Fear Of Negative Evaluation Scale Research Articles

Turkish adaptation of the state-trait anxiety inventory short version (STAIS-5, STAIT-5).

This study examines the validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Short Version. The sample consisted of 306 people between the ages of 18-59 who agreed to participate in the study and met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected with the demographic questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Short Version, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. All factor loadings of the State Anxiety Inventory Short Version were between 0.706 and 0.835, and those of the Trait Anxiety Inventory Short Version were between 0.694 and 0.810. The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Short Version were calculated as 0.838 and 0.837, respectively. There was a significant difference between the first-test and retest values of the State Anxiety Inventory Short Version (p = 0.033) and no difference in the Trait Anxiety Inventory Short Version (p = 0.145). The Turkish-adapted State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Short Version is a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the anxiety levels of individuals aged 18-59.

Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors

Despite the high prevalence of yips, a psychoneuromuscular impairment affecting fine motor skills in sports performance, the specific aspects of its causality and treatment have not been identified or verified. This cross-sectional study examined psychosocial factors relating to throwing yips in baseball. Amateur baseball players (N = 292) living in Japan completed a self-report questionnaire on their anxiety/fear about throwing the ball, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, the Short Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and self-reports evaluating values and social factors relevant to baseball. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a low values-based throwing score, a high Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire score, and overreprimanding others’ mistakes were positively associated with baseball players’ yips symptoms. These results suggest that changing the context of playing baseball, reducing cognitive fusion, and improving coaching methods could reduce the risk of baseball players’ throwing yips.

Italian normative data for the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering (UTBAS) Scales for adults who stutter

PurposeThis study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Italian translation of the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering (UTBAS) scales for adults who stutter, as there are no assessment tools currently available in Italy. The UTBAS scales provide a comprehensive stuttering-specific measure of the unhelpful thoughts and beliefs that can be used to screen for indicators of social anxiety in adults who stutter. Additionally, the UTBAS scales also allow the identification of negative thoughts and beliefs that negatively impact speech treatment outcomes. MethodThe translation of the UTBAS scales into Italian (UTBAS-ITA) was completed using the forward-backward translation process and it was administered to 98 adults who stutter (AWS) and 98 adults who do not stutter (AWNS). Both groups were matched for gender and age. We also administered the UTBAS-ITA to 76 AWS a second time within a two-week interval to assess test-retest reliability. Additionally, we administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale to 20 AWS to assess concurrent validity. ResultsThe UTBAS-ITA showed good power of discrimination between AWS and AWNS, high internal validity, high internal consistency, good construct validity, and good test-retest reliability. ConclusionSince there is a scarcity of clinical assessment tools for adults who stutter in Italy, the UTBAS-ITA could serve as an assessment tool and outcome measure for clinical and research environments.

Comparison of psychological reactions, fear of negative evaluation and mood–emotional alexithymia in successful and unsuccessful people in addiction recovery: a survey of Baluchestan in Iran

The aim of this study was to examine psychological responses, fear of negative evaluation, and mood-related alexithymia in individuals in addiction recovery who have succeeded versus those who have not. This study employed a causal-comparative design. The research focused on all individuals who sought treatment for addiction at clinics within a specific district in Zahedan city, Iran. Out of the group, 100 individuals were chosen (50 who successfully stopped their addiction and 50 who were unsuccessful in their attempts to quit) through convenience sampling. Data were gathered using the depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Lori’s fear of negative evaluation scale, and Toronto’s mood–emotional alexithymia scale. Data were examined through both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance. Based on the results, successful and unsuccessful individuals in addiction recovery showed varying levels of depression, stress, fear of negative evaluation, and having no fear of negative evaluation (p < .01). In simpler terms, unsuccessful individuals in addiction recovery scored higher in depression, stress, fear of negative evaluation, inability feeling emotions, inability to express feelings compared to successful individuals. But successful individuals in addiction recovery obtained higher mean scores than unsuccessful individuals in addiction recovery on having no fear of negative evaluation. According to the findings psychological reactions, fear of negative evaluation and mood–emotional alexithymia play a significant role in addiction treatment and can be helpful in addiction recovery in unsuccessful people in addiction recovery. It is feasible to enhance the effectiveness of addiction recovery by implementing interventions that target the reduction of depression, stress, fear of negative evaluation, and alexithymia.

