Favorable Structural Conditions Research Articles

A neoclassical realist analysis of the evolving Philippines–India defense partnership in the twenty-first century

ABSTRACT At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Philippines expanded its defense network throughout Asia given the structural incentives and constraints brought by the dominance of the United States and the rise of China. However, the status of the Philippines-India defense partnership remains a puzzling case. Despite motivating structural conditions since the beginning of the twenty-first century, why has the Philippines only begun to significantly maximize its defense partnership with India in 2016? While dominant theories are unable to address this puzzle, the neoclassical realist approach offers some clarity. This article explains how variations in state leaders’ perceptions in the Philippines delayed Manila’s ability to forge strong defense relations with India despite the presence of favorable structural conditions since the beginning of the twenty-first century.

Putin, Performance and the likhie 1990s Re-Examined

The Putin regime has used comparisons with the 1990s to create political support and legitimacy for Vladimir Putin, by suggesting that life in Russia has become better since then because of Putin. Comparisons with the 1990s in absolute terms, however, fail to take account of the much more favourable structural conditions that have pertained since Putin came to power. This article avoids this problem by looking at Russia’s performance in the 1990s and thereafter in relative terms(i.e. in comparison with the other 14 states of the Former Soviet Union) rather than absolute terms. The analysis shows that Russia, in relative terms, has performed no better under Putin than in the 1990s, a finding that constitutes an indictment of Putin’s leadership rather than a legitimation of it.

Analysis of factors influencing German youth football players` club membership with a particular focus on dropout

ABSTRACT The article explores the impact of intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural conditions as well as influences from other areas of life on youth football membership and dropout. With reference to a life course approach, football players (n = 15) from various clubs (n = 4) were interviewed using biographical mapping. Stable and unstable phases alternate in the course of a club membership. Influencing factors vary over time and mutual reinforcements can be observed. Above all, high football priority, pleasant relationships in clubs and favourable structural conditions proved to be stabilizing. In contrast, performance-related and interpersonal problems, structural deficiencies, and alternative leisure-related priorities have destabilizing effects. Four types of membership courses are identified, which are partly similar and partly differ from each other regarding relevant influencing factors. The analysis of influencing factors expands previous findings through a more process-related perspective, and therefore, provides alternative options for dealing with dropouts.

Prospects of Oil and Gas Potential of the Middle Paleozonic Deposits of Eastern Yakutia from Historical Viewpoint of Geological Development

The article considers the prospects of oil and gas potential of the Middle Paleozoic deposits of Eastern Yakutia. Based on the study of the peculiarities of bitumen content intervals of the Silurian-Devonian deposits of Selennyakhsky block, it was concluded about high oil and gas potential of the domanicoid Middle Paleozoic deposits of the Omulevsky terrain. Under favorable structural and tectonic conditions and immersion to shallow depths, Middle Paleozoic deposits can contain oil and gas deposits to clarify the most promising subsoil areas, the author’s version of the geological development history of Eastern Yakutia is proposed. The diagrams of the completenses of the main sedimentary complexes are compiled: Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous, Upper Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic, Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Based on the constructed diagrams of the thicknesses of sedimentary complexes and the shown horizontal displacements, the Tastakhsky depression is identified as the most promising territory. It is assumed that there is a section of the Middle Paleozoic rift basin, slightly affected by the collision. Additionally, the prospects of oil and gas potential of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous complex of deposits are substantiated and presented.

Qualité de la communication soignant-patient : quels apports de l'intégration de la santé mentale dans des services de première ligne en Guinée ?

