Fear Of Crime Research Articles

외국인 밀집지역 거주 외국인의 범죄두려움에 관한 연구

The fear of crime felt by foreigners residing in Korea is emerging as an important social problem. Most of the previous studies have focused on the fear of crime among domestic citizens, and studies on the fear of crime from the perspective of foreign residents are insufficient. Therefore, this paper aims to explore from various angles why foreigners residing in Korea are afraid of crime. To this end, it is necessary to systematically analyze the causes and effects of crime fear experienced by foreigners, and seek appropriate prevention and improvement measures. As a result of the analysis, it was found that regional order and Korean conflict had a statistically significant effect on crime fear. As a result of reviewing the results of studies dealing with the relationship between crime fears, it was found that conflicting results were presented, and it was intended to understand what causes these differences. In conclusion, this study is significant in that it considers crime fears in various aspects based on the models presented in previous studies. Therefore, it is expected that this study will contribute to promoting mutual understanding between foreigners and domestic residents and provide useful information for policy establishment and civic education.

Explaining fear of crime among university students: A comparison between national and international students in Istanbul

Past studies have highlighted the importance of studying the fear of crime among international students. Interestingly, though, most of this research has been in developed societies and has not directly compared international and indigenous/national students. To fill this gap, the current study aims to examine the determinants of fear of crime among domestic and international students in Turkey. Drawing upon a survey of 377 international students and 579 national university students studying in Istanbul, Turkey, during the Fall 2019 semester, the study finds that international students mostly feared being cheated or ‘conned’. In contrast, for the domestic students the threat from physical attack was of most concern. The results also indicate that among all gender groups for international and domestic students, female international students reported higher levels of fear of crime than all other sub-groups.

Systematic Understanding of the Function of Public Criminal Prosecution

Public prosecution is one of the necessary and important institutions for effective obstruction of justice. Applying this legal instrument reduces crime, eliminates fear of crime, and strengthens faith in the rule of law in society. Therefore, an accurate understanding of the definition of public criminal prosecution is a kind of guarantee for the correct determination of the criminal law policy for a state. Today, the function of public criminal prosecution is represented on a fairly wide scale in the space of Georgian criminal procedure. This function needs to be further refined and established in a new way to make it more flexible and effective. For this, it is essential to have a clear legal definition of the concept of public criminal prosecution and accurately determine and manage the scope and terms of the prosecution.

Gender-Based Heat Map Images of Campus Walking Settings: A Reflection of Lived Experience.

Fear of crime can influence our view of and experience with the world around us. This can be problematic for individuals seeking physical activity, including from walk commuting. Prior work shows fear is especially evident among women, who report fear of rape and sexual abuse by men as a primary concern. We present the results of a cross-sectional survey (n = 571) where participants were shown images from college campus (n = 4 campuses) depicting different lighting (daytime, nighttime), and entrapment levels (high, low; i.e., able to easily escape if needed, with high entrapment being difficult and low being easy), and using the Qualtrics heat map tool, selected features that stood out to them most. Data were segregated by gender and analyzed to determine similarity of heat maps for the same base image. Heat map images were analyzed using canonical correlation (Rc) to determine the relationship between the two groups; dispersion testing to decipher spatial uniformity within the images; the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) to characterize the nature of image patterns differences; and, the Breslow-Day Test to specify pattern locations within images. Several heat map images are also presented in the results. Overall, female and male participants appear to "see" different things when imagining walk-commuting (as seen by poor Rc values) and the nature of what they were looking at were different (as seen by poor SSIM values). Female participants tended to focus on areas outside the walking path, such as bushes and dark areas, whereas men's focus was on the path ahead [χ2(1) = 4.29, p = 0.04]. Furthermore, women were more likely to select areas outside the walking path during high entrapment settings [χ2(1) = 15.49, p < 0.001] and at nighttime [χ2(1) = 4.98, p = 0.02]. Our study demonstrates point-of-view differences in female-male walking space assessments. Viewing walking safety through the lens of lived experience could be productive for holistic community walking safety.

