Feather Hydrolysate Research Articles

Assessment of Feather Hydrolysate From Thermophilic Actinomycetes for Soil Amendment and Biological Control Application

Assessment of Feather Hydrolysate From Thermophilic Actinomycetes for Soil Amendment and Biological Control Application

Feather degradation by Streptomyces exfoliatus CFS 1068

Streptomyces exfoliatus CFS 1068, an isolate of crop field soil was tested for its potential to degrade native poultry feathers and to produce proteins and amino acids. The strain caused a net loss of 83 ± 0.7% in feather weight in 6 days at 28°C in shake cultures (150 rpm). The hydrolysate was found to contain 2,100 ± 36 μg ml−1 soluble proteins and 2,090 ± 21 μg ml−1 free amino acids. Supplementation of glucose in the process flasks caused an increase in release of soluble proteins (2,329 ± 34 μg ml−1) and free amino acids (2,727 ± 32 μg ml−1) from feathers. The feather hydrolysate was found to contain six essential amino acids, i.e., arginine, lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine and valine. Thus, the strain is of biotechnological importance for management of feather waste.

Production of alkaliphilic, halotolerent, thermostable cellulase free xylanase by Bacillus halodurans PPKS-2 using agro waste: single step purification and characterization

The alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans strain PPKS-2 was shown to produce extracellular alkaliphilic, thermostable and halotolerent xylanase. The culture conditions for xylanase production were optimized with respect to pH, temperature, NaCl and inexpensive agro waste as substrates. Xylanase yield was enhanced more than four fold in the presence of 1% corn husk and 0.5% peptone or feather hydrolysate at pH 11 and 37°C. Xylanase was purified to 11.8-fold with 8.7% yield by using traditional chromatographic methods whereas the same enzyme purified to 20-fold with 72% yield by using corn husk as ligand. Its molecular mass was estimated to be 24kDa by SDS-PAGE. The xylanase had maximal activity at pH 11 and 70°C. The enzyme was active over broad range, 0-20% sodium chloride. The enzyme was thermostable retaining 100% of the original activity at 70°C for 3h. The apparent K (m) values for oat spelt xylan and brichwood xylan were 4.1 and 4.4mg/ml respectively. The deduced internal amino acid sequence of PPKS-2 xylanase resembled the sequence of β-1,4-endoxylanase, which is member of glycoside hydrolase family 11.

우모 케라틴 분해세균의 분리, 특성 및 우모 분해산물의 식물 생육촉진 효과

Abstract This study was conducted to isolate and characterize a novel feather-degrading bacterium producing keratinase activity. A strain K9 was isolated from soil at poultry farm and identified as Xanthomonas sp. K9 by phenotypic characters and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The cultural conditions for the keratinase production were 0.3% fructose, 0.1% gelatin, 0.04% K 2 HPO 4 , 0.06% KH 2 PO 4 , 0.05% NaCl and 0.01% FeSO 4 with an initial pH 8.0 at 30 ℃ and 200 rpm. In an optimized medium containing 0.1% chicken feather, production yield of keratinase was approximately 8-fold higher than the yield in basal medium. The strain K9 effectively degraded chicken feather meal (67%) and duck feather (54%), whereas human nail and human hair showed relatively low degradation rates (13-22%). Total free amino acid concentration in the cell-free supernatant was about 25.799 mg/l. Feather hydrolysate produced by the strain K9 stimulated growth of red pepper, indicating Xanthomonas sp. K9 could be not only used to increase the nutritional value of chicken feather but also a potential candidate for the development of natural fertilizer applicable to crop plant soil. Key Words :Feather, Fertilizer, Keratin, Keratinase

Production of feather hydrolysate by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica KB042 (MTCC 8360) in submerged fermentation

A keratinolytic bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica KB042 was isolated from dropped off feathers. The bacterium showed 82.50 ± 0.3% feather degradation when grown on medium containing 10 g/l chicken feathers with initial pH 7.0 at 37°C, 150 rpm in 6 days. The pH of the medium was increased up to 10.02 ± 0.10 during 6 days of incubation. Soluble protein and amino acids concentration in the culture fluid was also found increased until the end of incubation. During the cultivation of strain KB042 on feather as sole source of carbon and nitrogen, the maximum cysteine release was noted on the 3rd day. Varying feather concentration 1.0-2.0% in basal medium resulted in soluble protein release between 1814.42 and 1954.61 μg/ml. The amino acid concentration was found to be maximum, i.e. 937.85 ± 11.9 μg/ml in the cultures grown with 2% feather. The hydrolysate was also found rich in essential amino acids valine, tryptophan, threonine, leucine and cysteine and contains minor amount of methionine and arginine. These data indicate a potential biotechnology for biotransformation and utilization of feather keratin as a source of protein which can be used as animal feed after successful animal trials.

