential uses of Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume, a traditional tea in China, as natural additives to enhance the quality of starchy food during frying was studied. Results indicated that L. robustum polyphenols extract (LREs) could improve the quality of fried starchy food, according to the tests of color, moisture content, oil content, texture property, and volatile flavor. The in vitro digestion results demonstrated that LRE reduced the final glucose content from 11.35±0.17 to 10.80±0.70mmol/L and increased the phenolic content of fried starch foods from 1.23±0.04 to 3.76±0.14mg/g. The appearance and polarizing microscopy results showed that LRE promoted large starch bulges on the surface of fried starchy foods. Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction results showed that LRE increased the intensity of characteristic diffraction peak of fried starch with a range of 21.8%-28%, and Fourier transform infrared results showed that LRE reduced the damage to short-range order structure of starch caused by the frying process. In addition, LRE increased the aggregation of starch granules according to the SEM observation and decreased the enthalpy of starch gelatinization based on the differential scanning calorimetry results. The present results suggest that LREs have the potential to be utilized as a natural additive for regulating the quality of fried starchy food in food industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The enhancement of L. robustum polyphenols on the quality of starchy food during frying was found, and its mechanisms were also explored. This work indicated that L. robustum might be used as a novel economic natural additive for producing high-quality fried foods.

Effect of Polyethylene Pyrolysis Oil Hydrotreatment on the Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst: Experimental Characterization.

The dramatic increase in plastics production, coupled with a low recycling and recovery rate, has been a major challenge for sustainable practices and combating climate change. Hydrotreatment processing to upgrade fuel oils is a well-known process in the petroleum industry. In this work, we aim to investigate the catalyst properties before and after the hydrotreatment of pyrolysis oil derived from plastics, namely, linear low-density polyethylene, as no such report is available in the literature. Granular and powder forms of the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst were used in this study with characterization methods executed as such: transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and IR-RIS. XRD data show that the crystallinity of the catalyst support was unaffected by the hydrotreatment without any residues left, as the characteristic diffraction peaks were indicated for the crystalline phase of the support as 37.4, 39.8, 46.3, and 67.3°. In addition, the TGA experiments revealed that the carbon deposition on the spent catalyst was higher, as indicated by the higher weight loss (15.359%) compared to the fresh catalyst sample (11.43%). XPS analysis showed that the carbon deposition is more intense on the granular spent catalyst, as the intensity of the peaks is some 15 times greater than the peaks from the fresh catalyst. Also, compared to the observed peaks of the powder catalyst, less coke is formed. The band at 1624.05 cm-1 from the IR-RIS spectra was attributed to a shifted C=O band from the coke formation. The extension of these investigations using different catalysts to improve their characteristics and performance and to inhibit coke deposition will contribute to the incorporation of such processes in industry as well as the cost of fuels.

Quantitative determination of quaternary solid waste-based binders and its hydrates by XRD

Solid waste-based binders offer intrinsic low-carbon advantages and non-primary resource consumption, making them one of the most promising low-carbon binders. However, the compositions of multiple components and the complex nature of their raw materials—mainly industrial solid wastes—make the stability and control of their quality very difficult, thereby limiting their practical applications in industry. The core of controlling product stability lies in quantifying the blended mixes. The progress in X-ray diffraction and its analysis methods has provided an opportunity to directly and non-destructively measure the phase compositions of solid waste-based binders. Rietveld refinement has been widely used to quantify the blend of crystals. However, due to the X-ray amorphous diffraction characteristics of aluminosilicates in most solid wastes, distinguishing and quantifying them is challenging. The PONCKS method has provided a strategy for indexing the amorphous phases and facilitating the distinction of different amorphous phases in various raw materials. In this study, by combining the Rietveld and PONCKS methods, a strategy has been presented that applies the XRD method to quantify the mixing proportions and their hydration products, and its validity has been verified. Factors such as crystal preferred orientation, background selection, and the structure for establishing the CASH model have been identified as more significant for accurate analysis and the optimal fitting strategy has been suggested. Lastly, in-situ XRD measurements, a very promising technology for studying the fresh paste hydration processes, have also been conducted. The real-time continuous determination has provided a more insightful understanding of the hydration and setting behaviors of the solid waste-based binder.

Effects of obstacle arrangement on the diffraction and subsequent reflection characteristics of cellular detonation across an obstacle

Numerical investigations were carried out to study the arrangement of an obstacle with a critical block ratio on the diffraction and subsequent reflection characteristics of cellular detonation using the in-house solver DCRFoam. Detonation waves were formed in a two-dimensional 61.6 mm wide tube filled with 2H2+O2+7AR mixtures whose initial pressure and temperature were 6.67 kPa and 298 K. The results showed that the arrangement of the obstacle had a significant impact on the downstream structures. When the obstacle was symmetrical about the tube central, regular cells that were a time larger than those upstream of the obstacle could be observed downstream of the obstacle. When the obstacle was located on one side of the tube, the cell structure of single-head detonation was left downstream of the obstacle. When the obstacle deviated from the tube central by 1/4 width of cells upstream of it, a distorted rhombic cell structure could be primarily observed, which then evolved into that like a single-head detonation. The propagation speed and peak pressure of the leading shock were independent of the obstacle arrangements. For regular cell structures, the averaged velocities along the cell central in a period were consistent with those in a cell upstream of the obstacle.

