Fear Attitudes Research Articles

The Grammar of Emotion Verbs in the Qurʾān: A Case Study of the verb xāfa

Abstract The concept of emotions has been studied from numerous perspectives in psychology, the history of emotions and religion. This study sheds light on the linguistic devices implemented to articulate emotions in the Qurʾān by taking the emotion verb xāfa ‘to fear’ or ‘to be afraid’ (and its derivatives) as a case study. In both modern and classical dictionaries of the Arabic language as well as in Quranic exegesis, the verb xāfa is often replaced by another verb that expresses fear such as xašiya ‘to be afraid’ or ‘to be in awe’. Here it is shown that the verb xāfa occurs in certain syntactic structures and has specific meanings that are not denoted by other verbs expressing fear in the Qurʾān. Specifically, when the verb xāfa is followed by a subordinate clause that starts with the particle ‘an, it can be rendered as ‘to fear’ or ‘to be afraid’ since the cause of this fear is a probable event. When the verb xāfa is followed by the preposition ‘alā it denotes ‘to fear for [the wellbeing of] someone (e.g., a family member)’ because of a situation in which they are likely to be found. When it is followed by the noun rabb ‘Lord’ or Allāh ‘God’, the verb refers to ‘fear of God’, where fear of His punishment motivates the people to worship Him. When the verbal noun xawf has no object and is used in conjunction with the verbal noun ‘amn (‘security’) it can be interpreted as ‘insecurity about something’. Because the verb xāfa is central to the religious concept of fear of God, it is used in the Qurʾān to express a general and collective attitude of fear or awe. However, xāfa is also used to express individual experiences of fright at specific times or places.

Decreasing Prejudicial Attitudes of Fear and Avoidance Toward Those Who Live with a Mental Illness—A Quasi-Experimental Controlled Study

The undergraduate mental health nursing course is an optimal time to address stigma and prejudice, while developing positive student attitudes toward those who live with mental health conditions. A quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest, nonequivalent-group study with a sample of undergraduate nursing students in New York City (N = 126) was conducted to determine the impact of an undergraduate mental health nursing course on attitudes toward people living with a general mental illness, depression, or schizophrenia. The intervention resulted in a significant reduction in total prejudice scores toward those with a general mental illness when compared to the control (p = 0.033, partial η2 = 0.062). The intervention had no significant impact on total prejudice scores regarding those with depression, or schizophrenia. Subscale analysis revealed the intervention significantly reduced attitudes of fear/avoidance regarding general mental illness (p = 0.040, partial η2 = 0.058) and schizophrenia (p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.164). There was no impact on authoritarian or malevolent attitudes. Though some attitudes were not amenable to change, this study provides evidence that positive attitudes can be cultivated through undergraduate nursing education. Curricular reform is needed to reduce all facets of prejudice and best prepare future nurses to care for those with mental health conditions.

Health care professionals' knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing for the treatment of urinary tract infections: A systematic review.

Previous models identify knowledge and attitudes that influence prescribing behaviour. The present study focuses on antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections (UTIs) to describe levels of health care professionals' knowledge and attitude factors in this area and how those levels are assessed. A systematic search was conducted to identify studies assessing the identified knowledge or attitude factors influencing health care professionals' antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections up to September 2022. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Data were extracted about the types of factors assessed, the levels indicated and how those levels were assessed. Data were synthesized using counts, and levels were categorized as 'poor', 'moderate', 'high' or 'very high'. Seven studies were identified, six of which relied entirely on closed-ended items. Levels of knowledge factors assessed were poor, for example, their 'knowledge of condition' and 'knowledge of task environment' were poor. Levels of the attitude factors assessed varied, for example, while health care professionals expressed moderate confidence in providing optimal patient care and appropriate attitude of fear towards the problem of antibiotic resistance, they expressed a poor attitude of complacency by giving into patient pressure to prescribe an antibiotic. Present evidence suggests that clinicians have poor levels of knowledge and varying levels of attitudes about antibiotic prescribing for UTIs. However, few studies were identified, and assessments were largely limited to closed-ended types of questions. Future studies that assess more factors and employ open-ended question types could better inform future interventions to optimize antibiotic prescribing.

Paranormal belief, psychopathological symptoms, and well-being: Latent profile analysis and longitudinal assessment of relationships.

