Cone Features Research Articles

Deep learning-based intratumoral and peritumoral features for differentiating ocular adnexal lymphoma and idiopathic orbital inflammation.

To evaluate the value of deep-learning-based intratumoral and peritumoral features for differentiating ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) and idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI). Nighty-seven patients with histopathologically confirmed OAL (n = 43) and IOI (n = 54) were randomly divided into training (n = 79) and test (n = 18) groups. DL-based intratumoral and peritumoral features were extracted to characterize the differences in heterogeneity and tissue invasion between different lesions, respectively. Subsequently, an attention-based fusion model was employed to fuse the features extracted from intra- and peritumoral regions and multiple MR sequences. A comprehensive comparison was conducted among different methods for extracting intratumoral, peritumoral, and fused features. Area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the performance under a 10-fold cross-validation and independent test. Chi-square and student's t-test were used to compare discrete and continuous variables, respectively. Fused intra-peritumoral features achieved AUC values of 0.870-0.930 and 0.849-0.924 on individual MR sequences in the validation and test sets, respectively. This was significantly higher than those using intratumoral features (p < 0.05), but not significantly different than those using peritumoral features (p > 0.05). By combining multiple MR sequences, AUC values of the intra-peritumoral features were boosted to 0.943 and 0.940, higher than those obtained from each sequence alone. Moreover, intra-peritumoral features yielded higher AUC values compared to entire orbital cone features extracted by either the intra- or the peritumoral DL model, although no significant difference was found from the latter (p > 0.05). DL-based intratumoral, peritumoral, and especially fused intra-peritumoral features may help differentiate between OAL and IOI. Question What is the diagnostic value of the peritumoral region and its combination with the intratumoral region for radiomic analysis of orbital lymphoproliferative disorders? Findings Fused intra- and peritumoral features achieved significantly higher performance than intratumoral features, but had no significant difference to the peritumoral features. Clinical relevance Peritumoral contextual features, which characterize the invasion patterns of orbital lesions within the surrounding areas of the entire orbital cone, might serve as an independent imaging marker for differentiating between OAL and IOI.

Microscopic study of Siberian fir cones

Siberian fir of the pine family is a characteristic representative of the forests of Siberia and the North-East of the European part of the Russian Federation. Siberian fir is a source of wood, but during logging, a huge amount of wood waste is generated. One of such objects is Siberian fir cones, which, due to their rich composition, can be considered as a new type of medicinal plant raw materials. The purpose of the work is to determine the anatomical features of Siberian fir cones. The study of anatomical features of Siberian fir cones was carried out on cross sections of seed scales and a cross section of the axis of the cone. Samples of cones for research were harvested on the territory of the Ilyinsky district of the Perm Region. As a result of the study, the following diagnostic signs were formulated. On the preparation of the cross section of seed scales: unicellular, rarely multicellular hairs of conical or papillary shape; a layer of lamellar collenchyma under the epidermis; sclereids are found under the collenchyma in intermittent layers; resin passages are visible in the center of the scales. On the preparation of the axis cross section, the following is observed: the primary cortex, represented by cells of the storage parenchyma; large resin passages located along the entire circumference of the axis of the cone; a conductive system of non-ductile structure.

Influence of raster orientation on fracture behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy manufactured by Laser powder bed fusion

This study analyzes the fracture characteristics of Ti6Al4V alloy manufacturedby the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technique, specifically investigating the effect of raster orientation. A modified yield function is presented to determine the decrease in load-carrying ability attributed to shear effects. The damage variable includes both the void volume fraction and shear damage variables, taking into consideration the consequences of void interaction. The research utilizes Finite Element Analysis (FEA) together with calibrated modified GTN fracture parameters derived from Hill’s 48 parameters to accurately predict material behavior. Uniaxial tension tests are carried out on samples in different raster orientations:0°, 45°, and 90°. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used to conduct a more thorough examination of the fracture’s characteristics. The specimens with a 90° raster orientation exhibit considerable plastic deformation with deepdimples on the fractured surface, along with irregularly shaped voids. In contrast, the sections with 45° and 0° orientations display smaller dimples and smoother cup and cone features without significant plastic deformation. The results demonstrate that the direction of the raster has a considerable impact on the plastic modulus and fracture properties of the material.