Challenges of Crime in City Slums: A Case Study of Mathare Slum in Nairobi County, Kenya

This study focuses on the challenges of crime within Mathare slum in Nairobi County, Kenya. It has been necessitated by the continued concern on the constant presence of crime within the slum areas of Nairobi. Although there have been studies carried out on various challenges in slums, this study provides a detailed analysis of the security challenges faced by Mathare slum dwellers. The study sought to examine five major thematic areas; major causes of crime in Mathare slum, types and trends of crime within Mathare slum, crime reporting, criminal gangs in Mathare slum and fear of crime within Mathare slum. Questionnaires and key informant interviews were used to obtain data from respondents who included Mathare slum residents, police officers, area chiefs and community policing committees’ chairpersons from the thirteen villages in Mathare slum. The challenges of crime in Mathare slum were found to be a combination of multiple factors working in congruence to influence the commission of crime.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF DEPRESSION AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN THE UAB STUDY OF AGING: THE ROLE OF RACE-BASED DISCRIMINATION

Abstract Mental health is known to be influenced by social determinants of health (SDoH). However, little is known about how racial discrimination, in the context of other social factors, impacts the mental health of older adults. The focus of this research is specifically on the different effects of racial discrimination in that broader context on depression diagnosis vs. symptomology. Using the UAB Study of Aging’s cohort of 1000 Alabamians 65+ balanced on rural/ urban status, sex (men/women), and race (Black/white), we evaluate the impact of SDoH, including race-based discrimination, on clinically verified depression diagnosis and on depressive symptomology using the Geriatric Depression Scale. Other independent variables include environmental factors (eg: neighborhood disadvantage), status and assets, interpersonal factors, and fixed demographic characteristics. Using generalized estimating equations, we found that experience of racial discrimination is associated with a depression diagnosis (OR: 2.33) independent of race and other factors. Other variables that were significant predictors of having a verified depression diagnosis include life-space mobility and race. Factors associated with depressive symptomology include fear of crime, financial difficulty, social support, life-space mobility, race (Black), and sex (female). While demonstrating that experience of race-based discrimination was associated with depression diagnosis is not surprising, finding in an otherwise identical model, that it was not associated with symptomology was unexpected. Authors will discuss some potential reasons for this counterintuitive outcome and future directions for better understanding this inconsistency.

Fear of crime, crime and living conditions – a case study of Uppsala, Sweden

Fear of crime, crime and living conditions – a case study of Uppsala, Sweden

Was there a better time to be a mother? Past and present times of socio-cultural fear of crime in Turkiye

Was there a better time to be a mother? Past and present times of socio-cultural fear of crime in Turkiye

Comparing the determinants of punitiveness in Japan and Costa Rica

ABSTRACT While there is a growing interest in the comparative analysis of individuals’ punitiveness, research comparing its determinants across societies remains scarce. This study aims to address this gap by examining the differences and similarities in the determinants of individual punitiveness in two societies with differing characteristics: Japan and Costa Rica. Drawing on a model based on the (late) modernisation perspective, we conducted multi-group structural equation modelling utilising data from 400 Japanese and 413 Costa Rican participants. The results revealed that fear of crime consistently predicts punitiveness in both countries. Although the direct and total indirect effects of other variables, such as economic anxiety, identity anxiety, social dominance orientation, and xenophobic attitudes, were significant, their effects varied across countries. In conclusion, this study not only validated the generalisability of the existing model but also highlighted suggestive national differences in the determinants of individual punitiveness in Japan and Costa Rica.

Teaching fear: How we learn to fear crime and why it matters. By Nicole E. Rader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2023. 203 pp. $32.95 paperback

<i>Teaching fear: How we learn to fear crime and why it matters</i>. By Nicole E. Rader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2023. 203 pp. $32.95 paperback

A Study on the Effect of Neighborhood Context in the United States on Juvenile Weapon Carrying

Possession of weapons among American youth is a significant factor causing fear of crime. In fact, gun attacks by youth are threatening the lives of citizens and causing serious violations of overall social safety. When youth use firearms, the most vulnerable place is school. Therefore, the possession of weapons by students on campus in itself causes serious fear. Such fear in school prevents students from carrying out normal academic activities and causes serious problems in non-academic school activities. Previous studies on youth weapon possession have investigated factors that can influence weapon possession behavior. However, the main explanatory factor revealed in most previous studies focuses on the influence of personal factors such as peer influence or home environment such as parents. Considering these differences from previous studies, this study was planned to explore the influence of regional factors on delinquency and crime as explanatory factors. The research method used logistic regression analysis to examine the impact of regional factors of youth residence on weapon possession. As a result of the study, regional factors were found to be a significant factor influencing the behavior of youth carrying weapons inside and outside of school.

