Favorable Price Research Articles

Analysis of Promotion Mix, Price Perception, and Service Quality on Purchase Decisions for Mask Products on Tokopedia

This study aims to investigate the influence of the promotional mix, price perception, and service quality on purchasing decisions for mask products in Jakarta. Utilizing a purposive sampling technique, data was collected from 330 respondents who are users of the Tokopedia application residing in the Jakarta area. The findings reveal several key insights: firstly, the promotional mix exhibits a positive and significant impact on purchasing decisions. Secondly, price perception demonstrates a negative and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Lastly, service quality is identified as having a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions. These results emphasize the importance of a well-crafted promotional mix, favorable price perceptions, and high service quality in shaping consumers' decisions regarding mask product purchases. The outcomes of this research contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence consumer choices in the Jakarta region, providing valuable insights for businesses and marketers looking to enhance their strategies in promoting and selling mask products.

Fertilizer use efficiency and economic viability in maize production in the Savannah and transitional zones of Ghana

Increasing fertilizer use is highly justified for sustainable agricultural intensification if yield response, fertilizer use efficiency (FUE), and economic viability of fertilizer application are high. Despite the increasing fertilizer application rates in Ghana, yields only marginally increased. Also, the recent fertilizer price hikes post COVID-19 revived concern for economic analysis of fertilizers. This study analyzed the FUE and economic viability of fertilizer use in maize production in Guinea/Sudan Savannah and Transitional/Deciduous zones of Ghana. Survey data from 2,673 farmers in the 2019, 2020, and 2021 production seasons were used. The average agronomic efficiency (AE), partial factor productivity (PFP), and value-cost ratio (VCR) of fertilizer use were 2.2 kg of grains per kilogram of fertilizer, 18.3 kg grains per kilogram of fertilizer, and 1.8 Ghana cedis of marginal yield per Ghana cedi spent on fertilizer, respectively. Fertilizer use was economically viable for only 28.1% of farmers with a VCR of 2 or higher, while 52.5% reached the break-even point with a VCR of at least 1. Various fertilizer formulations, including NPK plus sulfur, and adoption of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) practices, particularly improved seeds, organic fertilizers, and minimum tillage, improved maize yield response to fertilizer and thus the FUE. These low efficiency and economic viability of fertilizer use are prevailing conditions in other sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries and these do not guarantee sustainable food security and improved livelihood of the farmers in the region. Ghana’s Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), together with relevant stakeholders, should provide guidance on ISFM and intensify farmer education through farmer associations to increase the adoption of ISFM. The local government should work with other relevant stakeholders to improve the market conditions within the agriculture sector, for instance, by linking farmers to city markets for favorable output prices.

Information environment and participation of foreign banks in U.S. syndicated loan market

This study examines how financial information quality affects the participation and lending behavior of foreign banks in the loan syndicate of U.S borrowers. We utilize the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in the U.S. as our research setting. We demonstrate a significant increase in foreign banks loan shares to public firms in the post-SOX period. In parallel, we find that this increase in lending by foreign banks is accompanied by more favorable price and non-price contract terms. By contrast, we find no evidence of either more loans or more favorable loan contract terms offered to U.S. privately held borrowers by foreign banks. Further analysis shows that the impact of such an exogenous change on loan contract terms are more pronounced among public listed borrowers with higher ex ante information asymmetry. Overall, our findings imply that the increase in quality and reliability of corporate financial information brought about by SOX reduces the information disadvantage of foreign lenders.

