Faulty Memory Research Articles

A Fast Redundancy Analysis Algorithm in ATE for Repairing Faulty Memories

Testing memory and repairing faults have become increasingly important for improving yield. Redundancy analysis (RA) algorithms have been developed to repair memory faults. However, many RA algorithms have low analysis speeds and occupy memory space within automatic test equipment. A fast RA algorithm using simple calculations is proposed in this letter to minimize both the test and repair time. This analysis uses the grouped addresses in the faulty bitmap. Since the fault groups are independent of each other, the time needed to find solutions can be greatly reduced using these fault groups. Also, the proposed algorithm does not need to store searching trees, thereby minimizing the required memory space. Our experiments show that the proposed RA algorithm is very efficient in terms of speed and memory requirements.

MATTHIAS EITELMANN, Beowulfes Beorh. Das altenglische Beowulf-Epos als kultureller Gedachtnisspeicher.

COLLECTIVE memory figures largely in the theory of the Einleitung, the memory felt by the modern reader to have been active in the poet's mind, in conflict with the collective memory of modern scholarship in which literary ‘monuments’ play a part. Faulty memory afflicts us all, but it is difficult to overlook a statement (p. 7, footnote 21) that the Anglo-Saxon rough handling of the invaluable Exeter Book is, as reported by Krapp in the second edition of the book of 1961, p. 15 [= pp. xiv–xv; no mention of Dobbie, nor of 1936, and p. 15 cannot be right, nor the Exeter Book] evidenced by the stain on one page of the manuscript caused by putting a beer-mug on it, als Unterlage für einen Bierkrug. I do not know where the evidence is to be found that manuscripts served for wrapping up fish quite profanely at the time of the dissolution of the monastic libraries: it is not in a well-known piece of Bale's laboryouse Journey and serche of Johan Leylande, quoted by Gneuss in the Hübner festschrift, pp. 114–15 (to which Eitelmann refers us, as also to Sisam's Studies). Eitelmann (13) translates into German various statements about the category to which English-speaking scholars have assigned Beowulf, unaware that German Epos is not identical in use with English epic.

Fuzzy Based Salt and Pepper Noise Removal Using Adaptive Switching Median Filter

This paper concentrates on the removal of impulse noise which mainly occurs due to the transmission medium imperfections, transmission system errors, and faulty memory units. Most of the conventional median filters, process all the pixels without classifying whether it is noisy or noiseless .The proposed method is based on switching median filter. It consists of two stages namely detection stage and filtering stage. In the detection stage neighbourhood mapping based algorithm is used to detect the corrupted pixels. In the filtering stage, the corrupted pixels are filtered by using fuzzy membership function. The uncorrupted pixels are retained as such. The proposed method is compared with many existing algorithms. The proposed algorithm can restore images which are highly corrupted up to 90% noise density. Simulation results show that the proposed switching median filter algorithm is better when compared to other existing techniques in terms of visual and quantitative measures such as PSNR, MSE, SSIM using MATLAB.

Special Tasks and Sacred Secrets on Soviet Atomic Espionage

A careful review of the depiction of Soviet atomic espionage provided in Pavel Sudoplatov's Special Tasks and Sacred Secrets by Jerrold and Leona Schecter demonstrates how faulty memories, Soviet intelligence agency disinformation, sloppy citations, misplaced trust in documents provided by unidentified sources under unexplained circumstances, and egregious lapses in logic and judgment can lead to conclusions unsupported by evidence. The accounts of Soviet atomic espionage in both books are neither reliable nor credible. In particular, the assertions that Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, and Leo Szilard consciously cooperated with and assisted Soviet atomic intelligence are without credibility.

The Design and Implementation of an Automated System for Logging Clinical Experiences Using an Anesthesia Information Management System