Physical and mechanical properties of waterlogged wood treated with hydrolyzed feather keratin

The physical and mechanical properties of waterlogged wood treated using avian feather were investigated. Avian feather is mainly composed of keratin protein and expectable materials for industrial utilization. The feather hydrolysate enhanced the mechanical properties of waterlogged wood and recovered the correlations between modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) and anisotropy. The color of the wood treated with hydrolyzed feather solution exhibited natural wood texture. The feather hydrolysate had antimicrobial activity. However, the wood treated with hydrolyzed feather solution showed high hygroscopicity.

Production of Keratinase by Free and Immobilized Cells of Bacillus halodurans Strain PPKS-2: Partial Characterization and Its Application in Feather Degradation and Dehairing of the Goat Skin

An extremely alkaliphilic bacterial strain, Bacillus sp. PPKS-2, was isolated from rice mill effluents and screened for the production of extracellular keratinase. The maximum production of keratinase occurred after 48 h in shaking culture at pH 11.0 and 37 degrees C in a medium containing 0.5% soybean flour. The strain grew and produced alkaline keratinase using chicken feather and horn meal as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. An addition of 0.1% soybean flour or feather hydrolysate and sodium sulfite to feather medium increased the production and complete solubilization of feather took place within 5 days under solid-state fermentation conditions. The partially purified enzyme displayed maximum activity at pH 11.0 and 60 degrees C in a broad range of NaCl, 0-16%, and was not inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate (10%), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (10 mM), H2O2 (15%), and other commercial detergents. Immobilization of the whole cells proved to be useful for continuous production of keratinase and feather degradation. The enzyme was effectively used to remove hair from goat hide. The strain PPKS-2 can be effectively used for solid waste management of poultry feather in submerged as well as solid-state fermentation.

Hidrolisado de penas como fonte de proteína para ratos

A proteína da pena é uma boa fonte proteica para dietas de animais, sendo um material de grande disponibilidade como subproduto da produção avícola. Neste trabalho, um hidrolisado protéico de penas produzido pelo microrganismo queratinolítico Vibrio sp. kr2 foi avaliado como suplemento em rações. Ratos da linhagem Wistar foram alimentados com sete dietas experimentais (n = 6 ratos por dieta) contendo diferentes fontes de proteína: caseina (CAS), proteína de soja, hidrolisado de pena, farinha de pena, e proteína de soja suplementada com 10 ou 20% (w/w) hidrolisado de pena, ou 20% hidrolisado de pena suplementado com metionina. Os valores de ganho de peso, consumo, digestibilidade verdadeira, coeficiente de eficiência alimentar, coeficiente de eficiência proteica (PER) e eficiência líquida proteica (NPR) foram similares para as dietas contendo proteína de soja e proteína de soja suplementada com 20% hidrolisado de pena e metionina. Valores inferiores para todos parâmetros nutricionais foram observados para as dietas contendo 10 ou 20% hidrolisado de pena, hidrolisado de pena e fariha de pena. A fonte protéica influenciou no peso final do fígado, rins e coração, porém as diferenças não foram significativas para cérebros. Estes resultados indicam que o hidrolisado de penas pode ser usado como fonte de proteína suplementar na formulação de rações desde que suplementados com metionina

Xylanase production using inexpensive agricultural wastes and its partial characterization from a halophilic Chromohalobacter sp. TPSV 101

A halophilic and alkali-tolerant Chromohalobacter sp. TPSV 101 with an ability to produce extracellular halophilic, alkali-tolerant and moderately thermostable xylanase was isolated from solar salterns. Identification of the bacterium was done based upon biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequence. The culture conditions for higher xylanase production were optimized with respect to NaCl, pH, temperature, substrates and metal ions and additives. Maximum xylanase production was achieved in the medium with 20% NaCl, pH-9.0 at 40°C supplemented with 1% (w/v) sugarcane bagasse and 0.5% feather hydrolysate as carbon and nitrogen sources. Sugarcane bagasse (250 U/ml) and wheat bran (190 U/ml) were the best inducer of xylanase when used as carbon source as compared to xylan (61 U/ml). The xylanase that was partially purified by protein concentrator had a molecular mass of 15 kDa approximately. The xylanase from Chromohalobacter sp. TPSV 101 was active at pH 9.0 and required 20% NaCl for optimal xylanolytic activity and was active over a broad range of temperature 40–80°C with 65°C as optimum. The early stage hydrolysis products of sugarcane bagasse were xylose and xylobiose, after longer periods of incubation only xylose was detected.