Exploring the association between environmental factors and fear of crime in residential streets: an eye-tracking and questionnaire study

ABSTRACT Fear of crime is one of the most significant factors affecting citizen’s quality of life. It isparticularly necessary to control the environmental factors that cause fear of crime in the neighborhood, as that is more worrisome. This study aimed to investigate women’s fear of crime in public streets in their neighborhoods and to identify the environmental factors that affect their fear of crime using a questionnaire and an eye-tracking experiment, respectively. Thirty participants watched four low-rise residential streets in Seoul and responded to a survey about their fear of crime. Through a multiple regression analysis, Factors such as “maintenance”, “pilotis”, “building entrance”, and “emergency bell” were found to largely influence fear of crime. This study contributes to the literature by identifying specific physical environment factors in parallel with eye tracking experiments, and our results have implications for future street design aimed at reducing the fear of crime.

Criminal Counterfeiting Deed Authentic Shaped Diplomas By A Notary; Fiqh Legal Perspective Jinaya, Indonesia

Counterfeiting of diplomas in Indonesia is back lively. Case This is present in some areas and within various shapes. He quoted from Tirto. Id, 873 certificates were produced. A campus-only private sector in Tangerang graduated 145 students. That is, 728 diplomas were issued. Who knows who is entitled to them? Notary Public is officially authorized general For make deed Authentic and owned authority other as meant in Constitution Article 1 number 30 of 2004 concerning Position Notary (UUJN) as has changed become Constitution number 2 of 2014 concerning Position Notary. In matter This determination criminal forgery deed Notary Public Already walking 21 years more in Indonesia. Happen Counterfeiting deed by Notary refer to the Judgment East Jakarta District Court Number 290/ Pid.B /2020/PN Jkt. Tim. Defendant Name Taufik kindly valid and convincing guilty do action criminal Counterfeiting Deed Authentic form criminal prison for 1 ( one ) year and 6 ( six ) months. Notary Public do deviation law Notary Public can sentence punishment or penalty form penalty civil, administrative/ code ethics Position Notary Public berdarkan Constitution position Notary ( UUJN) Article 15 paragraph. Islam recognizes degrees of forgery, The same thing as a liar. That is behavior. The lie is a finger. Finger action fear of crime influences society. Reference beginning istinbath law Ulama's considerations on criminal forgery are Al-Qur'an, Hadith maslahat al-Mursalah, Ulil Amri. This writing will answer Fiqh Law's responses to Jinayah to penalty prison forgery deed notary

Examining distrust of science and scientists: A study on ideology and scientific literacy in the European Union

There is considerable evidence that, in the United States, public distrust in science is amplified by a conservative ideology and by lower levels of scientific literacy. By emphasizing the discussion on reflexive modernity and (de)politicization of science and politics, we use the Eurobarometer 95.2 to explore these relationships in present-day European Union. We document a significant relationship between conservatively oriented opinions and lower scores on the scientific literacy scale and EU respondents’ levels of distrust in science. We notice that conservative attitudes – measured by dummy statements such as focus on morality instead of innovation, and national isolation due to fear of international crime instead of international co-operation – cause higher distrust in science and scientists. Unlike several studies carried out in the United States, we observe that in the European Union countries, trust in private companies to tackle with scientific issues such as climate change does not predict much when it comes to trust in science and scientists. The obtained results highlight the conceptual confluence between politicization of EU politics and expertization when it comes to policymaking at the EU level, emphasizing the debate regarding the ideological tension that fuels the distrust in science and scientists.