Residents in anesthesia training programs throughout the world are required to document their clinical cases to help ensure that they receive adequate training. Current systems involve self-reporting, are subject to delayed updates and misreported data, and do not provide a practicable method of validation. Anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) are being used increasingly in training programs and are a logical source for verifiable documentation. We hypothesized that case logs generated automatically from an AIMS would be sufficiently accurate to replace the current manual process. We based our analysis on the data reporting requirements of the American College of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). We conducted a systematic review of ACGME requirements and our AIMS record, and made modifications after identifying data element and attribution issues. We studied 2 methods (parsing of free text procedure descriptions and CPT4 procedure code mapping) to automatically determine ACGME case categories and generated AIMS-based case logs and compared these to assignments made by manual inspection of the anesthesia records. We also assessed under- and overreporting of cases entered manually by our residents into the ACGME website. The parsing and mapping methods assigned cases to a majority of the ACGME categories with accuracies of 95% and 97%, respectively, as compared with determinations made by 2 residents and 1 attending who manually reviewed all procedure descriptions. Comparison of AIMS-based case logs with reports from the ACGME Resident Case Log System website showed that >50% of residents either underreported or overreported their total case counts by at least 5%. The AIMS database is a source of contemporaneous documentation of resident experience that can be queried to generate valid, verifiable case logs. The extent of AIMS adoption by academic anesthesia departments should encourage accreditation organizations to support uploading of AIMS-based case log files to improve accuracy and to decrease the clerical burden on anesthesia residents.

005 Memory consolidation: past, present and future

: Confabulation, the emergence of memories of events and experiences which in reality never took place, has puzzled clinicians for over a century. There are different forms, which partly of...

Efficient BISR Techniques for Embedded Memories Considering Cluster Faults

Instead of the traditional spare row/column redundancy architectures, block-based redundancy architectures are proposed in this paper. The redundant rows/columns are divided into row/column blocks. Therefore, the repair of faulty memory cells can be performed at the row/column-block level. Moreover, the redundant row/column blocks can be used to replace faulty cells anywhere in the memory array. This global characteristic is helpful for repairing cluster faults. The proposed redundancy architecture can be easily integrated with the embedded memory cores. Based on the proposed global redundancy architecture, a heuristic modified essential spare pivoting (MESP) algorithm suitable for built-in implementation is also proposed. According to experimental results, the area overhead for implementing the MESP algorithm is very low. Due to efficient usage of redundancy, the manufacturing yield, repair rate, and reliability can be improved significantly.

Truth, Lies, and O-Rings: Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

Reviewed by: Truth, Lies, and O-Rings: Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster Steven Pomeroy (bio) Truth, Lies, and O-Rings: Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. By Allan J. McDonald, with James R. Hansen. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009. Pp. xix+626. $39.95. In late February 2010, the fifty-seventh and final ground firing of a space shuttle solid-rocket booster occurred. These tests and a hundred-plus shuttle flights significantly shaped the design, development, and operation of the space shuttle system over nearly four decades. Via an insider's perspective, Truth, Lies, and O-Rings describes and analyzes the processes of managing such an aerospace project in the light of tragic mistakes. The author, Allan J. McDonald, formerly directed the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor Project at producer Morton Thiokol, Inc., and he was instrumental in redesigning the shuttle's twin solid-rocket boosters following the 28 January 1986 Challenger explosion. To craft his book, McDonald sought the services of historian James R. Hansen, author, among many other works, of First Man: The Life of Neil Armstrong (2005). Hansen contributed the foreword, McDonald's biographical sketch, and a scholarly bibliographical essay. Those familiar with his writing will also note his deft touch throughout the narrative. McDonald does not provide a generalized tale of what happened during the Challenger explosion and the deaths of its seven astronauts. Those seeking this should first skim Hansen's bibliographic essay for a more popular-audience introduction. Rather, he demonstrates the detailed functioning of government, industry, and academe in an aerospace case study in which he himself served as a first-person participant. As such, he analyzes primary sources retained for more than two decades which detail engineering, leadership, and management personalities and decisions involved [End Page 1038] in the shuttle program. He tells not so much Challenger's tale as he illuminates relationships within the aerospace community, demonstrating that success in such work demands integrity and professional heterogeneity in engineering, management, testing, operations, and bureaucracy. Details matter in rocketry. McDonald provides a plethora of internalist explanations covering the design, function, and limitations of the O-rings sealing the solid-rocket motor joints. He repeats his descriptions—perhaps too frequently—to aid reader retention. Nonetheless, the details were important. Effectually retaining sight of the shuttle system's unbending temperature limitations, O-ring sealing characteristics and operational and test data allow comprehension of the effects of human personality, organizational limitations, institutional culture, and, one may add, faulty operational practices on the disaster and recovery. McDonald methodically discusses competing explanations. He disposes of them without losing sight of how final arbiters ignored important data and declared "go for launch" when "no-go" was appropriate. Indeed, as he explains, Challenger was the first time he had to justify to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration the reasons for not launching a rocket versus convincing NASA why it was safe to do so. The narrative and analysis chiefly contextualize within the work of the post-accident, presidentially appointed investigative agent, the Rogers Commission. Herein scholars will see the challenges that accident-investigation bodies face. In the Challenger's case, this included honest confusion, faulty memory, deplorable lies, cover-ups, and sustained demonstrations of pure integrity and bureaucratic courage by engineers, managers, astronauts, and commission members. The success of any technocratic endeavor depends on the depth of the questions asked and the courage of the answers, and, as McDonald recounts, the Rogers Commission and those within government, industry, and academe who redesigned the shuttle boosters asked and answered well. McDonald's description of the important return-to-flight process is insightful and relatable to the 2003 shuttle Columbia tragedy. Both as memoir and as history, McDonald retains his passion for what happened, but he does not allow his judgment to cloud. Hansen's historiographical essay rightly stresses the importance of McDonald's contribution as the only serious work produced by one of the Challenger launch, post-accident, and return-to-flight principals. Aerospace and technological historians will find the book insightful for illuminating how and why the accident occurred, the interactions of government, industry, and academe, and the continued relevance of human agency within technocratic projects...