Baiting the hook: Fish scarcity, gendered division of labour, and the fish-for-sex trade

Transactional sex in sub–Saharan Africa's fishing communities, driven by the highly gendered organisation of production, is widely recognised as a key driver of HIV transmission in lakeshore areas. This longitudinal study investigates the economic drivers of the trade and its impact on sexual health outcomes. Specifically, the impact of regional and district fish market shocks and comparable maize shocks on facility-level sexual health outcomes are examined in Tanzania's shoreline communities. Following unfavourable shocks to the fish market, such as high prices or low amounts of fish captured, this paper finds that new HIV cases, newly pregnant women attending antenatal clinic, and the number of people treated for syphilis increases with proximity to the shoreline, supporting the hypothesis that the fish-for-sex trade intensifies when fish supply is relatively scarce. Further, the observed increase in new HIV cases is driven by new cases in women. Contrasting effects are observed following maize price shocks, where facilities see an increase in both male and female new HIV cases following a favourable price shock. These findings highlight the role that gender-based organisation of production plays in shaping sexual health inequalities following shocks to a good.

Investigation of Jatropha Oil Transesterification into Methyl Esters under Supercritical Methanol Environment using Advanced Heterogeneous Catalysts

AbstractThe rationale for this study lies in the investigation of the transesterification of crude Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel using advanced heterogeneous catalysts under supercritical methanol conditions. The oxides of strontium, lanthanum, and zinc (SrO, La2O3, and ZnO) were synthesized with varying loadings (2 wt %, 6 wt %, and 10 wt %) on γ‐Al2O3 using the wet impregnation method followed by calcination at 900 °C. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the prepared catalysts, multiple analytical techniques were employed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. The performance of the catalysts was assessed through the measurement of biodiesel yield, where the SrO/γ‐Al2O3, ZnO/γ‐Al2O3, and La2O3/γ‐Al2O3 systems produced yields of 97.54 %, 97.49 %, and 97.36 %, respectively, under identical reaction conditions of a 1 : 40 oil to methanol molar ratio, 10 wt % catalyst loading amount, 300 °C reaction temperature, 90 bar reaction pressure, and a reaction time of 3 min. Despite a minimal decrease of 0.05 %, zinc oxide catalysts remain highly attractive due to their favorable price position compared to strontium. Additionally, the catalyst can be reused up to 12 times with minimal loss in biodiesel yield (~2 %).

How does cross‐platform externality impact pricing strategies? A two‐stage discriminatory pricing model analysis

AbstractThis study delves into the impact of cross‐platform externality on the pricing strategies of platforms, employing a two‐stage discriminatory pricing model. The research reveals several significant findings. Initially, cross‐platform externality exacerbates the “killing the loyal customers” strategy on the access platform, prompting consumers to favor a “one‐time” consumption approach to avoid potential intensification of this strategy. Furthermore, cross‐platform externality serves as a critical trigger for independent competitive platforms; surpassing a critical consumer threshold leads to a shift from the former “killing the loyal customers” strategy to offering more favorable prices for existing customers. Finally, cross‐platform externality leads to reduced prices for consumers on both platforms in both stages, assuming the drainage effect of the open platform is substantially weaker than its enhancement effect on the cross‐network externality of the access platform. During such instances, the cross‐platform externality proves advantageous to consumers. However, with a strengthening drainage effect and increased merchant attraction by the access platform, both platforms may face potential price increases. Notably, cross‐platform externalities provide access platforms with substantial advantages over independent competitors in terms of user scale and profit levels. This advantage progressively grows as cross‐platform externalities increase. However, for the access platform itself, the influx of consumers from the open platform must surpass a minimal threshold before cross‐platform externalities contribute to an increase in the access platform's profit levels. Consequently, if the objective of engaging in platform discriminatory pricing competition is to overcome competitors, integrating with an open platform proves to be an effective approach. However, if the goal is solely to boost one's own profits, embracing an open platform entails certain risks, necessitating the selection of a platform capable of delivering sufficient traffic.