Variable controlling factors lead to contrasting patterns of volcanism in the Changbaishan volcanic area (Tianchi-Longgang), China-North Korea: Insights from morphometry and spatial-temporal analyses

The coexistence of monogenetic and polygenetic volcanoes is a common phenomenon in volcanic areas. However, the genetic relationship between monogenetic and polygenetic systems and the factors controlling their distinct eruptive styles are not well understood. In active volcanic areas, analysing the clustering and vent alignment of monogenetic volcanoes, as well as examining the geomorphology and relative ages of scoria cones, offers quantitative insights into magma supply rates, volcano type distribution, and volcanic development trends. Our study presents geomorphological and spatio-temporal analyses of the co-existing monogenetic volcanoes in the Longgang Volcanic Field (LVF) and those associated with a polygenetic volcano (Tianchi) in the Changbaishan Volcanic Area, China. The distance between the two volcanic areas is around 150 km. Monogenetic vents in the LVF exhibit greater density compared to the dispersed system associated with Tianchi. The LVF vents also show better alignment, particularly in the direction of pre-existing basement faults (NE-SW, NW-SE and EW). By using scoria cone morphometric parameters and features, we estimated the relative ages and erupted volumes of monogenetic volcanoes in the LVF and the Tianchi area. We classified the cones of the two volcanic systems into five eruptive periods and found that, despite similar magma sources and output rates over approximately 870 kyr, differing numbers of scoria cones across age classes suggest that Tianchi's magma system influences its associated monogenetic volcanic plumbing. Furthermore, the continuous rise in output rates of monogenetic volcanoes in the Tianchi area highlights the increasing magma supply sustaining Tianchi volcano. Together, these interpretations are consistent with the two systems being controlled by different factors: the Tianchi monogenetic volcanic system is more controlled by magmatism, whereas the LVF is more strongly controlled by local tectonic structures, alongside an increasing magma supply causing the formation of progressively larger individual volcanoes. In volcanic areas, analysing monogenetic volcanoes' spatial-temporal distribution, volumes and recurrence rate provides a framework to evaluate magma supply rates and tectonic associations, which are key to the development of different volcano types.

Can topographic features of debris cones (SW Spitsbergen) be geoindicators of environmental changes?

Can topographic features of debris cones (SW Spitsbergen) be geoindicators of environmental changes?

Analyzing spatial distributions and alignments of pitted cone features in Utopia Planitia on Mars

Martian geomorphology and surface features provide links to understanding past geologic processes such as fluid movement, local and regional tectonics, and feature formation mechanisms. Pitted cones are common features in the northern plains basins of Mars. They have been proposed to have formed from upwelling volatile-rich fluids, such as magma or water-sediment slurries. In this study, we map the spatial distributions of pitted cone features across the Utopia Planitia (UP) basin. Using the Average Nearest Neighbor technique, we find that pitted cone features appear to be clustered across the basin, occurring in a narrow band around the circumferential rim of UP. Additionally, we find that pitted cone features also appear to be aligned in chains that are sub-parallel with the basin margin. Parallel bands of cones generally follow elevation contours of the UP basin, which suggests elevation or a correlated factor plays a major role in pitted cone and cone chain formation. We propose that pitted cones and cone chains may be related to vertical fractures formed around the UP basin rim from subsidence of infilling basin material.

Planetary scientific target detection via deep learning: A case study for finding shatter cones in Mars rover images

AbstractPast, present, and forthcoming planetary rover missions to Mars and other planetary bodies are equipped with a large number of scientific cameras. The very large number of images resulting from this, combined with tight time constraints for navigation, measurements, and analyses, pose a major challenge for the mission teams in terms of scientific target evaluation. Shatter cones are the only macroscopic evidence for impact‐induced shock metamorphism and therefore impact craters on Earth. The typical features of shatter cones, such as striations and horsetail structures, are particularly suitable for machine learning methods. The necessary training images do not exist for such a case; therefore, we pursued the approach of producing them artificially. Using PRo3D, a viewer developed for the interactive exploration and geologic analysis of high‐resolution planetary surface reconstructions, we virtually placed shatter cones in 3‐D background scenes processed from true Mars rover imagery. We use PRo3D‐rendered images of such scenes as training data for machine learning architectures. Terrestrial analog studies in Ethiopia supported our lab work and were used to test the resulting neural network of this feasibility study. The result showed that our approach with shatter cones in artificial Mars rover scenes is suitable to train neural networks for automatic detection of shatter cones. In addition, we have identified several aspects that can be used to improve the training of the neural network and increase the recognition rate. For example, using background data with a higher resolution in order to have equal resolution of object (shatter cone) and Martian background and increase the number of objects that can be placed in the training data set. Also using better lighting reconstructions and a better radiometric adaption between object and Martian background would further improve the results.