The Flaws of Our Financial Memory

Our cognitive abilities like memory, perception, self-reflection etc. are highly evolved, but maladapted to the challenges of modern life. In this article the most common flaws of memory are described and it is shown how these flaws of memory might impact our recollection of financial events and decisions in the past. Faulty, inexistent or inadequate memory might give rise to sub-optimal financial decisions today and impair our ability to learn from the past. Thus, financial professionals and investors alike need to be aware of these flaws of memory and develop ways to mitigate their negative impact. Two techniques (investment policy statements and investment diaries) seem particularly promising in dealing with these problems. At the same time these techniques may be proactively used as a defense against unethical practices that try to exploit these flawed memories.

Illustrating the Mind: “Faulty Memory” Setsuwa and the Decorative Sutras of Late Classical and Early Medieval Japan

This article explores the overlap between descriptions of sutra devotion that appear in setsuwa narratives and graphic traditions of sutra decoration popular in classical and medieval Japan, particularly from the eleventh century onward. Drawing on material from two Heian-period setsuwa collections, Hokke genki (1040-1044) and Konjaku monogatari shu (ca. 1120), the article focuses on the visual elements of written sutras, especially as elaborated in tales concerning faulty memory. The article considers particular setsuwa as written stories which can be embodied in performance (preaching) and which attempt to activate the visual imaginations of their reader-listeners. Furthermore, the article argues that these setsuwa posit the memory, the page, and the human body as intertwined locales for the inscription of sacred Buddhist text. KEYWORDS: setsuwa-sutra decoration-memory-material culture-reading- preaching (ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) Setsuwa ... (literally explanatory tales) represent the earliest attempt in Japanese Buddhism to find a popular literary genre capable of expressing complex aspects of abstract doctrine in concrete, sensually verifiable, and compelling narrative terms. Although their subject matter overlaps with that of other genres such as kosoden ... (hagiographies of high priests) and ojoden ... (accounts of rebirth in the Pure Land), Buddhist setsuwa collections differ from these wholly textual enterprises in that they are also linked intimately to performance, to the public and popular venue of the sermon (Fukuda 1981, Ikegami 1984, Hirota 1990). Some collections (Nihon ryoiki ... [ca. 823]) state their desire to act like a preacher, pull[ing] people forward with their words and guiding them onto the Buddhist path (nkbz 10: 245). Others (Sanboe ... [984] and Kankyo no tomo ... [1222]) bring sermon material to recently-tonsured women. Some (Hyakuza hodan kikigakisho ... [1111]) represent the transcription of multi-day sermonizing events, while yet others (Shasekishu ... [1284]) comprise compilations of a preacher's favorite material. While their language of composition and literary quality vary, one commonality that binds Buddhist setsuwa as a recognizable genre is their attempt to engage the popular imagination with the teachings of Buddhism by shaping short narratives that are in turn emotionally gripping, erotically titillating, forcefully violent, and frankly miraculous.1 The word setsuwa, as used to signify a literary genre, is modern scholastic shorthand. The term refers to a diverse body of extremely brief, prosaic stories, compilations of which were particularly popular during the Heian and Kamakura periods. Typically the stories are linked to one another, sometimes tangentially, around a theme (such as religious awakening) or a revolving set of themes (for instance, aristocratic arts and pastimes). Some collections are composed in Japanese, and some in Chinese, and their authors employ a number of quasi-generic terms for them, describing their works as monogatari ... (narrative tales), ki ... (records), shu ... (collections), and even tomo ... (companions). The debate about whether setsuwa comprise a distinct genre is a vibrant one, and I do not wish to wade too deeply into those waters here.2 To state my position briefly, I concentrate on specifically Buddhist collections and I understand them as intimately related to the performance venue of preaching. In a preaching context, setsuwa occur as part of sometimes lengthy sermons which are aimed at elucidating the meaning of sutra passages. In this sense, they act as a bridge, ferrying meaning from classical Chinese to the vernacular and describing a connection between sacred texts and the human body. Setsuwa collections were written and disseminated in such a way that they transcend class boundaries. Though most collections stem from the immediate environs of the aristocratic capital and its elite culture, setsuwa authors nevertheless do attempt to move Buddhism beyond the cloister or villa and into the broader population, and they attempt to move popular audiences of mixed social classes from the streets into the temples. …