PLATFORM WORK IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE

Labour markets are increasingly being organized through digital platforms. These platforms are often characterized by a systematic asymmetry of information and power in favour of platform providers. They rely on an independent workforce that receives low wages and no social security, and at the same time works for its own account and bears the risk independently. Non-standard form of business via digital platforms offers benefits such as more flexible working hours, more favourable prices, and opportunities for income generation, but it also come with challenges related to job stability, benefits, and legal protections. Since there are no official statistics on the size of platform work, a small number of literature deals with the research of the determinants of platform work. The aim of this paper is to determine how factors such as Internet purchases by individuals, GDP per capita, unemployment rate and DESI index affect the size of the platform work. The analysis was conducted on a sample of selected countries of Eastern and Central Europe (CEEC – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania and Estonia) and for this purpose Eurostat and ETUI Internet and Platform Work Survey data were used. The results of analysis show that the GDP per capita and Internet purchases by individuals influence the size of platform work in selected countries.

Investigating The Intervening Role of E-Satisfaction in The Formation of E-Loyalty Among Online Apparel Shoppers

The current study investigates the effect of e-satisfaction in the formation of e-loyalty among online clothing customers. We evaluated four main hypotheses using empirical analysis, including the impact of recognisable brands, celebrity endorsements, and favourable pricing on e-satisfaction, as well as the overarching relationship between e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. The research population is limited to people between the ages of 20 and 55 residing in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The participants are chosen using a convenience sampling procedure with a sample size of 150.The findings strongly confirm the assumptions, demonstrating that both well-known companies and celebrity endorsements have a considerable impact on e-satisfaction. Furthermore, while favourable pricing contributes to e-satisfaction, its impact is less than that of brand reputation and endorsements. Notably, e-satisfaction appeared as a critical intervening variable, with a strong and significant link to e-loyalty. The findings emphasise the importance of e-satisfaction in moulding e-loyalty, implying that businesses can deliberately spend in improving brand reputation, obtaining quality endorsements, and optimising price to maximise both e-satisfaction and eventual e-loyalty. These findings provide important insights for online clothing companies trying to increase consumer happiness and develop long-term loyalty.

Trading halts and the advantage of institutional investors: Historical evidence from Borsa Istanbul

The effects and effectiveness of trading halts remain controversial among academics and regulators. This paper provides historical evidence regarding the efficacy of trading halts from a leading emerging market with a unique microstructure, Borsa Istanbul (Istanbul Stock Exchange), by examining the return, volatility, and volume behavior around news-initiated trading halts using trade-by-trade data and 15-min intervals from January 1999–April 2003. It also investigates, for the first time, the trading behavior of different types of investors, such as individuals, mutual funds, and brokerage houses, around trading halts. Findings indicate that most of the new information is absorbed by prices within 15 min following the resumption of trading after a halt. The reaction of investors to bad news is slower and stronger than good news. Despite halts, institutional investors employ the price advantage of new information during the cessation period ahead of individual investors utilizing better timing in trading after the halts. Institutional investors systematically buy and sell at more favorable prices around halts than individual investors. Finally, overall evidence suggests that trading halts are effective in the dissemination of valuable information and play an important role in enhancing the efficiency of the price discovery mechanism.

Synthesizing the role of urbanization and oil prices in achieving carbon neutrality in Africa: do financial crisis and renewable energy play a role?

Higher oil prices can incentivize urban planners to adopt energy-saving behaviors, such as using public transportation or investing in energy-efficient appliances, which can help achieve carbon neutrality. Notwithstanding this, empirical studies ignored the role played by oil prices in the urbanization-carbon emissions nexus. Therefore, this study aims to examine the moderating role of oil prices on the urbanization-CO2 emission relationship, along with renewable energy consumption and the global financial crisis. Using Driscoll-Kraay and IV-GMM techniques on panel data from 35 African countries, the results confirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions in Africa, which is consistent with the ecological modernization theory. The results also show that oil prices, financial crisis, and renewable energy contribute to reducing carbon emissions, while the EKC hypothesis curve between GDP and CO2 emissions is validated. Additionally, urbanization has a favorable oil price effect on carbon emissions in Africa. The heterogeneity analysis validates the EKC curve between urbanization and CO2 emissions in low- and high-emission countries, while oil prices and financial crisis mitigate CO2 emissions only in low-emission countries. Further, oil prices moderate urbanization to reduce carbon emissions in low- and high-emission countries. The findings also indicated that renewable energy mitigates carbon emissions and that the inverted U-shape is confirmed in low- and high-emission countries. These results suggest that policymakers should put more effort into the adoption of renewable energy and the use of energy-saving technologies in urban development to achieve carbon neutrality.