BackgroundPatient-centred care presupposes communication based on empathy, active listening and dialogue. Our study examines the effects of integrating mental health in multi-purpose health centres on health workers’ communication with patients who consult for problems unrelated to mental health. The objective is to compare the quality of communication in health centres where staff have received specific training in the management of mental disorders (SM+) compared to those without such training (SM−). MethodsThe study was conducted among 18 health workers in charge of primary curative consultations in 12 non-governmental health centers in Guinea: 7 health workers in 4 SM+ health centers and 11 health workers in 8 SM− health centres. The study is based on mixed methods: observation, semi-structured and group interviews. The Global Consultation Rating Scale (GCRS) was applied to assess patient-centered communication. ResultsThe SM+ GCRS scores obtained by SM+s during observations are generally higher than the SM− scores. The odds of having a "good quality" consultation are almost 3 times higher in SM+ than in SM− for some steps in the consultation process. The SM+ discourse is more patient-centered, and differs from the more biomedical discourse of SM−. SM− health workers do not consider all of the stages of a patient-centred consultation to be applicable and recommend "leapfrogging". On the contrary, SM+ health workers consider all stages to be important and are convinced that the integration of mental health has improved their communication through the training they have received and the practice of caring for persons with mental disorders. ConclusionThe integration of mental health into primary care provision represents an opportunity to improve the quality of care in its "patient-centred care" dimension. That said, optimal development of patient-centred care presupposes favorable structural conditions.

Carbon increase and soil physical improvement in an onion no-tillage system

The no-tillage vegetable planting system (NTVPS) is a way to integrate production and soil conservation. The study was conducted on a Haplic Cambisol in the municipality of Alfredo Wagner - SC, in 2017. It aimed to evaluate physical attributes and carbon fractions of soil under consolidated NTVPS cultivation for 10 years as compared to thirty-year conventional tillage (CT) and a native forest (NF) on a Haplic Cambisol. The aspects evaluated were: total organic C, soil density (SD), total porosity (TP), macropores, micropores, aggregate stability, resistance to mechanical penetration (PR) and water infiltration into de soil. CT showed higher SD as compared to NTVPS, mainly in the 5 to 10-cm layer, whereas PR was higher in NTVPS, particularly in the 5 to 10-cm layer, thus exceeding the critical limit for this variable. Nevertheless, NTVPS showed greater accumulated water infiltration and infiltration stabilization at 20 minutes. In the native forest, infiltration was lower than that in NTVPS, and the lowest constant infiltration values occurred in CT from the beginning of the test. The NTVPS treatment showed greater efficiency in carbon storage and aggregation as compared to CT, therefore, favorable structural conditions for plant growth.

Industry 4.0 Accelerating Sustainable Manufacturing in the COVID-19 Era: Assessing the Readiness and Responsiveness of Italian Regions

An unpredictable shock hit the Italian economy in February 2020 when the spread of the COVID-19 virus began in Italy and other countries worldwide. In this context, Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies can be a fundamental tool for economic recovery by favouring the shift towards sustainable manufacturing. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the readiness of countries for I4.0 in order to guide policies in defining incentives to promote I4.0 and unlock its potential in the pandemic era. In this context, the paper aims to understand the readiness and responsiveness of the Italian Regions with respect to I4.0 concepts prior to the pandemic and identify best practices that are supporting companies in I4.0 adoption, with a focus on those incentivizing sustainable practices. An assessment framework before the pandemic is provided based on two dimensions: the readiness of firms to invest in I4.0 and favourable structural conditions. The assessment shows a group of alert regions as opposed to a group of unprepared, mostly linked Northern and Southern differences. Assuming that the “alert regions” are more likely to effectively manage and overcome the post- COVID-19 crisis, we provide a picture of how the Italian Regions have sought to encourage the adoption of digital technologies to improve resilience after the shock. The analysis shows that supporting measures mainly address Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Furthermore, the tenders encouraging the adoption of I4.0 suggest that collaboration among stakeholders will become imperative.