The Effect of Negative Physical Self on Social Anxiety in College Students: The Bidirectional Chain Mediation Roles of Fear of Negative Evaluation and Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy.

The detrimental effects of social anxiety on college students require urgent mitigation. To explore the influencing factors and underlying mechanisms of social anxiety among college students, this study aims to examine the relationship between negative physical self and social anxiety, and the mediating effects of fear of negative evaluation and regulatory emotional self-efficacy. The Negative Physical Self Scale, Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale, and Interaction Anxiousness Scale were administered to 924 Chinese college students. SPSS 26.0 was used for analysis, and the Bootstrap method was used to test the significance level of the mediating effect. Negative physical self was significantly and positively related to social anxiety in college students. Fear of negative evaluation and regulatory negative emotional self-efficacy played independent mediating roles between negative physical self and social anxiety. Fear of negative evaluation and regulatory negative emotional self-efficacy showed a bidirectional chain mediating effect between negative physical self and social anxiety. This study elucidates the mechanistic pathways between negative physical self and social anxiety. The relationship between negative physical self and social anxiety is influenced by the mediating effects of fear of negative evaluation, regulatory negative emotional self-efficacy, and the bidirectional chain mediating effect of fear of negative evaluation and regulatory negative emotional self-efficacy. This finding provides a reference for policy makers and educators to develop interventions for social anxiety in college students.

Fear of Negative Evaluation, Appearance Distress and Inferiority Complex among University Women Having Acne Problem

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and inferiority complex in university women with acne problems. Study also explored the mediating role of appearance distress between the variables. A correlational survey research designed was employed to execute the research. Data was collected through purposive sampling and the sample was of university women (n= 220) with acne problem. The tools for the study were ‘Brief Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Leary,1983), Appearance Anxiety Inventory Scale (David Veale, 2011), COMPIN Scale (Djordje Ceklija, 2017) for Inferiority Complex. For data analysis, Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied via statistical software, i.e. Smart-PLS (version-4 M4). The measurement model showed high reliability and validity and the structural model revealed positive and significant direct and indirect effect of appearance distress between the fear of negative evaluation and inferiority complex among women having acne problem. Practical and societal implications have been discussed for the women having acne, counselors and clinicians.

The Desire for Being Liked and the Fear of Negative Evaluation in Rhinoplasty Patients

ObjectiveThe study was conducted to determine patients’ desire for being liked and the fear of negative evaluation before and after surgery.Materials and MethodThe study was conducted quasi-experimentally using a one-group pretest-posttest (sixth month) design. The study population consisted of rhinoplasty patients hospitalized in the ear, nose, and throat service. The study was completed with 60 people. Participant information form, the desire for being liked scale, and the brief fear of negative evaluation scale were used as data collection tools. The data of the study were collected face-to-face between November 15, 2021, and March 15, 2023.FindingsIt was determined that the mean scores of the desire for being liked were 19.43 ± 7.44 in the pretest and 12.15 ± 4.76 in the posttest, and the difference between the measurements was highly significant. Furthermore, it was determined that the mean score of fear of negative evaluation was 27.78 ± 9.81 in the pretest and 17.72 ± 6.91 in the posttest, and the difference between the measurements was highly significant. It was observed that there was a high, statistically significant, and positive relationship between the pretest and posttest fear of negative evaluation and desire for being liked scores.ConclusionPatients’ desire for being liked and fear of negative evaluation, which were high before surgery, decreased significantly six months after surgery.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266.