Projected Reductions in CO2 Emissions by Using Alternative Methanol Fuel to Power a Service Operation Vessel

Due to increasingly stringent IMO and European Commission requirements for greenhouse gas emissions, the present study analysed the projected reductions in CO2 emissions achieved by using methanol as an alternative fuel to power custom service operation vessels (SOVs) serving wind platforms in the Baltic Sea. Methanol is a relatively new fuel, approved for use as a safe marine fuel in the late 2020s. In these analyses, reference was made to the current interim guidelines, supplementing the IGF Code in the form of MSC.1/Circ.1621. The SOV type was chosen because of the current growing demand for these ships (the dynamic development of offshore wind power) and the lack of analyses of this type of small craft. The importance of assessing CO2 emissions in this case is due to the specifics of the vessel’s operation in different modes, and thus the variable load on the propulsion system and the area of operation close to the coastline. A computational research method was used to evaluate CO2 emissions, as well as the cost of methanol fuel, using current regulations and technical data. A comparison was also made between conventional MDO and LNG fuels. The first results of the analysis showed that methanol fuel is only competitive with MDO (a few-percent advantage) in terms of the average estimated index value EIV. Economically, it will require a higher investment, despite the favourable unit price of methanol compared to LNG and MDO.

Clinical comprehensive evaluation of Ruyi Zhenbao Pills in treatment of osteoarthritis

This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of Ruyi Zhenbao Pills in the treatment of osteoarthritis, aiming to clarify its clinical advantages and promote rational drug use and related policy transformation. Following the relevant standards in Guidelines for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs in Clinical Practice and Technical Specifications for the Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Chinese Patent Medicine, comprehensive research and related data on Ruyi Zhenbao Pills in the treatment of osteoarthritis were collected in the dimensions of safety, effectiveness, economy, innovation, suitability, accessibility, and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) cha-racteristics(referred to as the "6+1" dimensions). Through evidence-based medicine, questionnaire surveys, health technology assessment, pharmacoeconomic evaluation, and other methods, a multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA) model and CSC v2.0 software were used to comprehensively evaluate the clinical value of Ruyi Zhenbao Pills. Spontaneous reporting system data on adverse reactions and literature data indicate that the adverse reactions of Ruyi Zhenbao Pills are mostly general adverse reactions, with no reports of se-rious adverse reactions. The known risks are small, and its safety is rated as class A. It has been shown to effectively relieve joint pain and restore joint function in the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, more high-quality, large-sample randomized controlled trials are needed to further validate its effectiveness, which is rated as class B. There is evidence supporting its economic viability, and its economic is rated as class B. It demonstrates good clinical innovation, innovative enterprise service system, and industrial innovation, and innovation is rated as class A. Medical professionals and patients have a favorable perception of the suitability of Ruyi Zhenbao Pills, and further improvement can be made in terms of convenience of administration and promotion to facilitate rational drug use by healthcare professionals and patients. Suitability is rated as class B. The drug has a favorable price level, availability, and affordability, and accessibility is rated as class A. Ruyi Zhenbao Pills are a classic Tibetan medicinal prescription with excellent TCM theoretical characteristics. However, further research is needed on its use in human studies. TCM characteristics are rated as class B. Based on the evaluation results of the "6+1" dimensions, the comprehensive clinical evaluation is rated as grade B. Ruyi Zhenbao Pills have good clinical value in the treatment of osteoarthritis, and it is recommended to undergo the necessary procedures for conditional transformation into a policy for the management of essential clinical drugs.