Within non-clinical samples the relationship between paranormal belief (PB) and well-being varies as a function of level of psychopathology. Accordingly, believers are best conceptualised as a heterogeneous set of sub-groups. The usefulness of previous findings has been restricted by conceptual methodological limitations. Specifically, overreliance on cross-sectional design, the assumption that believers constitute a homogeneous group, and consideration of direct effects. Acknowledging these limitations, the present study investigated whether profile membership derived from PB and psychopathology (schizotypy and manic-depressive experience) predicted well-being (i.e., stress, somatic complaints, life satisfaction and meaning in life) across time. Concurrently, analysis assessed the mediating effect of theoretically important variables (transliminality, happiness orientation, fearful and skeptical attitude). A sample of 1736 (Mage = 52, range = 18 to 88; 883 females, 845 males, eight non-binary) completed self-report measures indexing study constructs across time points. Latent profile analysis at baseline, identified three sub-groups varying in level of PB and psychopathology at baseline: Profile 1, moderate PB and high psychopathology; Profile 2, moderate PB and psychopathology; and Profile 3, moderate PB and low psychopathology. Path analysis demonstrated that Profile 1 (the highest psychopathology scoring profile) predicted higher negative and lower positive well-being over time in comparison with the other profiles. Moreover, Transliminality and Fearful Attitude positively mediated this relationship, whereas Skeptical Attitude produced negative mediation. These outcomes supported the presence of a sophisticated process underpinning the PB and well-being relationship. Overall, PB in the absence of psychopathology had no significant influence on well-being.

The Water Element, Zang-fu Kidney and Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan

The Water Element, as part of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Five Elements, is associated with winter, coldness, darkness and the Zang-fu organs Kidney and Bladder. The TCM Kidney, encompasses far more than the Western concept of an organ which produces and excretes the waste product urine. It controls water and fluid metabolism; a primordial generator (Ming-men Fire, Essence, Jing, promotes growth, skeleton, marrow, innate constitution); Yin-Yang dynamics (innate Yin and Yang); receives Qi; life functions (sexual behavior, reproduction, neuroendocrine axis, nervous system, urinary system, manufacture Blood, acute sense of hearing, controls the 2 lower orifices, assists respiration); as well as supports good life/living (houses commitment, will power, memory). Diseases of the Kidney can manifest as congenital deficiencies, fearful attitude, pathological changes (Yin and Yang Deficiencies, chronic debilitation), and physiological deficiencies associated with senescence. Some of the more common clinical signs of Kidney (Water Element) disease include renal/reproduction disorders, lumbar pain, hind end weakness, teeth/hair loss, deafness, lassitude, neuroendocrine disorders, asthma, congenital disease and bone disorders. One of the most famous formulas to treat Kidney Yang Deficiency and decline of Ming-men Fire is the classical herbal formula Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan. The strategy of this formula is to tonify Kidney Yin to raise Kidney Yang, (since Yin and Yang are mutually dependent), with the addition of warm herbs to ignite the Fire of Ming-men. From a Chinese medical perspective, Kidney Yang Deficiency syndrome may cause endocrine system disorders, immune-deficiency, neurological, renal, and reproductive disorders. This paper will review the Zang-fu Kidney function, and the classic Chinese herbal medicine, Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan (Kidney Qi Pill from the Golden Cabinet).

Attitudes toward death and burnout syndrome in geriatrics and gerontology healthcare personnel

IntroductionGeriatric and gerontology healthcare workers are associated with a series of psychosocial risks such as death, bereavement and illness, and this implies a significant emotional and work overload, which can lead to negative attitudes toward death. ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to assess attitudes toward death, the level of burnout and the relationship between geriatrics and gerontology professionals. MethodA correlational, cross-sectional study was conducted, in which the 42 participants in the sample completed an online questionnaire including the Revised Profile of Attitudes to Death (PAM-R) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). ResultsThe results obtained show that the predominant attitude toward death in the sample is that of neutral acceptance, and with regard to burnout syndrome, moderate average levels are found in the dimensions of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, but a low level of depersonalisation. ConclusionHealthcare workers with attitudes of greater fear of death or acceptance of escape tend to experience higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, as do those with an attitude of death avoidance, who also have lower personal fulfillment.

Why do women still give birth at home; perceptions of Pakistani women and decision-makers from marginalized communities.