The effect of socioeconomic factors, fear of crime and social mobilization on the evaluation of judiciary decisions

Crimes related to sexual abuse and rape attract large social mobilizations, as happened following the assault on an 18-year-old woman at the San Fermín festival in Pamplona, Spain, by a group of men known as “la manada” (“the wolf pack” in English). Understanding how the aftermath of protests and socioeconomic factors influence the perceptions of fear of crime, safety and justice, measured as judiciary decisions, are the aims of this paper. A randomized sample collected in two periods was obtained (N=605), the first one (n1=454) performed after the judicial sentence of the case, the second (n2=151) four months later, after the social alarm had decreased. The perception of safety increased after the peak moments of the demonstrations. The trust in justice was low and fell after protesters had risen to the streets although its perception was greater among higher income earners. Hence, the perception of safety rises during social mobilizations but only improves for a short period of time whereas the effects on that of justice last for longer.

The Geography of Women’s Fear of Crime: Spatial Confidence and Constraints

The Geography of Women’s Fear of Crime: Spatial Confidence and Constraints

Policing and Sense of Place: ‘Shallow’ and ‘Deep’ Security in an English Town

Abstract Much policy discourse concentrates on the contribution police make to keeping people safe. Often, this means minimizing fear of crime. Yet, more expansive accounts stress the extent to which deeper-rooted forms of security and belonging might also be important ‘outcomes’ of police activity. Using data collected from a survey of residents of a mid-sized English town, Macclesfield in Cheshire, we consider the extent to which evaluations of policing are associated with (1) a ‘shallow’ sense of security—roughly speaking, feeling safe—and (2) a ‘deeper’ sense of security—being comfortable in, and with, one’s environment. Focussing more accurately on the forms of safety and security police can hope to ‘produce’ opens up space for consideration of the ends they seek as well as the means they use.

Getting Good Sleep with Family Support: The Role of Fear of Crime and Loneliness.

Sleep problems in middle-aged and older people can threaten their physical and mental health. Family support is regarded as a key factor that affects sleep quality, but the influence mechanism remains underexplored. This study analyzes the mediating effects of fear of crime (FOC) and loneliness in the relationship between family support and sleep quality, and explores whether gender plays a moderating role between family support and FOC. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1043 Chinese middle-aged and older people aged 45-93 years. Using 10,000 bootstrapped samples, the study shows that middle-aged and older people who receive more family support have better sleep quality, and FOC and loneliness play mediating role in this association. Gender moderates the relationship between family support and FOC. Compared with men, family support for females has a greater impact on their FOC condition, and the mediating effect of family support on sleep quality through FOC is also greater among women. Family support can affect sleep quality through the chain mediating effect of FOC and loneliness for women. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between family support and sleep quality.

On People’s Worries about Becoming a Victim of Events or Conditions Often Blamed on Those up There

The authors study people’s worries about becoming victimized by events and conditions often blamed on “those up there”. Excessive worries are bad for people’s performance because they lead to risk avoidance and lower self-confidence. In two representative surveys conducted in Germany, it is found that victimization concerns are positively correlated with people’s gender, previous victimization, their estimated likelihood of being victimized, their fear of crime, their crime-avoidance behavior, their striving for tradition and security, and their negative attitudes toward crimes. Negative correlations are found for people’s education, their striving for universalism, and their social capital. When considering all predictors combined, people’s expected likelihood to become victimized is found to be the optimal predictor of victimization concerns. It is recommended that management concentrates on setting realistic levels of such risk estimates to avoid negative effects on people’s performance.

Establishing Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Model

Rapid urbanization in Malaysia has led to an increasing crime rate, necessitating an understanding of the relationships between crime, the environment, and community. This study examines the causal connections among fear of crime, sense of community, and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) using a quantitative approach with 171 respondents in Selangor and Putrajaya. Previous research has highlighted the psychological effects of crime and the efficacy of defensible space and CPTED in reducing crime in residential areas. However, the causal relationship between sense of community and CPTED requires further investigation. The study's causal model confirms that fear of crime does significantly influence CPTED implementation and the sense of community. Additionally, a strong sense of community significantly impacts CPTED, underscoring the role of community engagement in enhancing crime prevention strategies. These findings have practical implications for policymakers and urban planners, emphasizing the importance of addressing fear of crime to create safer environments that foster community cohesion. Strategies may include improved lighting, surveillance systems, and community-building initiatives. Further research can explore underlying mechanisms and moderating factors. Ultimately, addressing fear of crime, sense of community, and implementing CPTED can enhance community well-being and promote a sense of security.