Факторы интернационализации валют развивающихся стран в постковидной экономике

Over the past three decades, economic transformations and dynamic growth in a number of developing countries have led to a significant increase of their role in the global economy. However, despite the shift in the centre of global economic activity from West to East, the US dollar continues to dominate the international monetary system. The COVID 19 pandemic has disrupted sustainable trade and financial flows, limiting the access of governments and companies in developing countries to international liquidity. The global recession has increased the importance of regional and local factors in the recovery of global economic growth. The current trends in the regionalization of international economic relations, along with the need to finance external debt, create objective prerequisites for a more active use of the currencies of developing countries in the international monetary system. To identify this potential, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of the current positions of developed and developing countries in the world economy and world finance. Internationalization of developing countries› currencies in the international monetary system depends on creation of a number of favourable macroeconomic, institutional and structural conditions. Macroeconomic conditions are: control over the dynamics of nominal per capita income to ensure competitive advantages for exporters; an increase in the share of sovereign debt obligations as a potential reserve asset in the total volume of external debt; improving the performance of the international investment position by increasing the share of high-yield assets of developing countries. Institutional conditions include the internationalization of high-tech companies and the creation of nationally oriented mechanisms and standards for regulating financial markets. The development of existing and creation of new payment and settlement systems based on digital currencies and distributed ledger technology are the main structural conditions for increasing the international competitiveness of the developing countries’ currencies. The authors conclude that only a comprehensive implementation of these conditions will provide a more decentralized nature of the international monetary system in the long term. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared based on the results of studies carried out at the expense of budgetary funds on the state assignment of the Financial University for fundamental research work “Competition of currencies in the international monetary system”.

Hyperbolic boundary problems with large oscillatory coefficients: Multiple amplification

1Examples of first-order amplification, where K=1, are well-known [15,4]. We study weakly stable hyperbolic boundary problems with highly oscillatory coefficients that are large, O(1), compared to the small wavelength ϵ of oscillations. Such problems arise, for example, in the study of classical questions concerning the stability of Mach stems and compressible vortex sheets. For such applications one seeks to prove energy estimates that are in an appropriate sense “uniform” with respect to the small wavelength ϵ, but the large oscillatory coefficients are a formidable obstacle to obtaining such estimates. In this paper we analyze a simplified form of the linearized problems that are relevant to the above stability questions, and obtain results that are both positive and negative. On the one hand we identify favorable structural conditions under which it is possible to prove uniform estimates, and then do so by a new approach. We also construct examples showing that large oscillatory coefficients can give rise to an instantaneous multiple amplification of the amplitude of solutions relative to data; for example, oscillatory boundary data of a given amplitude O(1) can immediately give rise to a solution of amplitude O(1ϵK), where K≥2.1 We use the examples of multiple amplification to confirm the optimality of our uniform estimates when the favorable structural conditions hold. When those conditions do not hold, we explain how multiple amplification of infinite order may rule out useful estimates.

Physical Indicators of Cambisols Under Agricultural Uses in Chapada do Apodi, Semiarid Region of Brazil