Bacillus pumilus RS7에 의한 난분해성 케라틴 분해효소의 생산 및 아미노산 공급원으로서 우모 분해산물

Feathers are produced in huge quantities as a waste product at commercial poultry processing plants. Since feathers are almost pure keratin protein, feather wastes represent an alternative to more expensive dietary ingredients for animal feedstuffs. Generally they become feather meal used as animal feed after undergoing physical and chemical treatments. These processes require significant energy and also cause environmental pollutions. Therefore, biodegradation of feather by microorganisms represents an alternative method to prevent environment contamination. The aim of this study was to investigate cultural conditions affecting keratinolytic protease production by Bacillus pumilus RS7. We also assessed the nutritive value of microbial and alkaline feather hydrolysates, The composition of optimal medium for the keratinolytic protease was fructose 0.05%, yeast extract 0.3%, NaCl 0.05%, K2HPO4 0.03%, KH2PO4 0.04% and MgCl2 6H2O 0.01%, respectively. The optimal temperature and initial pH was <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 9.0, respectively. The keratinolytic protease production under optimal condition reached a maximum after 18 h of cultivation. Total amino acid content of feather hydrolysates treated by NaOH and B. pumilius RS7 was <TEX>$113.8\;{\mu}g/ml$</TEX> and <TEX>$504.9\;{\mu}g/ml$</TEX>, respectively. Essential amino acid content of feather hydrolysates treated by NaOH and B. pumilius RS7 was <TEX>$47.2\;{\mu}g/ml$</TEX> and <TEX>$334.0\;{\mu}g/ml$</TEX>, respectively. Thus, feather hydrolysates have the potential for utilization as an ingredient in animal feed.

환경친화적 미생물 비료 개발을 위한 우모분해 세균의 분리 및 응용

The aim of this study was to isolate mesophilic chicken feather-degrading bacteria and to evaluate feather hydrolysate as alternative biofertilizer. Isolate RS7 was isolated from compost and identified as Bacillus pumilus according to API analysis and l6S rDNA sequencing analysis. Chicken feathers were completely degraded after 5 days of cultivation at <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Feather hydrolysate treated by B. pumilius RS7 positively influenced Helianthus sannuus L. (sunflower) growth (e.g. growth rate, number and dry weight of leave, and flowering rate). These results suggest that feather hydrolysate prepared using B. pumilius RS7 could successfully be used as alternative biofertilizer, thereby reducing the environmental impact of feather waste from the poultry industry.

Production of feather protein hydrolysate by keratinolytic bacterium Vibrio sp. kr2

A feather protein hydrolysate was produced using the keratinolytic bacterium Vibrio sp. strain kr2. Complete feather degradation was observed in medium containing up to 60 g L −1 raw feathers. Cultivation on 40, 60 or 80 g L −1 feathers for five days resulted in similar amounts of soluble protein, reaching maximum values around 2.5 g L −1. Maximum yields of soluble protein were achieved at 30 °C and initial pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.0. Strain kr2 was effective in producing keratin hydrolysate from chicken feathers. Bacterial feather hydrolysate has the potential for utilization as an ingredient in animal feed or as organic fertilizer, thereby reducing the environmental impact of feather waste from the poultry industry.

Nutritional improvement of feather protein by treatment with microbial keratinase

Chicken feather hydrolysate was produced by proteolysis with a keratinolytic bacterium. Feather hydrolysate was produced by using the whole culture on 60 g feathers/l (WCH), or alternatively, using only the culture supernatant of cultivation on 10 g feathers/l (CSH). The amino acid composition of the resulting hydrolysates was determined, indicating deficiency in methionine, lysine and histidine. CSH showed higher amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids than WCH. In vitro digestibility with pepsin plus pancreatin was evaluated. WCH had lower digestibility than soy protein, but higher than feather meal and milled raw feathers. CSH had similar digestibility than casein and soy protein. Predicted nutritional parameters for WCH, CSH and feather meal were calculated. WCH showed higher predicted values of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and biological value (BV) than CSH, which presented higher protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scoring (PDCAAS). These bacterial feather hydrolysates showed potential for utilization as ingredients in animal feed.