In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), maternal and newborn mortality is high due to the high prevalence of home births. Understanding the reasons behind this behavior is essential for improving maternal and newborn outcomes. Therefore, a qualitative exploratory study was conducted in a peri-urban community in Karachi, Pakistan to understand the perceptions of pregnant women who delivered at home despite receiving antenatal care and the perceptions of their decision-makers regarding this behavior. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 randomly sampled women who chose to deliver at home after receiving antenatal care at a health facility, as well as 15 family members who were purposively identified as decision-makers by the women themselves. Thematic analysis was performed to explore the perceptions, myths, and cultural beliefs about homebirths as well as women's decision-making power related to childbirth. The three main themes identified showed that traditional beliefs and practices, poverty and gender inequality, and poor healthcare systems significantly influence the preference for childbirth. Traditional beliefs and practices, including religious and cultural beliefs, played a role in perceiving childbirth as a natural process best managed at home. The presence of traditional birth attendants who provide personalized care and emotional support further reinforced this preference. Gender inequalities, including limited access to mobile phones and women's caregiving roles, were identified as barriers to seeking formal healthcare at the time of delivery. Additionally, poor experiences with the formal healthcare system, such as the poor attitude of formal healthcare workers and fear of medical interventions, also contributed to the decision to deliver at home. The study highlighted the complex interplay between traditional/religious beliefs, gender inequalities, and healthcare experiences in shaping the decision to deliver at home despite receiving ANC services in marginalized settings. Addressing these factors is necessary for promoting facility-based delivery and improving maternal and neonatal outcomes in LMICs.

Examining the Dimensions of Corporate Taxpayer Compliance (Phenomenological Studies)

This study aims to explore the deep meaning of the phenomena of taxpayer compliance in Indonesia through the phenomenology method. Disclosing the attitude of tax compliance is based on several reasons, including the low level of state tax revenue, the decline in public trust due to tax scandals, and the low level of awareness of taxpayers in Indonesia. The results show that each individual has a perspective based on experience. Tax compliance is interpreted as an attitude of compulsion, sincerity, and fear of the rules that the government has made. This research is expected to provide input for the government in developing tax regulations so that they are not only oriented towards pragmatic and material decisions but also towards non-material values.

More Similarity if Different, More Difference if Similar: Assimilation, Colorblindness, Multiculturalism, Polyculturalism, and Generalized and Specific Negative Intergroup Bias.

The creation of a social climate where all ethnic groups can harmoniously coexist is a central challenge for many countries today. Should we emphasize similarities and common ground or, conversely, recognize that there are important differences between groups? The current study examined relations between diversity ideologies (assimilation, colorblindness, multiculturalism, polyculturalism) and generalized and specific intergroup bias (against Chechens, Belarusians, Uzbeks, Chinese, and Jews and Muslims) among ethnic Russians (N = 701). In Study 1, colorblindness (ignoring differences) and polyculturalism (emphasizing interconnectivity) were associated with lower generalized intergroup bias and lower bias against Chechens, Uzbeks, and Chinese, but not Belarusians. Bias against Belarusians was lower among those who endorsed multiculturalism (emphasizing differences). In Study 2, multiculturalism was associated with higher implicit bias when the target was a Chechen but in general more proximal variables (positive or negative contact experience and perceived group similarity) were more robust predictors of intergroup bias than diversity ideologies. In Study 3, colorblindness and polyculturalism were related to lower levels of fearful attitudes against Muslims. Colorblindness was also associated with lower levels of Antisemitism in contrast to multiculturalism that had an opposite association. We place these results in the context of cultural distance and existing cultural stereotypes about different groups among the majority of Russians. The strengths and weaknesses of each diversity ideology for the mainstream cultural group are discussed. The results of the current study suggest that the most fruitful strategy for mainstream cultural groups for maintaining harmonious intergroup relations in diverse societies might be that of optimal distinctiveness.

Analysis of Nurses' Attitudes toward Patient Death.

(1) The aim of the study was to analyze nurses’ attitudes toward a patient’s death, taking into account the emotions they experience and the general perception of death. (2) The study involved 516 nurses from the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. The research was carried out using the diagnostic survey method using The Death Attitudes Profile Revisited (DAP-R-PL), the Scale of Fear and Fascination with Death, and a demographic questionnaire. (3) Research has shown that nurses accept the phenomenon of death as a natural process of human life; however, they adopt the attitude of fear of death. Most of the respondents experienced: sadness (73.4%), helplessness (58.5%), and regret (43.6%) due to the patient’s death. (4) Both age, sex, marital status, and place of residence significantly influenced the attitudes of nurses toward the patient’s death. Therefore, it is important to provide psychological support or special education in the case of dealing with the fear of death.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS GLOBALIZATION, LIFE SATISFACTION, AND FEAR OF COVID-19 INFECTION. COMPARISON OF EMERGING AND OLDER ADULTS