Soil physical structure is related to porous space dynamics, which is affected by pedogenetic conditions, land uses, and agricultural practices. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate physical and structural attributes of Cambissolos under different uses in the Terra de Esperança Settlement Project, in Chapada do Apodi, Governor Dix-Sept Rosado, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and detect the most sensitive attributes for the distinction of environments using multivariate analysis. The study areas with different land uses were: Native Forest Area 1 (NFA1), Native Forest Area 2 (NFA2), Native Forest Area 3 (NFA3) (reference areas), Conventional Management Area (CMA) Agroecological Area (AEA), and Cajaraneira (Spondia sp.) Orchard Area (COA). Areas with agricultural uses were characterized through physical and structural analyses, using disturbed and undisturbed soil samples collected from their 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m soil layers. The soil classes of the areas, according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System (SiBCS) were Cambissolo Haplico Carbonatico vertissolico (NFA1); Cambissolo Haplico Ta Eutrofico tipico (NFA2 and COA); Cambissolo Haplico Ta Eutrofico vertissolico (NFA3); and Cambissolo Haplico Carbonático tipico (CMA and AEA). The results of the attributes analyzed were expressed as mean of three replications per soil layer of each area, using multivariate analysis. Soil textures varied from sandy clay loam to clay. The total sand fraction presented negative correlations with clay dispersed in water, gravimetric moisture (GM), volumetric moisture (VM), total porosity determined (TPd) and microporosity (MiP); and positive correlations with soil density (SD), and basic infiltration rate (BIR), denoting pedogenetic influence. The SD presented significant correlation with GM, VM, TPd, MiP, macroporosity (MaP), aeration porosity (AP) and BIR, denoting its importance for the physical structure of the soil, and its dynamics. The most relevant attributes for the discrimination of the soil physical structure were the inorganic fractions clay and sand, porosity, degree of flocculation, aggregates, and soil mechanical resistance to penetration. The physical and structural attributes of the Cambissolos Haplicos were generally preserved, when compared to the current conditions of the NFAs, despite the different land use and managements. However, the soils of NFA1 (0.20-0.30 m layer), CMA, and AEA areas indicate fragility in aggregate stability and degree of flocculation due to the predominance of the sand fraction. The COA presented more favorable physical and structural conditions to the development of agricultural crops, especially on the surface layers, mostly influenced by their clay, TPd, AP, GM, VM, and soil mechanical resistance to penetration.

History of studying the south of the West Siberian oil and gas province and the Trans-Urals

The article briefly covers the entire period of the Trans-Urals exploration, including Kurgan region. We report the main historical events of the process of prospecting for oil and gas. As a result of geological exploration, the industrial oil content of Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments have been identified, and powerful sequences of carbonate rocks of the pre-Jurassic age in Vagay-Ishim depression (the territory of Kurgan region) have been developed. It should be noted that the discovered sequences of carbonate rocks under favorable structural and tectonic conditions could be productive for oil and gas.

Structural and Process Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care Provisions in Poland and the Netherlands: A Cross-National Study Using Cluster Analysis

ABSTRACTThis cross-national study involved 56 toddler classrooms in Poland and the Netherlands. A cluster analysis was conducted to identify classroom profiles based on observed quality and these were compared regarding structural (group size and children-to-teacher ratio) and curriculum (e.g. pre-academics and pretend play) characteristics. In total, 224 video clips were evaluated with the CLASS Toddler and 130 teachers reported on structural and curriculum aspects. Research Findings: The findings for both countries showed moderate to high emotional support and low to moderate support for learning; the pattern of self-reported provision of activities was shaped alike. Three quality profiles were distinguished: i) high positive climate and support for learning, ii) overall low quality, iii) high emotional and low educational support. Overall, favorable structural conditions and a balanced curriculum including a broad range of activities were associated with highest process quality. Practice or Policy: A variety of different activities and high levels of developmentally stimulating interactions in an overall positive and warm classroom climate can support toddlers’ broad development and learning. Professional development and a center’s pedagogical policy and vision can play an important role in improving quality and implementing age-appropriate play and activities when an official curriculum is lacking.

ПРИМЕРЫ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ГЕОДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ В МОРФОСТРУКТУРЕ СЕВЕРА ВОСТОЧНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ПЛАТФОРМЫ

To determine the nature of the contribution of current tectonic processes to the formation of morphostructural ensembles is an important task. This can be done by comparing the morphostructure with the expected consequences of the impact of geodynamic systems. In the border area of the Baltic Shield and the Russian Plate, within the Circumbaltic zone of dislocations, there is a chain of recent graben depressions. The location of the depressions is determined by the tectonophysical patterns of dislocation sampling and favorable local structural conditions. Depression arose as areas of tension with the superpositional interaction of two subordinate horizontally oriented newest geodynamic systems – pressing the Baltic shield onto the Russian Plate and pushing the geological substrate at the point of their junction in the perpendicular direction. In the northern part of the White Sea Depression, the “visor” of the Karelian massif is approaching to the region of oncoming progressive stretching around the Kandalaksha graben. The superposition of these processes is clearly expressed in relief. Thus, the formation of morphostructures in the area is strongly influenced by the interaction of geodynamic systems.