The current situation and influencing factors of depersonalization in clinical nurses

Objective: To investigate the depersonalization status and to analyze the effect of workplace incivility perception, intrusive rumination and fear of negative evaluation on depersonalization in clinical nurses. Methods: In May 2019, 10 cities were selected as sampling cities by the method of grabbing random ball in Henan Province and Fujian Province. Using the stratified sampling, clinical nurses were selected as the research objects for a questionnaire survey in 22 tertiary hospitals and 23 secondary hospitals, included 1200 nurses. A total of 1200 questionnaires were issued and collected, and 1159 valid questionnaires were collected with effective recovery of 96.6%. Clinical nurses were investigated by Workplace Incivility Scale, Event Related Rumination Inventory, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. The demographic characteristics of nurses' depersonalization were compared and analyzed with t test and single factor analysis of variance. The influence mechanism of workplace incivility perception, intrusive rumination and fear of negative evaluation on depersonalization was analyzed with Bootstrap. Results: Depersonalization scores were (9.3±2.6) points, 467 of those had depersonalization symptoms in clinical nurses (40.3%). The scores of depersonalization of those with <3 years of service [ (10.5±2.9) points] was higher than those with 3-10 years [ (9.1±2.8) points] and 11-31 years [ (9.0±2.9) points]. The scores of depersonalization of those with monthly earning of <3000 yuan [ (10.1±2.8) points] was higher than those with 3000-7999 yuan [ (8.4±2.7) points] and 8000-12000 yuan [ (8.0±2.9) points]. The scores of depersonalization of clinical nurses in surgical departments [ (10.0±2.9) points] was higher than those in non-surgical departments [ (8.7±2.6) points]. The scores of depersonalization of clinical nurses in tertiary hospitals [ (10.0±2.7) points] was higher than those in secondary hospitals [ (8.6±2.8) points]. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Workplace incivility perception affected depersonalization through the single mediating role of intrusive rumination, fear of negative evaluation and the chain mediating role of intrusive rumination and fear of negative evaluation (β=0.16, 0.17, 0.07, 95%CI: 0.15-0.20, 0.15-0.21, 0.03-0.09, P<0.05) . Conclusion: Workplace incivility perception directly or through the independent mediating effects of intrusive rumination or fear of negative evaluation, and the chain mediating effects of intrusive rumination and fear of negative evaluation influences the depersonalization of clinical nurses.

Japanese Translation of the Concerns of Social Reprisal Scale and Examination of the Bivalent Fear of Evaluation Model for Social Anxiety in Japan

AbstractThe bivalent fear of evaluation model explains the association of fear of evaluation and heightened social anxiety via concerns of social reprisal (CSR) and disqualification of positive social outcomes (DPSO). The constructs of the model may differ in individualistic (e.g., Australia) and collectivistic countries (e.g., Japan); however, no study has examined the model, including CSR, in collectivistic countries. This study develops the Japanese translation of the Concerns of Social Reprisal Scale (CSRS) and examines constructs of the bivalent fear of evaluation model in Japan. Overall, 496 participants completed CSR and social‐anxiety‐related questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 1‐factor structure for the Japanese translation of the CSRS. Convergent validity and internal consistency were supported by significant relationships between social‐anxiety‐related variables and high McDonald's ω coefficient. Discriminant validity was partially supported by higher correlation between the CSRS and DPSO scale than correlation to the fear of negative evaluation scale. Path analysis revealed that the best fitting bivalent fear of evaluation model is similar to the individualistic country model, although DPSO contributes to social anxiety symptoms more than fear of positive evaluation.

Role of Personality, Appearance Comparison, Fear of Negative evaluation in Predicting Social Physique Anxiety among Young Adults

Young adults are prone to concerns about being evaluated as society places a heightened emphasis on appearance comparison. Frequency in anticipating how the bodies are being perceived in societal situations can increase body image concerns and anxiety. The purpose is to investigate the relationship between appearance comparison, social physique anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and personality traits among adults. 201 adults between the ages of 18 and 29 participated in the research. Participants were administered an upward and downward physical appearance comparison scale, a brief big5 personality inventory, a social physique anxiety Scale, and a brief fear of negative evaluation scale. A Pearson correlation study showed that social physique anxiety correlated negatively with agreeableness and positively with fear of negative evaluation, upward and downward appearance comparison, and upward appearance comparison. Multiple regression analysis was computed considering upward appearance comparison, agreeableness and fear of negative evaluation predicting social physique anxiety and downward appearance comparison, agreeableness and fear of negative evaluation predicting social physique anxiety. Findings of study revealed that fear of negative evaluation strongly predicted social physique anxiety and appearance comparison moderately predicted social physique anxiety. These findings imply that it is important to promote healthy social interactions and the development of positive body image.