Prescription savings across oncology: A cost comparison of Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drugs pharmacy against 2021 Medicare Part B and Part D claims.

18 Background: The Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company (MCCPDC) was established in 2022 to provide more affordable and transparent access to prescription medications. While prior work has demonstrated the cost-efficacy of MCCPDC, there remains a need to increase awareness of this public-benefit corporation, especially among healthcare professionals and patients using oncologic drugs covered by Medicare Part D and B. Methods: We identified 9 cancer-directed drugs available for purchase on the MCCPDC pharmacy. Potential savings were estimated by substituting the unit price for Medicare claims with the pricing models offered by MCCPDC. We evaluated oncologic claims utilizing 2021 Medicare Part B and D Spending by Drug data. We extracted the total dosage units, beneficiaries, and average spending per dosage unit for each respective drug. The unit price was determined from Medicare claims and then compared against cost projection using MCCPDC 30-count (30c) and 90-count (90c) supplies. When MCCPDC offered multiple dosages, the most expensive dose was chosen to provide a conservative estimate. We used the National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) database to adjust for raw ingredient and manufacturing cost changes between 2021-2023. Results: Across the 9 selected oncological drugs, estimated Medicare Part D and B spending totaled $1.21 billion. When filled at the 30c and 90c MCCPDC unit price point, projected costs were $203 million and $147 million respectively (% savings; 83%, 88%). All drugs claimed on Medicare Part D demonstrated an advantaged 90c price point when filled through MCCPDC (% savings range: 40-98%). At the 30c price point, only anastrozole was unfavorable (% loss; 7%). Out of the three drugs claimed on Medicare Part B, capecitabine and temozolomide demonstrated savings at both 30c and 90c unit price points (% savings range; 28-80%). Methotrexate remained unfavorable at either MCCPDC price point when compared to Medicare B coverage (% loss; 18%, 129%). In total and across Medicare Part D and B claims, estimated savings when filled at the MCCPDC 90c unit price point are $1.06 billion. Conclusions: We demonstrate a potential annual savings of $1.06 billion with MCCPDC compared to Medicare D and B coverage. An awareness of current drugs offered by MCCPDC and particularly those with a highly favorable price point may allow healthcare professionals to more effectively navigate the socioeconomic barriers to care often faced by patients. [Table: see text]

AppleGo: React Js (Web Application)

Abstract: In today's digital landscape, users face the inconvenience of visiting multiple platforms to hunt for the best prices on Apple devices. However, "AppleGo" aims to be the solution to this problem. This innovative platform consolidates listings of nearby shops on a single platform, enabling users to effortlessly compare and discover the most favorable prices for their desired devices. "AppleGo" is a groundbreaking online platform designed to revolutionize the way users find Apple devices from nearby shops. It eliminates the need for physically searching multiple stores by offering a comprehensive list of available devices, complete with the best discounts. Users can conveniently identify the ideal option without the hassle of in-person visits. This platform also empowers local Apple shop owners, facilitating easy registration and the showcasing of services and packages to potential customers. By enhancing visibility and expanding their customer reach, "AppleGo" aids shop owners in growing their businesses. In essence, the platform bridges the gap between users and shop owners, creating a win-win solution that saves time and effort for users and boosts business prospects for local shops.

Sistem Pemasaran Beras Di Kabupaten Landak, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