Geochronology of Two Mafic Intrusions in Funing, Yunnan: Implications for Its Relationships with Carlin-like Gold Mineralization

The relationship between mafic intrusion and gold deposits has always received substantial attention. Based on the petrography, mineralogy, and chronology of two mafic intrusion suites exposed in the Funing area, we found that the mafic intrusion suites have closely relationship with gold mineralization. The 255±4.9-Ma U-Pb age of the early mafic intrusion suite is much older than the 218.9±6.4-Ma (MSWD=1.2) U-Pb age of the late mafic intrusion suite. Based on previous studies on former gold mines in the area, it is believed that early mafic intrusion suite appears to have contributed to the early hydrothermal enrichment of gold deposits through the action of water-rock, together with atmospheric precipitation and stratigraphic water. Due to favorable structural conditions during the Indosinian tectonic period, the late basic rock not only extracted metallogenic materials from the stratum but also acted as an important heat source for the metallogenic fluid circulation and mineralization, together with superposed mineralization of frequent tectonic activities on early deposits, finally forming into ore deposits in favorable structures. Therefore, we believe that the mafic intrusion suite in the late period of the region are closely related to the gold mineralization in the region, and it can be used as a prospecting mark for gold deposits in the area.

The reasoning of prospects of oil and gas bearing capacity of Cretaceous deposits of the Outer zone of Carpathian foredeep

Although the Outer zone of the Precarpathian foredeep is one of the oldest gas extraction regions of Ukraine it is still promising for the exploration of new oil and gas deposits. The main gas deposits are open here in the Miocene, but the number of unidentified structures is rapidly shrinking. The development of unexplored Cretaceous deposits and the possibility of opening up their deposits of oil and gas can provide an increase in the resource base. In this case, the importance of the prospects of oil and gas bearing capacity of Cretaceous deposits is determined by a set of criterion features, including the determination of the nature of collectors and caprocks distribution, the establishment of favorable hydrogeological, structural and tectonic conditions for the formation and conservation of oil and gas deposits. The substantiated oil and gas prospect increases the search engine success, and therefore the development of the hydrocarbon potential of the Cretaceous deposits of the Outer zone can make a significant contribution to the fuel and energy supply of Ukraine with its own raw materials. Generalization, systematization, and analysis of new and reinterpretation of previously performed geological and geophysical studies and the results of deep drilling made it possible to substantiate the reliable geological structure of the cretaceous deposits of the studied region, which will increase the efficiency of prediction of oil-and-gas saturation and determine the priority oil and gas prospecting objects for detailed geological and geophysical works in order to search for new oil and gas deposits. Research results will increase the efficiency of search work, and the growth of promising and projected resources will be a significant contribution to the task of stabilizing and increasing oil and gas production in Ukraine.

КИНЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ ИСПОЛНЕНИЯ БОЛЬШОГО ОБОРОТА НАЗАД НА ПЕРЕКЛАДИНЕ КАК СРЕДСТВА ПОВЫШЕНИЯ СКОРОСТНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ГИМНАСТА