Effect of strontium fluoride on mechanical and remineralization properties of enamel: An in-vitro study on a modified orthodontic adhesive

ObjectivesEvaluate the ability of strontium fluoride on bond strength and enamel integrity after incorporation within orthodontic adhesive system as a delivery vehicle. MethodsExperimental orthodontic adhesive system Transbond™ XT were modified with 1% Sr2+, 0.5% SrF2, 1% strontium, 0.5% Sr2+, 1% F-, 0.5% F-, and no additions were control. Mixing of formulation was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Small-molecule drug-discovery suite was used to gain insights into Sr2+, F-, and SrF2 binding. Shear bond testing was performed after 6-months of ageing. Enamel blocks were cut, and STEM pictures were recorded. Specimens were indented to evaluate elastic modulus. Raman microscope was used to collect Raman spectra and inspected using a scanning electron microscope. Crystal structural analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction. Effect of material on cellular proliferation was determined. Confocal was performed to evaluate the effect of formulation on biofilms. ResultsFTIR of modified adhesives depicted peak changes within range due to various functional groups existing within samples. TEM represented structurally optimized hexagonal unit-cell of hydroxyapatite. Mean shear bond strength is recorded highest for Transbond XT with 1% SrF2. Dead bacterial percentage appeared higher in 0.5% SrF2 and 1% F- specimens. Crystal lengths showed an increase in 0.5% and 1% SrF2 specimens. Phase contrast within TEM images showed a union of 0.5% SrF2 crystal with enamel crystal with higher elastic modulus and highly mineralized crystalline hydroxyapatite. Intensity of ν1 PO43- and ν1 CO32- along with carbonate - / ν1PO43- ratio displayed good association with strontium fluoride. The formulation showed acceptable cell biocompatibility (p < 0.353). All specimens displayed characteristic diffraction maxima of different apatite angles within XRD. SignificanceExperimental results suggested good biocompatibility, adequate mechanical strength, and far-ranging crystallization ability. This would provide a new strategy to overcome the two major challenges of fixed orthodontics, biofilm growth, and demineralization of enamel.

Utilization of Lipophilic Salt and Phospholipid Complex in Lipid-Based Formulations to Modulate Drug Loading and Oral Bioavailability of Pazopanib.

Pazopanib hydrochloride (PAZ) displays strong intermolecular interaction in its crystal lattice structure, limiting its solubility and dissolution. The development of lipid-based formulations (LbFs) resulted in reduced PAZ loading due to solid-state mediated low liposolubility. This study aims to enhance our understanding of PAZ crystallinity by synthesizing a lipophilic salt and phospholipid complex and investigating its impact on the drug loading in LbFs. The synthesized pazopanib lipophilic salt and phospholipid complex were extensively characterized. The solid form of pazopanib docusate (PAZ-DOC) and pazopanib phospholipid complex (PAZ-PLC) indicates a reduction in characteristic diffraction peaks of crystalline PAZ. The lipid formulations were prepared using synthesized PAZ-DOC and PAZ-PLC, where PAZ-DOC demonstrated sixfold higher drug solubility than the commercial salt form and twice that of the PAZ-PLC due to differences in the crystallinity. Further, the impact of salt and complex formation was assessed on the aqueous drug solubilization using lipolysis and multimedia dissolution experiments. Moreover, the LbFs showed notably faster dissolution compared to the crystalline PAZ and marketed tablet. In terms of in vivo pharmacokinetics, the PAZ-DOC LbF exhibited a remarkable 11-fold increase in AUC value compared to the crystalline PAZ and a 2.5-fold increase compared to Votrient®. Similarly, PAZ-PLC LbF showed an approximately ninefold increase in drug exposure compared to the crystalline PAZ, and a 2.2-fold increase compared to Votrient®. These findings suggest that disrupting the crystallinity of drugs and incorporating them into LbF could be advantageous for enhancing drug loading and overcoming limitations related to drug absorption.

Improving grating duty cycle uniformity: amplitude-splitting flat-top beam laser interference lithography.

Laser interference lithography is an effective approach for grating fabrication. As a key parameter of the grating profile, the duty cycle determines the diffraction characteristics and is associated with the irradiance of the exposure beam. In this study, we developed a fabrication technique amplitude-splitting flat-top beam interference lithography to improve duty cycle uniformity. The relationship between the duty cycle uniformity and irradiance of the exposure beam is analyzed, and the results indicate that when the beam irradiance nonuniformity is less than 20%, the grating duty cycle nonuniformity is maintained below ±2%. Moreover, an experimental amplitude-splitting flat-top beam interference lithography system is developed to realize an incident beam irradiance nonuniformity of 21%. The full-aperture duty cycle nonuniformity of the fabricated grating is less than ±3%. Amplitude-splitting flat-top beam interference lithography improves duty cycle uniformity, greatly reduces energy loss compared to conventional apodization, and is more suitable for manufacturing highly uniform gratings over large areas.