Two-dimensional Dirac TiB2C2 as a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries: a first-principles study.

The development and design of anode materials with good stability, high capacity, low diffusion barrier and excellent cyclability is an important challenge for further improvement of the battery industry. In this context, a promising 2D anode material TiB2C2 with Dirac cone states is investigated through the first-principles prediction. We found this material to be thermodynamically, dynamically, and thermally stable, suggesting the possibility of its experimental synthesis. Considering its lightweight, planar structure and Dirac cone features, we systematically investigated the feasibility of the TiB2C2 monolayer as an anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Based on the adsorption energy of lithium on the monolayer surfaces, we determined the sites that can hold lithium ions with high adsorption energy. Moreover, TiB2C2 exhibits good ionic and electronic conductivity, a suitable voltage profile, and high structural stability upon the Li-loading process; it also shows 1.12% change in cell parameters. Importantly, a high storage capacity of up to 1075 mA h g-1 was found. All these criteria conclude the appealing electrochemical performance of the TiB2C2 monolayer as a promising anode material for LIBs.

Inverse Design of Valley-Like Edge States of Sound Degenerated Away from the High-Symmetry Points in a Square Lattice.

Robust edge states of periodic crystals with Dirac points fixed at the corners or centers of the Brillouin zones have drawn extensive attention. Recently, researchers have observed a special edge state associated with Dirac cones degenerated at the high symmetric boundaries of the first irreducible Brillouin zone. These nodal points, characterized by vortex structures in the momentum space, are attributed to the unavailable band crossing protected by mirror symmetry. By breaking the time reversal symmetry with intuitive rotations, valley-like states can be observed in a pair of inequivalent insulators. In this paper, an improved direct inverse design method is first applied to realize the valley-like states. Compared with the conventional strategy, the preparation of transition structures with degeneracy points is skipped. By introducing the quantitative gauge of mode inversion error, insulator pairs are directly obtained without manually tuning the structure with Dirac cone features.

Unveiling Weyl-related optical responses in semiconducting tellurium by mid-infrared circular photogalvanic effect

Elemental tellurium, conventionally recognized as a narrow bandgap semiconductor, has recently aroused research interests for exploiting Weyl physics. Chirality is a unique feature of Weyl cones and can support helicity-dependent photocurrent generation, known as circular photogalvanic effect. Here, we report circular photogalvanic effect with opposite signs at two different mid-infrared wavelengths which provides evidence of Weyl-related optical responses. These two different wavelengths correspond to two critical transitions relating to the bands of different Weyl cones and the sign of circular photogalvanic effect is determined by the chirality selection rules within certain Weyl cone and between two different Weyl cones. Further experimental evidences confirm the observed response is an intrinsic second-order process. With flexibly tunable bandgap and Fermi level, tellurium is established as an ideal semiconducting material to manipulate and explore chirality-related Weyl physics in both conduction and valence bands. These results are also directly applicable to helicity-sensitive optoelectronics devices.

Sensitivity assessment of morphometric parameters of monogenetic volcanic landforms with global free DEMs