단기 마음챙김기반 집단상담이 사회불안과 자존감에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term mindfulness-based group therapy (SMGT) on social anxiety and self-esteem in adults. The study was conducted in Busan, South Korea, and recruited 16 adults through the counseling center at OO University. The participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group participated in 5 weeks of weekly 2-hour SMGT. The control group did not receive any treatment. To measure the effects of the intervention, the participants completed pre-tests, post-tests, and follow-up tests at baseline, immediately&#x0D; after the intervention, and 5 weeks after the intervention. The Mindfullness Scale(MS) was used to measure mindfulness, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was used to measure self-esteem, the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) was used to measure social anxiety, and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) was used to measure the fear of negative evaluation. The results showed that SMGT was associated with significant improvements in mindfulness and self-esteem. However, there was no significant improvement in social anxiety. The study's implications were discussed at the end.

Social anxiety and psychological distress among polycystic ovarian syndrome patient's in Pakistan.

To examine the fear of negative evaluation as a predictor, and to explore the association of social anxiety with psychological correlates among women with polycystic ovaries. The cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2020 to November 2021 after approval form the University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised unmarried women aged 18-26 diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. The sample was raised from different clinics and hospitals based in Lahore and Gujranwala cities. The sample was divided into obese, hirsutism and acne vulgaris groups. Data was collected using a demographic proforma along with standardised Derriford Appearance Scale, Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, University of California, Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 24. Of the 180 patients, 60(33.3%) were in each of the 3 groups. The overall mean age was 21.4+/-2.27 years. A significant association of fear of negative evaluation was found with appearance distress, social anxiety and loneliness (p<0.05). The fear of negative evaluation and appearance distress also significantly predicted loneliness in the subjects (p<0.01). The obese group scored significantly higher in terms of fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Women with polycystic ovaries were found to be suffering from adverse psychological outcomes and social anxiety.

The relationship between childhood maltreatment and social anxiety among Chinese male individuals with drug use disorders: a moderated mediation model of fear of negative evaluation and self-construals

BackgroundSocial anxiety (SA) is prevalent among individuals with drug use disorders, playing a significant role in the etiology and maintenance of drug addiction. The etiological model of SA suggests a link between the development of SA and childhood maltreatment. Childhood maltreatment not only acts as a complex trauma with negative effects on individuals’ selves and other cognitions but also exerts a negative influence through early negative parent–child interactions on individuals’ internal working models, leading to the development of fear of negative evaluation and SA. Furthermore, self-construals, as a personality trait that emerges from the framework of the theory of sociocultural models, may exert a moderating effect on these mechanisms. The present study utilized a moderated mediation model to examine how childhood maltreatment relates to SA in individuals with drug addiction, aiming to provide support for a comprehensive understanding and effective resolution of SA in this group.MethodsA total of 618 Chinese male individuals with drug addiction (M = 34.13, SD = 8.76) participated, and they completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, the Self-Consciousness Scale’s Social Anxiety Subscale, and the Self-Construal Scale. SPSS PROCESS Macro was used to analyze the data.ResultCorrelation analysis revealed weak correlations among all variables but strong correlations between the SCS subscales. Mediation analyses revealed that fear of negative evaluation partially mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and SA. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that the link between fear of negative evaluation and SA was moderated by independent self-construal. The association was stronger among those with high independent self-construal than among those with low independent self-construal. An integrative moderated mediation analysis indicated that independent self-construal positively moderated the indirect association between childhood maltreatment and SA via fear of negative evaluation. However, interdependent self-construal did not show a moderated effect.ConclusionFear of negative evaluation plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and SA, while independent self-construal enhances the association between fear of negative evaluation and SA. Decreasing the fear of negative evaluation and intervening in self-construals may attenuate the association between childhood maltreatment and SA among Chinese male individuals with drug addiction.