Statement of the problem. Modern method of execution for giant Felge backward on the bar is one of the basic elements of modern artistic gymnastics, and is widely used by gymnasts. However, if the structural differences between modern and classical methods of execution for this element are obvious, in quantitative terms they are not developed enough. To solve this problem, it is necessary to study the kinematic structure of the modern giant Felge backward using modern instrumental methods and compare it with the classical one. The above said proves the relevance of this study. The purpose of this article is to explore the kinematic structure of the modern method of execution for of giant Felge backward on the bar in the performance of a highly skilled gymnast. With the use of video and modern software the study is meant to determine the movement, velocity and acceleration of the reference points of the four-link model of the athlete,s body, as well as joint movement, angular velocity and angular acceleration. Reference points and angles are aimed to be identified. The research methodology consists of a set of instrumental research methods, in particular, the use of video and software “MaxTrack” for processing video materials, computer technology, as well as theoretical analysis and synthesis of special literature data by international and Russian scientists and program documents. Research results. The kinematic structure is studied of the modern method of execution for giant Felge backward on the crossbar performed by a highly qualified gymnast. Conclusions. Using modern instrumental methods, movements, velocities and accelerations of reference points of the four-link model of the athlete»s body, articular movements, angular velocities and accelerations are determined. Plots of control points and angles are constructed. It is proved that a modern method provides greater maximum velocity at the lower point of the swing and creates more favorable velocity and structural conditions for the implementation of subsequent complex flights and jumps from the crossbar.

Every ditch is different: Barriers and opportunities for collaboration for agricultural water conservation and security in the Colorado River Basin

Irrigated agriculture in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) has a target on its back. One of the most critical sources of water in the western United States, the Colorado River extends 1,450 mi (2,334 km) through seven western states from Wyoming to California. It provides drinking water for nearly 40 million people, irrigates over 4.9 million ac (2 million ha) of land, and can generate more than 4,200 MW of electricity. Today, the CRB and the people and environments it serves face a looming supply-demand imbalance. Extended drought and climate change threaten unprecedented reductions in surface water flows even as urban population growth and new environmental and recreation demands promise to dramatically increase need for the river9s water. The region9s irrigated farmers, who hold legal rights to 70% to 80% of Colorado River surface water flows, are being asked to help cover expected supply-demand imbalances by conserving and sharing their agricultural water with other users. However, formidable legal, social, and cultural barriers make it difficult for farmers to share their water without facing real or perceived risks of permanent loss of their resource rights and of threats to their livelihoods and rural communities. This study draws on field visits and in-depth interviews with more than 60 irrigators, agricultural leaders, water experts, environmentalists, and federal and state officials in three western states—Colorado, Arizona, and California. It analyzes six instrumental case studies of innovative collaboration between irrigators and environmentalists, municipalities, and government agencies to conserve agricultural water while generating water for nonagricultural purposes. Based largely on in-depth interviews, the study analyzes existing legal, social, and cultural barriers to agricultural water conservation collaboration in the case study regions. It then identifies key hydrological and legal structural openings and related social conditions that have facilitated collaboration in these six cases among diverse, often opposing water interests. The study concludes by proposing a preliminary framework of analytical questions that can be applied in other contexts in the CRB where collaboration for agricultural water conservation may find favorable structural and social conditions. These cases suggest that in a highly diverse CRB in which uniform, system-wide solutions face many obstacles, responses to the CRB9s formidable problems may benefit from close attention to innovative insights and lessons generated at the local level.

Diaspora and contemporary world - the need to change study approach

Diaspora phenomena, it?s characteristics and functions, were changing in a resent decade along with momentum of globalization notably. This requires new research approaches. Unlike a previous period when migrants visited their homelands rarely or never, they came more often today. They contact with friends and family nearly every day. Because of that, relationships besides members of diaspora and their Motherland is changed. Communications besides migrants and nonmigrants in the homeland make transnational networks which enable that migrants investing their resources without need for return and has a big potential for a Motherland?s prosperity. Intensivity of migrations in a every part of the world have impact to expanding migrants social networks (social capital become bigger) and acquiring a new knowledge (their human capital became bigger). That is reason for interest of policy makers became greather for human and social capital although it was only for monetary remittance earlier. New knowledge and technology application together with consultation with experts all around the world are available for the Motherland because diasporas social capital. They could be very important resource for its economically, cultural and social prosperity. However, it?s important to know that interaction with a people with a different culture has impact to change and experience of personal identity by migrants. That requires modification of earlier understanding identity members of diaspora. Theirs identity had a core in a national identity earlier, but today it has a form of hybridity. In a meso level, respecting by Motherland perspective, that?s mean that national identity doesn?t main motive for diaspora investing anymore and that?s important to make a new stimulating migration policy. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to point diaspora phenomena changing - change resources and influence to the Motherland. As a first, the emphasis is on transnational networks which change communication mode and relationship members of diaspora and Motherland, but they have impact to growth of social capital of migrants which could be invested in homeland potentially. These networks enable easier to acquire a knowledge and it?s transfer. That is why human capital become more readily available for the Motherland. But, hybrid diaspora identity must be motive for change state diaspora policy which was based in an emotional component of national identity. They must change in way of making a more favorable structural conditions for diaspora investment which is a preconditions to attracting human and social capital of diaspora that could have a big impact to the Motherland?s progress.