Improvements in the resolution of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have greatly facilitated the research of small to moderate landforms such as dunes, landslides/rockfalls, moraines/drumlins and monogenetic volcanoes. Global free 30 m DEMs including data derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) World 3D 30 m (AW3D30), and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER GDEM) are widely used. However, little is known of whether they can be used effectively in monogenetic volcanology. The focus of this study is to explore the accuracy and potential application of global free SRTM 30 m and AW3D30, as well as ASTER GDEM (previously studied) in monogenetic volcanic fields. We compared SRTM and AW3D30 with four reference higher-resolution DEM dataset, including National Elevation Dataset (NED) 10 m in Uinkaret Volcanic Field (UVF) (United States), WorldDEM 12 m in Longgang Volcanic Field (LVF) (China), Contour Line Based DEM (CLBD) 1 m in Jeju Island Volcanic Field (JIVF) (South Korea), and Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) 1 m in Lunar Crater Volcanic Field (LCVF) (United States). The results indicate that AW3D30 has higher accuracy than SRTM in all comparisons including elevation, slope angle and morphological parameters of scoria cones and associated lava flows. However, the accuracy of AW3D30 is almost the same as that of SRTM in that it is affected by slope angle, volume of volcanic edifices, and morphological features of scoria cones. In general, slope angle has a significant effect on the elevation and slope angle errors, which is consistent with previous studies. When the volume of the scoria cones is >5 × 106 m3 and the volume of the lava flows is above 10 × 106 m3, the average errors of their morphological parameters generated by SRTM and AW3D30 do not exceed 16.3 %. The morphological features are classified as crater (the central depression within a scoria cone), crater rim (the top 15 % of the highest elevations), lower flank (the lowest 15 % of the elevations), and middle flank (the remainder of a scoria cone). The area near the crater rim is often the area where larger errors occur, especially on the crater side. The middle and lower flank areas have milder errors. Additionally, the simulation of pre-eruptive surfaces should take into account the effects of certain factors such as roughness and flatness when calculating the volume. Overall, AW3D30 has the best potential in monogenetic volcano studies, followed by SRTM and ASTER GDEM.

Experimental Realization of Two-Dimensional Weak Topological Insulators.

We report the experimental realization of a two-dimensional (2D) weak topological insulator (WTI) in spinless Su-Schrieffer-Heeger circuits with parity-time and chiral symmetries. Strong and weak topological indexes are adopted to explain the experimental findings that a Dirac semimetal (DSM) phase and four WTI phases emerge in turn when we modulate the centrosymmetric circuit deformations. In the DSM phase, it is found that the Dirac cone is highly anisotropic and that it is not pinned to any high-symmetry points but can widely move within the Brillouin zone, which eventually leads to the phase transition between WTIs. In addition, we observe a pair of flat-band domain wall states by designing spatially inhomogeneous node connections. Our work provides the first experimental evidence for 2D WTIs, which significantly advances our understanding of the strong and weak nature of topological insulators, the robustness of flat bands, and the itinerant and anisotropic features of Dirac cones.

High-Resolution Image Analysis Reveals a Decrease in Lens Thickness and Cone Density in a Cohort of Young Myopic Patients.

Purpose: To study the association between axial length (AL) and the thickness of the lens, retina, choroid, and cone density with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and an adaptive optics (AO) fundus camera.Design: A prospective cross-sectional study.Methods: This study included 136 eyes in 68 subjects. SS-OCT was used to quantify the thickness of the lens, ganglion cell complex (GCC) layer, inner nuclear layer (INL), outer retinal layer (ORL), and choroid layer. Adaptive optics was used to quantify spatial features of the cone photoreceptors, including density, spacing, regularity, and dispersion. The associations among the AL and the thickness of lens, retina, choroid, and cone features were evaluated with linear regression.Results: With the severity of myopia, the increased AL was associated with thinning of the lens (P < 0.001, 95% CI: −100.42 to −49.76). The thickness of the ORL and choroid decreased significantly (all P < 0.001), whereas the thickness of the GCC and INL decreased only in the outer ring (both P < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between the cone density/spacing and AL (both P < 0.001). Although cone density was reduced from 25,160/mm2 to 19,134/mm2 in the inner region and from 17,458/mm2 to 13,896/mm2 in the outer region, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 or greater.Conclusions: We found that the lens thickness (LT), ORL, and cone density decreased in myopia. While decreasing cone density and ORL thickness should be related to axial elongation, decreasing of LT might imply intrinsic physical accommodation. These results provide further morphological changes of myopia.