Attitudes toward globalization are shaped by people’s direct experience with it. The COVID-19 pandemic can arguably be understood as a negative manifestation of globalization. The purpose of this study was to examine whether fear of COVID-19 infection and life satisfaction could be predictors of attitudes toward globalization. The study was crosssectional in nature and utilized intergroup comparison analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Emerging adults (n = 157) and seniors (n = 119) were compared. Higher levels of accepting attitudes toward globalization were observed among the emerging adults, while a fear of contracting COVID-19 was found to be higher among seniors. In both study groups, a fearful attitude towards globalization was positively associated with fear of COVID-19 infection, and life satisfaction was negatively associated with infection. In addition, respondents viewed the COVID-19 pandemic itself as a negative manifestation of globalization.

The Five Main Values of Strengthening Character Education (PPK) in Umar bin Khattab

The value of character education is standards of human behavior in the life of society and the state. Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia has declared five main values of strengthening character education (PPK) as the axis of education, namely: religious, nationalist, independent, mutual cooperation and integrity. These five values basically exist in Umar bin Khattab. For that in this research will be studied in more depth related the five main values of character education in Umar bin Khattab. This research is a library research conducted by means of descriptive analysis to data sources, in the form of: articles, books and related documents. The result of this research is that there are five values of character education in Umar bin Khattab, consist of: (1) Religious: attitude of fear and obedience to Allah's commands, love of nature and tolerance (2) Nationalist: excellent and achievers, appreciate achievements, obey the law and care about social (3) Independent: disciplined, hardworking and brave (4) Mutual cooperation: cooperation, helping each other and likes to consult (5) Integrity: love of truth, love of peace, fair, honest, responsible, gentle and generous.

PENGUATAN KARAKTER RELIGIUS MELALUI PEMBIASAAN TILAWAH ASMAUL HUSNA DAN SHALAWAT SEBAGAI PENCEGAHAN PATOLOGI SOSIAL REMAJA PADA SISWA SMP

The big conclusion of this paper is that the character of the eighth-grade students of Dirghantara Middle School is Religious Character in the form of faith in piety and ukhkuwah instilling and applying students' religious values ​​in everyday life, both divine and human religiosity, getting used to praying 5 times a day, instilling good morals. being kind, inviting, and setting a good example, instilling an attitude of shame and fear of doing evil, and not wanting to commit acts of deviant social behavior, all of these are appropriate actions taken by the school. The purpose of this study was to describe the religious character of adolescents in junior high school students, students' perceptions of the forms and causes of social pathology, and efforts to strengthen religious character through habituation of recitations of Asmaul Huna and shalawat as prevention of adolescent social pathology in junior high school students at Dirghantara Legok Junior High School, Tangerang Regency. The research approach is descriptive qualitative and religious sociology, namely observing adolescent religious problems, especially junior high school students in strengthening religious character as prevention of adolescent social pathology in junior high school students and field research, namely research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observable behavior. Data collection techniques were obtained by observation, interviews, and documentation. The respondents who were used as samples were 24 people. The results of the study show: (1) The religious characteristics of the eighth-grade students of Dirghantara Junior High School are: Behavior that reflects the character of faith and piety (imtaq) and ukhuwah Islamiah; (2) Students' perceptions of forms of adolescent social pathology in Dirghantara Junior High School students tend to be normal or normal delinquency, but besides that, some students have juvenile deviant behavior in students who require special handling of violent behavior (bullying) and fights between students (brawls). ); (3) Students' perceptions of the factors that cause social pathology are driven by internal factors (endogenous factors) this is because of the behavior that is already inherent in the perpetrator himself, the influence of physical conditions and personality that exist in him and external factors (exogenous factors), namely students can do pathology/social among teenagers in junior high school students can occur from outside themselves, such as from family environmental factors, schools, communities, playgroups, and mass media; (4) Strengthening religious character as prevention of adolescent social pathology in junior high school students is carried out through habituation of recitations of Asmaul Husna and shalawat, apart from the habit of instilling and applying students' religious values ​​in daily life, both religious which are divine and insanity.

