The laser vision sensor-based welding robot collects weld images of the workpiece surface and utilizes image processing algorithms to locate feature points in real time during welding. Among the existing methods of weld seam feature extraction, the traditional image processing methods cannot overcome the interference of strong noise, while deep learning-based methods have high computational overhead. Therefore, a light-weight segmentation network based on SOLOv2 is proposed in this paper. It is verified that the proposed network can accurately segment laser stripes under strong noise and achieve a speed of about 29 FPS on the CPU. The proposed network is integrated into the ECO tracking algorithm for welding experiments and the mean absolute error of welding is stable at about 0.2 mm, outperforming the original ECO method. This demonstrates that the proposed network can improve the robustness and accuracy of the weld seam tracking system without significantly increasing the computational resource requirements.