Intriguing features of Dirac cones in phagraphene with site specific doping

The non-honeycomb lattice phagraphene is energetically comparable with graphene and has recently been experimentally realized in 1D form. This carbon allotrope exhibits asymmetric Dirac cone feature with tunable Fermi velocity against external strain. This work critically presents an analytical scheme to address the emergence and robustness of Dirac fermions in phagraphene network. In particular, the lattice has judicially been renormalized from twenty atomic sites per unit cell to an equivalent two-level model. The electronic band structure of the renormalized system agrees well with the first principles results near the Fermi level. Besides, the Fermi velocity obtained from the analytical dispersion relation also supports the density functional theory results. Moreover, phagraphene is dynamically stable even after the introduction of boron and nitrogen as foreign atoms. It has been revealed that the degeneracy at the Fermi level is preserved for certain doping sites. Therefore, the criterion of band gap opening in this Dirac system has been explained in terms of appropriate hopping constraints. Furthermore, we have explored that some of the particular lattice sites significantly contribute to the formation of Dirac cones in the low-energy lattice. In addition, proper effective hopping anisotropy between these renormalized sites essentially removes the degeneracy of the Dirac point and opens a bandgap. Our approach is elegant and will serve as an essential reference for realizing the underlying mechanism behind the occurrence of Dirac fermions in the next-generation non-honeycomb lattices.

LAIK: Location-Specific Analysis to Infer Key Performance Indicators

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are important measures of the quality of service in cellular networks. There are multiple efforts by cellular carriers and 5G standardization on the use of crowdsourcing to minimize drive tests (MDT) and self-organize the network while improving KPIs via a user feedback loop. Since propagation highly depends upon the environment, readily-available geographical data could be coupled with the crowdsourced user data to infer performance. In this paper, we build a framework to infer KPIs by establishing a relationship between geographical data and crowdsourced channel measurements via neural networks. In particular, for a specific user location, we leverage delay spread measurements in the region to design a cone-shaped filter for the geographical and user data extraction. Then, a location-specific received signal power prediction is obtained via the neural network trained using the extracted geographical and user data. We study the impact of the angle chosen for the cone and various features selected on location-specific KPI prediction. We then leverage the location-specific inference by repeating the prediction over a set of locations in a region to infer the path loss in a given environment. In both types of KPI inference, we compare against state-of-the-art solutions and show that significant improvement in KPI prediction accuracy is achieved using the proposed strategy. Furthermore, for network planners, we show that our framework can use only geographical information to predict KPIs with a negligible error in user locations that lack signal quality data. By employing the proposed framework to predict location-specific and regional KPIs, we achieve an accurate estimation of network coverage and a 7-fold reduction in throughput estimation error compared to a state-of-the-art solution.

Stress–Strain Index Map: A New Way to Represent Corneal Material Stiffness

PurposeTo introduce a new method to map the mechanical stiffness of healthy and keratoconic corneas.MethodsNumerical modeling based on the finite element method was used to carry out inverse analysis of simulated healthy and keratoconic corneas to determine the regional variation of mechanical stiffness across the corneal surface based on established trends in collagen fibril distribution. The Stress–Strain Index (SSI), developed and validated in an earlier study and presented as a parameter that can estimate the overall stress–strain behavior of corneal tissue, was adopted in this research as a measure of corneal stiffness. The regional variation of SSI across the corneal surface was estimated using inverse analysis while referring to the common features of collagen fibrils’ distribution obtained from earlier x-ray scattering studies. Additionally, for keratoconic corneas, a method relating keratoconic cone features and cornea’s refractive power to the reduction in collagen fibril density inside the cone was implemented in the development of SSI maps. In addition to the simulated cases, the study also included two keratoconus cases, for which SSI maps were developed.ResultsSSI values varied slightly across corneal surface in the simulated healthy eyes. In contrast, both simulated and clinical keratoconic corneas demonstrated substantial reductions in SSI values inside the cone. These SSI reductions depended on the extent of the disease and increased with more considerable simulated losses in fibril density in the cone area. SSI values and their regional variation showed little change with changes in IOP, corneal thickness, and curvature.ConclusionSSI maps provide an estimation of the regional variation of biomechanical stiffness across the corneal surface. The maps could be particularly useful in keratoconic corneas, demonstrating the dependence of corneal biomechanical behavior on the tissue’s microstructure and offering a tool to fundamentally understand the mechanics of keratoconus progression in individual patients.