Lega and Five-star Movement voters: exploring the role of cultural, economic and political bewilderment

ABSTRACTWe explore the motivations behind the electoral success of the Lega and the Five-star Movement at the 2018 Italian general election. In most of the literature on populism, the success of the new European populist parties is interpreted as stemming from the process of globalisation, which has produced the so-called ‘modernisation losers’: ‘cultural losers’ (people who are disorientated by changes in values, by new waves of migration and by the loss of national sovereignty to the European Union) and ‘economic losers’ (those for whom the globalisation process has meant economic hardship, downward social mobility and occupational uncertainty). It is these ‘modernisation losers’ who are claimed to have voted for the populist parties. To this two-fold theoretical hypothesis, we added another: the rise in populism can be explained by the democratic malaise, and particularly by the crisis of mainstream parties, which have steadily lost their function as a link between the people and politics. We analyse the role of these three antecedents of populism – labelled as cultural, economic and political – drawing on 2018 Italian National Election Studies (ITANES: see www.itanes.org/en) data. Votes for the Lega were motivated by ‘cultural populism’, while those for the Five-star Movement could be ascribed to ‘political populism’, stemming from citizens’ growing mistrust – generalised and latent in Western democracies – of political institutions, activated in Italy by favourable structural conditions and external circumstances.

TYPOMORPHIC FEATURES OF THE QUARTZ OF VARIOUS GENETIC TYPE AND COMPOSITION OF MINERAL PARAGENESIS OF ORE-GRADE GOLD IN KARAKCATAU MOUNTAINS (WEST UZBEKISTAN)

As a result of complex studies - geological-structural, morphostructural analytical, mineralogical mapping of quartz formations, detailed geochemical work and analysis of geochemical fields – forecasting prospecting features of gold ore taxon’s: ore zone; ore field; deposit and ore body. They are characterized by groups of criteria: morphostructural, stratigraphic-lithological, structural-tectonic, magmatic, geophysical, metasomatic, mineralogical, geochemical factors and attributes, and a geological-genetic model of the gold-bearing ore-forming system in the collapse zone. Favorable geological and structural conditions for the localization of gold mineralization in the mountains of Karakchatau are associated with the areas of long-term tectonic-magmatic activation in metalliferous sediments of Є-О contrast lithological composition. The coincidence of manifestations of gold mineralization to the blocks formed by transverse faults at the sites where they intersected the Karakchatau crush zone was noted. To the channel-localizing parts inside are blocky and unextended interblock tectonic structures with positions in favorable “structural traps” in their azimuthal curvatures of executed productive types of hydrothermal, sulfidizing quartz. The results of mineralogical mapping of quartz formations along the Karakchatau crush zone (Western Uzbekistan) are considered. Five genetic types of quartz are distinguished. The most productive of them is hydrothermal quartz of types 3 and 4 associated with pyrite,arsenopyrite and gold, which forms vein fields in areas of kinks and expansion of the zone of crushing. Identification of any goods and services that can be used for commercial purposes, including in the geological structure, other regions of Western Uzbekistan.