丹戎布拉大学师范教育学院汉语教育专业 2020 届学生学习口语课的问题分析

ABSTRACTSpeaking is a person's ability to say words to convey thoughts to others. Speaking is also a means of communication between social beings. In teaching and learning activities, one's ability to speak or convey ideas is also needed both with classmates and with the teacher. Teaching and learning process activities will not be separated from various learning problems. One of them relates to problems in the learning process of conversation courses. To understand the problem factors in the conversational course learning process for 2020 students at FKIP Tanjungpura University, the author uses quantitative research methods, namely research methods that use data analysis to find out the problem factors in the conversational course learning process. The results of the study stated that the problem in the learning process of conversational subjects faced by students was that students were afraid to answer questions from the teacher, students were often reluctant to express their opinions to their classmates during the discussion. Another factor of the problem in the learning process of conversational subjects is the mental attitude of students, namely panic, nervousness, fear and insecurity. Students often feel insecure to answer questions given by the teacher. The percentage of the problem factors in the learning process of thes conversation course are; Mastery of Language Competence 48.98%, Mental Attitude 60.26%, Interaction Relationship between Teachers and Students 63.60%, and Interaction Relations between Students and Students 62.50%.Keywords: Conversations, Learning Process, Problems

“I don't want to be a burden” A qualitative study of the beliefs of women with chronic low back pain in relation to their painful experience

BackgroundWomen's pain is still poorly understood. Moreover, maladaptive pain beliefs contribute to the disability associated with low back pain and play a key role in the transition from acute to chronic symptoms. ObjectivesTo explore the beliefs of women with non-specific chronic low back pain in terms of nature of symptoms, fears associated with pain, expectations for recovery, family, social and work-related limitations, and perceived self-efficacy. Design and methodsA qualitative study with an interpretative approach was undertaken. Face-to-face, semi-structured individual interviews were performed. Study participants were 10 women with non-specific chronic low back pain living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. A deductive process was used to code the text and categorize the data. ResultsParticipants described maladaptive beliefs about pain, leading to fearful attitudes and low expectations for recovery. These beliefs seemed to perpetuate pain and limit engagement in daily tasks and meaningful activities. Some of these beliefs were associated with information provided by healthcare professions. Despite having maladaptive beliefs, women perceived themselves as self-effective. ConclusionWomen with chronic low back pain described a range of different pain beliefs across a complex categorial structure. The contents of such structure may interfere with their decisions about therapeutic options. Their beliefs were often ungrounded in scientific principles, even if the information may have been provided by healthcare providers. Physical therapists would benefit from these findings to improve communication with their patients and assess the role of beliefs in decision-making.

Towards a Theoretical Framework for a Systematic Study of Theological Influence in Bible Translation

Although Bible scholars have generally acknowledged that theology plays an important role in Bible translation, affecting it from beginning to end, no studies have been done to date to offer a systematic, theoretical explanation of this phenomenon, thus leaving this subject a largely unmapped territory for study. As an initial attempt to fill this gap, this paper explores theological influence in Bible translation in terms of its theoretical foundation and seeks to find suitable theoretical concepts from both the fields of translation studies and Biblical translation studies in order to construct a theoretical framework that can be used to sharpen and enrich the study of this phenomenon. The paper first addresses the generally negative or fearful attitude toward the subject and then explores the possibility of applying the theoretical concepts of norms (Toury and Chesterman), narrative (Baker), constraints (Lefevere), “Skopos” (Nord), “contextual frame of reference” (Wendland), and “Bible translation polysystem theory” (Kerr) for developing a theoretically-sound, disciplined, and comprehensive study of theological influence in Bible translation. Convinced that Bible translation is inherently a theological task and it is important to enhance our understanding of the theological nature and dimension of Bible translation for theoretical, pedagogical, and translational purposes, this paper proposes that with these five theoretical frameworks at our disposal, it is possible for the multifaceted theological influence involved in Bible translation to be studied in a more objective and systematic way in order to achieve a greater awareness and understanding of their profound and consequential interrelationships.

Factors limiting optimal students’ engagement on Social Media: A study of Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan

Limited research on Social Media (SM) marketing by Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) primarily focuses on understanding important practices followed to enhance students’ engagement on SM or its association with different branding constructs. However, there is dearth of research that can guide regarding practices negatively influencing SM based communication between HEIs and Students. This research explores these limiting factors affecting optimal students’ engagement on SM. A qualitative exploratory research methodology was adopted based on in-depth interviews and Netnography. 25 interviews were conducted and 6 months content analysis of Facebook account of selected HEIs was carried out for Netnography. The findings revealed different content and non-content factors negatively influencing students’ engagement on SM. Content related factors included poor design of SM content, lack of informality, inconsistent content posting and content posting during office hours. Whereas non-content related factors include selective platform presence, selective response to students' queries, fearful attitude towards official SM and absence of incentives for students to engage on SM. All these factors are believed to affect different stages of Customer Engagement including Connection, Interaction, Loyalty and Advocacy. Findings of this study have enabled gaining empirical knowledge regarding negative practices on SM, highlighted above, that shall be avoided to attain optimal results for SM marketing communication and learning how these practices affect different stages of students’ engagement on SM.