Examining the Mediating Role of Academic Procrastination in the Relationship between University Students' Fear of Negative Evaluation and Problematic Smartphone Use

This research examines the mediating role of academic procrastination in the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and problematic smartphone use among university students. A total of 317 university students (180 females and 137 males, X̄ = 21.19 ± 2.38) participated in the study and completed The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, The Tuckman Procrastination Scale, and the Short Form of the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Structural Equation Modeling was used for data analysis. According to results, fear of negative evaluation predicts problematic smartphone usage through the full mediation of academic procrastination. In this context, it can be said that university students with a high level of fear of negative evaluation experience more academic procrastination and this academic procrastination increases problematic internet use. In the discussion and conclusion section, explanations related to the research findings, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research were provided.

The mediating role of academic self-efficacy between the answer-copying tendency and the fear of negative evaluation

The aim of this research study was to analyse the relationship among answer-copying tendency, academic self-efficacy, and fear of negative evaluation. To this end, we formed a structural equivalence model, and we evaluated the mediating role of academic self-efficacy between answer-copying tendency and fear of negative evaluation. A total of 562 university students participated in the study. We used the following as data collection tools: The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, and Answer-Copying Tendency Scale. For the analysis of the data, first the measurement model was tested, then the Structural Equation Model was established and estimations were made with Maximum Probability Estimation. According to the results, academic self-efficacy plays the role of a mediatory variable between fear of negative evaluation and answer-copying tendency. As can be seen from the impact of fear of negative evaluation on answer-copying tendency, there is a meaningful, positive correlation between the two variables. When we included academic self-efficacy in the model as a mediatory variable, we observed that the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and answer-copying tendency weakened and became less noteworthy. In the light of these observations, we can assert that the tendency of individuals with high academic self-efficacy to cheat in academic contexts is lower even if they have a fear of negative evaluation.

Comparison of the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy on fear the negative of evaluation in individuals with social anxiety disorder

Introduction: Social anxiety disorder is characterized by the fear of negative evaluation. This psychological construct results in individual’s poor functioning. Aim: The present research aimed to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness therapy on the fear of negative evaluation in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Method: This quasi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control group design, was conducted on a population of individuals with social anxiety symptoms, who were referred to the psychological clinics of Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. Sampling was performed using the convenience sampling method. After initial evaluations, 45 people were randomly divided into three equal groups (two intervention groups and one control group). The CBT protocol proposed by Hoffman and Otto (2008) and the Acceptance and Mindfulness protocol by Fleming and Kukowski (2007) were used to implement the interventions (12 two-hour sessions). The participants also completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) by Connor et al. (2000) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale by Leary (1983) before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS-24, using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results of MANCOVA test showed a significant difference between the scores of the control and experimental groups (P&lt;0.001). Compared to the control group, the fear of negative evaluation reduced in the experimental groups. Although there was no significant difference between the two treatment approaches (P&gt;0.05), the effect of mindfulness treatment was slightly higher than CBT. Conclusion: In this study, comparison of the two mindfulness and CBT approaches indicated no significant difference between these two methods in reducing the fear of negative evaluation among individuals with social anxiety. Therefore; it is suggested to use acombination of these two methods to reduce the fear of negative evaluation.