Landak Regency has the potential to develop rice with a production surplus of 52,296 tonnes. This increase in production must be balanced with a good marketing system so that farmers and marketing agencies can receive more favorable prices. The purpose of this study is to analyze the channel, function and operational efficiency of rice marketing (marketing margin, farmer's share, and profit to cost ratio) in Landak District. This study involved 45 respondent farmers as a sample which was obtained through a purposive sampling method in which the respondent farmers were selected with consideration of certain characteristics according to the research objectives. Marketing agency respondents were obtained using the snowball method based on information flow from farmers and obtained 13 marketing agency respondents. Qualitative data is used to analyze marketing channels and agencies. Quantitative data is used to analyze marketing margins, farmer's share and profit to cost ratio. The results showed that there were 5 marketing channels and 4 marketing agencies involved. The marketing channel is distinguished from the products sold by farmers, namely channels 1, 2 and 3, farmers sell unhusked rice, while channels 4 and 5 sell rice. Channel 1 consists of farmer-gatherer-factory-retailer-end consumer, channel 2 consists of farmer-collector-mill-retailer-end consumer, channel 3 consists of farmer-mill-retailer-end consumer, channel 4 consists of farmer-retailer -end consumers and channel 5 farmers sell rice directly to end consumers. The results of the operational efficiency analysis show that a relatively efficient marketing channel is channel 1 based on the profit to cost ratio having a value of >1 (profitable). Increasing the institutional role of farmers (poktan and gapoktan) such as collective transactions can help farmers receive more profitable prices..

Who's afraid of a Texas hedge?

There is anecdotal evidence of hedgers taking speculative positions using futures contracts—so-called “Texas hedges”—but the literature provides little guidance on this phenomenon. The paper explores the conditions under which “Texas hedges” may be optimal within the standard risk management framework. Using an empirical setting of multi-commodity hedging, we find that (1) “Texas hedges” do not occur when hedges are optimized individually (single-commodity hedging), (2) neither do they occur when the hedger's objective is to minimize variance, but (3) they do occur 18% of the time in a multi-commodity framework under a downside risk minimization objective (i.e., LPM2), which is closer to what hedgers actually do. Furthermore, (4) “Texas hedges” arise following periods of strong price momentum. This can be explained by downside risk-averse hedgers being concerned only about one side of the distribution. Therefore, expected favorable price movements are not treated as risk, but rather as a profit-enhancing opportunity.

Factors affecting groundnut output in Andhra Pradesh: co-integration and error-correction modeling

Groundnut is an important oilseed crop of India. The area under groundnut in India was maximum (8.0 million ha), however the production was less due to the lowest yield (938 kg/ha) among all Asian countries. Thus it becomes more important to identify the factors affecting groundnut productivity which is directly related to the farmer's income, sustainable supply and the price stabilization. Unless until the factors affecting groundnut productivity are known, the corrective measures can not be initiated. In this paper efforts have been made to examine whether producer's price, area cultivated, fertilizer applied and rainfall have an important effect on groundnut production in Andhra Pradesh using co-integration and error correction modeling. Co-integration and error correction modeling tend to solve spurious regression results obtained from the analysis of macro-economic data and also establish an equilibrium long-run relationship which enables one to carry out a valid inference of the explanatory variables that are responsible for affecting the output of the crop. A stationary test was performed which revealed only rainfall series was stationary at level, while other series become stationary at first differencing applying the unit root test. Johansen co-integration and error correction procedure was adopted which indicates the existence of five co-integrating vectors at 1% level of significance, hence rejecting the null hypothesis of no co-integrating vector. Further, a parsimonious error correction model was applied. The statistical significance of error correction model for groundnut validates the existence of an equilibrium relationship among the variables. The results, therefore, indicate the combined effect of area, fertilizer, rainfall and price jointly affect the output of groundnut in Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, a favorable price policy, assured irrigation and timely supply of fertilizers at remunerative price would help the farmers to allocate more area under groundnut. These measures are necessary to enhance the productivity as well as income of the farmers and also supply of groundnut in the benefit of consumers.