Role of latent factors and public policies in travel decisions under COVID-19 pandemic: Findings of a hybrid choice model.

Policy measures to control the spread of COVID-19 imposed by different countries have a devastating impact on people's travel behaviors. Differing from the normal situation where general concerns on travel time and cost determine the travel choices, the uncertainty underlying behavior change in the case of a pandemic might be largely attributed to the latent aspects, i.e., social responsibility, risk perception, attitudes, which could diminish the effects of main attributes on travel decisions. Therefore, this paper examines the effects of COVID-19 related policies on individuals' travel choices influenced by the latent aspects. A stated choice experiment was designed to collect people's responses under policy measures to various transportation modes. Results of a hybrid choice model show that COVID-19 related policies significantly affect individuals' transportation mode choice decisions during pandemic situations. The attributes, like travel time and travel cost, which significantly impact travel behavior in normal situations, become less relevant. Moreover, the travel preferences during the pandemic are significantly associated with latent factors of social responsibility, fear of infection, perceived risk, and travel anxiety. In general, public transportation is identified as an insecure alternative compared with other private modes, and people who are more socially responsible tend to travel less during the pandemic. Outcomes of this study could be of value to policymakers and public health emergencies, e.g., government authorities to utilize such knowledge in providing social support for these COVID-19 countermeasures and designing customized policies for specific population groups.

Association of social stigma of COVID-19 with work satisfaction, burnout and fatigue among healthcare workers in Nepal

Background: Stigma towards the patient of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been reported in various media reports, including negative behaviour among health care workers (HCWs) towards COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the negative behaviour of HCWs towards COVID-19 patients could affect the professional quality of life of these HCWs.Objective: We aimed to assess stigma related to COVID-19 patients among HCWs and explore its impact on their professional quality of life during COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal.Methods: An online cross-sectional study was carried out among 421 HCWs (health assistants 35.6%, nurses 33%, doctors 23.3% and paramedics 8.1%), 52.7% female, working in health facilities in Nepal. The measures included background characteristics, stigma in terms of - discrimination towards COVID-19 patients, acceptance of COVID-19 patients and fear of COVID-19, and professional quality of life in terms of - work satisfaction, burnout and fatigue. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilised to analyze the data in SPSSvs20.Results: While around two-third of the study participants showed discriminating attitude towards COVID-19, a half showed negative attitude towards acceptance of COVID-19 patients, and a fifth reported attitude of fear of COVID-19. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that while presence of fear of COVID-19 was associated with low satisfaction, low burnout, and low fatigue; attitude of acceptance of COVID-19 patients was associated with low burnout and low fatigue; and attitude of discrimination towards COVID-19 patients was associated with only low satisfaction.Conclusion: Strategies directed towards - reducing fear and discrimination towards COVID-19 patients, and enhancing positive attitude of acceptance towards COVID-19 patients among HCWs, and thus, creating enabling environment for reducing their burnout and fatigue, and increasing work satisfaction are recommended.

Attitudes towards people with mental illness among medical students: A qualitative research

Psychiatric illnesses affect more than 450 million people worldwide, with several consequences for those who are affected, along with the presence of high numbers of discrimination, stigmatization, and negative attitudes of the general population. These negative attitudes have been observed even in health professionals, negatively impacting on the quality of care, adherence to treatment and well-being of affected users. This study describes attitudes of medical students towards people with psychiatric illness from a qualitative perspective, through the analysis of thematic content of 12 semi-structured interviews conducted with first- to fourth-year medical students. Among the results, a diversity of identified attitudes outstands, including empathy, frustration, indifference and rejection, uncertainty and fear, tolerance and social acceptance. As a discussion, it is stated that most of the findings were consistent with the international literature, however there are new findings that are not described, highlighting the attitude of fear of being harmed and the rejection towards people with psychiatric pathologies. The design and implementation of educative interventions that facilitate contact with users, in order to reduce stigma and negative attitudes in future medical professionals, is concluded as an urgent challenge. Finally, it is proposed for future research to develop longitudinal and comparative studies that consider measuring the effectiveness of these interventions.