Mediating role of Depression between Fear of Negative Evaluation and Suicidal Ideation among University Students

This study aimed to determine how depression played a mediating effect in university students' fears of being negatively evaluated and suicide ideation. This study also analyzed gender disparities in depressive suicidal thoughts, and fears of being negatively evaluated. To determine the association between the variables in the current study, a cross-sectional correlational design was adopted. G power was used to compute the sample size, and 200 individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 were chosen using the practical sampling technique. The data was gathered from various universities in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The data was collected on demographic sheet, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale—21 Items (DASS-21), Brief FNE Scale, and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the date, and the results were tested using independent t tests and the mediation correlation. The current study's findings indicate that there is no significant direct effect of Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) on suicidal thoughts (r=.17, P&gt;0.5). However, the table demonstrates a substantial indirect influence (r=.13, p.0.5). This shows that depression acts as a go-between for Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) and suicidal ideation. Second, no significant differences in FNE, suicidal thoughts, or sadness were detected between male and female students. The study's findings highlight the position and significance of psychological elements that are related to one another. The study also suggests that health psychologists and counselors assist patients improve their resilience and empower them to tackle psychological disorders like depression and suicide ideation. The current study came to the conclusion that suicidal ideation and fear of being judged negatively are both significantly influenced by depression.

The mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation

AbstractStudies showed that fear of negative evaluation of students may affect their academic motivation. However, which variables mediate between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation is unclear. This study aims to explore the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation in adolescents. A correlational design was used to examine this relationship. A total of 2085 adolescents ages 13–14 (65% female) participated in this study. The data were collected via self‐report screening tools, including a personal information form, Academic Motivation Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, and Critical Thinking Scale. The findings revealed a moderate negative correlation between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation (r = −.49), and cognitive flexibility and critical thinking also partially mediate. This model explains approximately 41% of the total variance. Despite some limitations, our study provides partial evidence of the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation. More research is needed to develop the model.

Procrastination Among Adults: The Role of Self-doubt, Fear of the Negative Evaluation, and Irrational/Rational Beliefs

Procrastination is often associated with negative outcomes such as poor performance and well-being. Theoretical models suggest that individuals with an uncertain self-concept may be more prone to procrastination due to their fear of failing to meet the required standard. To investigate this issue from a cognitive perspective, a cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the relationships among self-doubt, fear of negative evaluation, procrastination, and rational/irrational beliefs. The study involved 344 highly educated adults (65.4% female, M= 37.51 years, SD = 8.53, range 21-63). Participants completed a questionnaire booklet that included several measures, including the Self-doubt Scale, the Procrastination Scale, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and the Irrational/Rational Beliefs Scale. The findings from the mediation analysis indicate that the influence of self-doubt on procrastination is partially mediated by fear of negative evaluation. Furthermore, the indirect effect of self-doubt on procrastination through the mediation of fear of negative evaluation is contingent upon the level of irrational beliefs. These results suggest that irrational beliefs may exacerbate the detrimental impact of self-doubt on procrastination by amplifying the role of fear of negative evaluation. Furthermore, the strength of the direct effect of self-doubt on procrastination depends on the level of rational belief, indicating that rational belief may serve as a protective variable in the relationship between self-doubt and procrastination. The present findings underline interventions to strengthen individuals' rational beliefs and modify their irrational beliefs, which can play a fundamental role in overcoming procrastination in the adult population.

Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety and its Link to Speaking Self-Efficacy, Fear of Negative Evaluation, Self-Perceived Proficiency and Gender

This research study aimed to explore the speaking anxiety of Turkish learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) and its relation to EFL speaking self-efficacy, fear of negative evaluation (FNE), self-perceived English speaking proficiency, and gender. 293 (132 females, 161 males) university-level EFL students completed the EFL speaking anxiety scale, EFL speaking self-efficacy scale, and FNE scale. Four main findings were obtained as a result of the statistical analyses: (i) students’ speaking anxiety had a negative relationship with both self-perceived oral English proficiency and speaking self-efficacy, (ii) a positive relationship was determined between FNE and speaking anxiety, (iii) EFL speaking anxiety was found to be lower in boys than in girls, and (iv) speaking self-efficacy, FNE, and self-perceived oral proficiency were identified as meaningful predictors of students’ EFL speaking anxiety. In light of these findings, the study offers some pedagogical implications.