Shrinkproof and Reinforcing Effects of Duck Feather Hydrolysate on the Treatment of Archaeological Waterlogged Wood

Shrinkproof and reinforcing effects of duck feather hydrolysate on the treatment of archaeological waterlogged wood were investigated. The bulking effect, i.e. the shrinkproof index was enhanced through the impregnation of cell walls with duck feather hydrolysate and sodium acetate derived from neutralization process in the preparation of pH 7 duck feather hydrolysate solution. The reinforcement of cell walls seems to be brought about through the structural modification of duck feather hydrolysate to Beta sheet form by acetic acid in the treatment bath. The good affinity between lignin, maincomponent of biodegraded waterlogged wood, and duck feather keratin is also effective for the reinforcement of cell walls.

Volatile Components of a Chicken Feather Hydrolysate that is Highly Attractive to the West Indian and Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)2

A chicken feather hydrolysate prepared by heating feathers with 6N hydrochloric acid was highly attractive to the West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). In cage-top laboratory tests to determine the influence of pH on attraction, chicken feather hydrolysate, adjusted to pH 8.0, elicited the greatest response from adult A. obliqua; the attraction response was more than twice that observed for a 10% NuLure® (Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corp., Hanover, PA) standard. Neutral or slightly acidic preparations of chicken feather hydrolysate were less effective. While A. ludens was less attractive in the laboratory tests to a 25% chicken feather hydrolysate than a 10% NuLure standard, A. obliqua appeared slightly more attracted to the hydrolysate than NuLure, but not significantly. In a 5-day field test using sterile released A. ludens, 4.5% chicken feather hydrolysate, adjusted to pH 8.0, caught almost 2.5 times more flies than 10% NuLure. Twenty-three volatile compounds that emanated from chicken feather hydrolysate were identified by headspace analysis using GC-MS and GC retention index comparison techniques. Among the volatiles were 7 ketones, 6 alcohols, 2 aldehydes, 2 chlorocarbons and 2 furans. At pH 8.0, the five most abundant compounds in decreasing order were 4-methyl-2-pentanone (76.3%), 4-methyl-2-pentanol (16.5%), 1-hexanol (3.1%), 1-heptanol (0.81%) and 2-butoxyethanol (0.64%).

Enzymic Modification of Feather Keratin Hydrolysates with Lysine Aimed at Increasing the Biological Value

The lysine content of feather protein hydrolysate was modified via activation with alkaline proteinase and trypsin at pH 6·2 and 8·3, respectively. Lysine was used as the hydrochloride and the diacetyl derivative in the first case and as the methyl ester in the trypsin modification. The results indicate a lysine content of 26–35 g kg-1 and 59–64 g kg-1 after alkaline proteinase activation and 52–65 g kg-1 after trypsin activation. Considerable changes in the molecular mass profile of peptides were observed. Thus, enzyme modification is a way to raise the nutritive value of feather protein hydrolysate by increasing its lysine content (the main limiting essential amino acid). © 1997 SCI.

Chemical preparation of NaOH—Keratin hydrolysate for improving the nutritive value of wheat straw

Wool and chicken feathers were used as sources of keratin hydrolysates for enriching wheat straw in ruminant diets. The optimal conditions for the preparation of keratin hydrolysates from keratin concentrations of 2–12% were attained by hydrolysis of wool and feathers for 6–9 min at boil. The amino-acid profile of the white and black wool hydrolysates were similar, having 1.5–4 times greater amounts of glutamic acid, methionine, tyrosine, histidine and lysine than feather hydrolysates. Keratin hydrolysates of 8.5, 11.5 and 13.9% were sprayed on wheat straw at the rate of 100 ml 100 g −1. In-vitro dry-matter digestibilities were significantly ( P < 0.05) increased with 8.5% keratin-hydrolysate supplement, but no further improvement was noted with higher levels of supplement. The average in-vitro dry-matter digestibility of untreated wheat straw was 44.72%. However, this increased by 21.1–23.7% after treatment. Nitrogen loss from the hydrolysates during treatment ranged from 12 to 15%.