Features of Sales Management in Agricultural Enterprises

Purpose: The sales policy of agricultural enterprises in the foreign and domestic markets can only be successful when the quality of products sold is constantly improved, its range is updated, marketing departments of enterprises are constantly working to establish cooperative relations with processing enterprises and export positions will improve. The objective is to characterize the management of sales activities of agricultural enterprises and the search for ways to improve it. Design / Methodology / Approach: To achieve this goal of the study, such methods of cognition were used as: comparison; Generalization; analysis and synthesis. Also, for a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the features of sales management of agricultural enterprises, the following interdisciplinary and special methods were applied: monographic; abstract-logical. The application of a systematic approach in the study was due to the need to consider the management of agricultural enterprises as a system. We also applied methods: historical-logical method; statistical method. Findings: Considering the peculiarities of sales management of agricultural enterprises, we conducted a thorough analysis of the current state of sales management and outlined prospects for its improvement. It is proved that a significant role in helping primary producers to obtain favorable prices for their products has cooperation with enterprises of both one industry and processing enterprises. Having considered the commodity structure of exports and imports of the main types of crop production and products of its processing, it can be stated that the export potential of our country tends to increase. Analysis of import items of crop processing products makes it possible to conclude that the need for such products in the domestic market of Ukraine is only growing. It is emphasized that the export of processed products or finished products brings much more profit than the sale of raw materials. It is substantiated that in order to improve the management of sales activity of agrarian enterprises, it is necessary at each enterprise to develop a marketing concept, form a marketing system and minimize marketing risks. Timely response of specialists of the marketing department of enterprises to modern market challenges can be a decisive moment for the successful promotion of an enterprise in a particular business. Originality / Value: The necessity to consider management of sales policy of agricultural enterprises as a system that will take into account all features of production and marketing of products in agriculture has been proved. Practical Meaning: It is substantiated that cooperation with processing enterprises will ensure satisfaction of the demand of the domestic market with domestic products of appropriate quality. Processed products or finished products have high value added. Further Research: Development of directions for improving the management of sales policy of agricultural enterprises.

Resilience in a time of crisis: how COVID-19 pandemic insights are supporting a vibrant longevity risk transfer market

AbstractPension risk transfer and longevity risk transfer are now growing secular trends. From North America to Europe, companies are de-risking pension plans in near-record volumes and have continued to boldly do so throughout the pandemic—at or near the most favorable pricing experienced in years. The arrival of funded reinsurance on both sides of the Atlantic is bringing reinsurer capital and private assets to support the steady growth in the pension risk transfer market. Additionally, we have observed that the enduring low-rate environment and quest for uncorrelated risk has the world's largest investors directing billions into life reinsurance sidecars. How have these markets thrived during the worst global outbreak in a century? Key research on the pandemic's impact on pensioner life expectancy allowed prices to be set and transactions to proceed through a time of significant uncertainty.

IMPACT OF LEVERAGE BUYOUT (LBO) AND MANAGEMENT BUY OUT (MBO) ON COMPANIES

Based on previous research, researchers analyzed the impact of LBO and MBO on company performance. The research method used is qualitative research with descriptive analysis techniques through a literature review. This research focuses on collecting empirical data and information related to the impact of LBO and MBO. The results showed that LBO can significantly affect company performance by increasing profitability, sales growth, and operational efficiency. External factors such as economic conditions and industry competition, as well as internal factors such as management quality, changes in ownership structure, and incentive systems, influence the long-term success of LBOs. However, risks such as reduced profitability and operational efficiency also need attention. on the other hand, MBO positively impacts a company's operational performance, including increasing profits, profit margins, and efficiency. MBO often occurs when economic policy uncertainty increases and can result in favorable purchase prices and significant operational improvements. However, MBO is not consistent in increasing the performance of companies that fail through MBO, and tax factors also affect the value and performance of companies in the context of MBO. Overall, MBO has the potential to increase company performance, value, and productivity, but structural changes need attention. MBO is not consistent in increasing the performance of companies that fail through MBO, and tax factors also affect the value and performance of companies in the context of MBO. Overall, MBO has the potential to increase company performance, value, and productivity, but structural changes need attention. MBO is not consistent in increasing the performance of companies that fail through MBO, and tax factors also affect the value and performance of companies in the context of MBO. Overall, MBO has the potential to increase company performance, value, and productivity, but structural changes need attention.