Tomographic spectrometer for the temporally-resolved 2D reconstruction of gas phase parameters within a generic SCR test rig

We present a tomographic spectrometer for the measurement of gas phase species parameter distributions within the cross section of a generic exhaust gas test rig built for the investigation of the physico-chemical processes during exhaust gas aftertreatment with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). A urea-water solution (UWS) is injected into the hot gas flow to supply ammonia (NH3) through thermolysis and hydrolysis processes as the reducing agent of nitrous oxides (NOx) within the SCR catalyst. To achieve a full NOx conversion, the pre-catalyst distribution of the major exhaust gas species is of great importance. The injection leads to several desirable and undesired highly complex processes including spray breakup and film formation on the opposing wall. To further optimize the pre-catalyst distribution while maximizing the efficiency of the overall process, the knowledge of mole fraction and temperature distributions are crucial.The developed biaxial tomographic spectrometer utilizes a combined measurement method - laser absorption tomography by employing tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) data with the linear hyperspectral absorption tomography (LHAT) approach to achieve simultaneous multiparameter reconstructions. An image frame rate of 49 Hz was achieved following a phase averaging, and a tomographic signal-to-noise ratio limit was applied. Virtual experiments and measurements in homogeneous samples were performed to ensure the spectromter’s ability for qualitative and quantitative reconstructions. Measurements during water injection cycles into the hot gas flow have shown two main features within the distribution that can be linked to the presence of a vapor boundary layer at the channel bottom and an evaporated spray-induced cone feature. Temperature measurements of a thermocouple downstream of the measurement plane agree well with the reconstructed temperatures.The spectrometer is intended to further improve the understanding of the pre-catalyst flow in SCR systems and the results can be taken as reference for corresponding numerical calculations.

Metabolic Features of Mouse and Human Retinas: Rods versus Cones, Macula versus Periphery, Retina versus RPE.

SummaryPhotoreceptors, especially cones, which are enriched in the human macula, have high energy demands, making them vulnerable to metabolic stress. Metabolic dysfunction of photoreceptors and their supporting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important underlying cause of degenerative retinal diseases. However, how cones and the macula support their exorbitant metabolic demand and communicate with RPE is unclear. By profiling metabolite uptake and release and analyzing metabolic genes, we have found cone-rich retinas and human macula share specific metabolic features with upregulated pathways in pyruvate metabolism, mitochondrial TCA cycle, and lipid synthesis. Human neural retina and RPE have distinct but complementary metabolic features. Retinal metabolism centers on NADH production and neurotransmitter biosynthesis. The retina needs aspartate to sustain its aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. RPE metabolism is directed toward NADPH production and biosynthesis of acetyl-rich metabolites, serine, and others. RPE consumes multiple nutrients, including proline, to produce metabolites for the retina.

Parity-time phase transition in photonic crystals with C_{6v} symmetry

We investigate the parity-time (PT) phase transition in photonic crystals with C_{6v} symmetry, with balanced gain and loss on dielectric rods in the triangular lattice. A two-level non-Hermitian model that incorporates the gain and loss in the tight-binding approximation was employed to describe the dispersion of the PT symmetric system. In the unbroken PT phase, the double Dirac cone feature associated with the C_{6v} symmetry is preserved, with a frequency shift of second order due to the presence of gain and loss. The helical edge states with real eigenfrequencies can exist in the common band gap for two topologically distinct lattices. In the broken PT phase, the non-Hermitian perturbation deforms the dispersion by merging the frequency bands into complex conjugate pairs and forming the exceptional contours that feature the PT phase transition. In this situation, the band gap closes and the edge states are mixed with the bulk states.

Особливості морфологічних і біометричних характеристик репродуктивних органів сосни звичайної різної стійкості в насадженнях, уражених кореневою губкою

Висвітлено результати дослідження морфологічних та біометричних характеристик дерев сосни звичайної різного санітарного стану в уражених кореневою губкою насадженнях V і VI класів віку. В осередках усихання відібрано дерева без ознак ослаблення («стійкі») та з ознаками хвороби («хворі»), а в міжосередковому просторі – середні за таксаційними показниками дерева І категорії санітарного стану – контроль. Оцінювали якісні й кількісні характеристики шишок, насіння, крилаток (забарвлення, розміри, форму та масу). Розміри генеративних органів сосни з підвищеною резистентністю виявилися більшими, ніж у дерев із ознаками хвороби та контрольних, що є наслідком адаптації дерева до відкритого простору прогалини на тлі розвитку патологічних процесів і з генетичними особливостями сосни пов’язано мало. Дерева з підвищеною резистентністю в осередках усихання характеризуються суттєво більшою варіабельністю показників діаметра (Cv = 21,2…27,4 %), ніж «хворі» (Cv = 8,9…12,1 %).