Intensive Care Nurses’ Interest in Clinical Personal Digital Assistants

Intensive Care Nurses’ Interest in Clinical Personal Digital Assistants

Mnesic imbalance: a cognitive theory about autism spectrum disorders

Autism is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communicative capacity and behavioral flexibility. Some cognitive theories can be useful for finding a relationship between these irregularities and the biological mechanisms that may give rise to this disorder. Among such theories are mentalizing deficit, weak central coherence and executive dysfunction, but none of them has been able to explain all three diagnostic symptoms of autism. These cognitive disorders may be related among themselves by faulty learning, since several research studies have shown that the brains of autistic individuals have abnormalities in the cerebellum, which plays a role in procedural learning. In keeping with this view, one may postulate the possibility that declarative memory replaces faulty procedural memory in some of its functions, which implies making conscious efforts in order to perform actions that are normally automatic. This may disturb cognitive development, resulting in autism symptoms. Furthermore, this mnesic imbalance is probably involved in all autism spectrum disorders. In the present work, this theory is expounded, including preliminary supporting evidence.

Reliability of Holter Oximetry for Home Sleep Apnea Testing

Objective To test the reliability of the Holter Oximeter for home testing of obstructive sleep apnea. Previous reports have shown a 96% correlation with simultaneous polysomnography and Holter Oximetry in the sleep laboratory. This study was designed to measure reliability of data obtained at home, as well as to obtain information from patients regarding comfort of the device. Methods A prospective study of 120 consecutive patients (ages 5 to 85) presenting to an otolaryngology practice during a 4-month period with complaints of snoring or sleep apnea symptoms. Device: The Holter Oximeter produces an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) based on an automated processing method of a continuous electrocardiogram and pulse oximeter. The reliability of the test was determined by the number of tests completed without interruption due to patient discomfort, electrode or device failure. Results There was 97% data recovery from the home testing device. Data failure was due to faulty memory cards in the device or surface electrode failure. All patients tolerated wearing the device at home, and there were no voluntary interruptions of the tests by patients. On a discomfort scale of 0 to 10 (0: no discomfort and 10: maximal discomfort), the average discomfort score was 2. Conclusions Holter Oximetry represents a new, easy to use, and reliable device for the home diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. It can also be used to measure outcomes for the surgical and non-surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults and children.

The Scopes Trial Revisited: Social Darwinism versus Social Gospel

To many observers, the recent evolution wars in the US seem a revival of the historic 1925 Scopes trial, with William Jennings Bryan cast as the intellectual forbearer of today's creationists and proponents of intelligent design. This paper argues against drawing too close a parallel between these two episodes. Using Bryan's unread closing remarks as a key to his views, this revisionist historical work argues that Bryan opposed evolution primarily for political and ethical reasons—reasons that have been lost to historical memory. Bryan's overarching concern was the threat to society posed by extrapolations of evolutionary doctrine—namely, Social Darwinism and eugenics. His commitment to the Social Gospel put him at odds with the concept of natural selection being applied to humans. This view of Bryan differs from the one with which we are most familiar. Our faulty historical memory largely reflects the caricatured view of Scopes spawned by the movie Inherit the Wind, a view that, furthermore, reinforces an unhelpful positivistic view of science.

Proof of Life: Memoir, Truth, and Documentary Evidence

Proof of Life:Memoir, Truth, and Documentary Evidence Carolyn Kraus (bio) "Does it matter if it's true?" a young woman in the audience raised her hand to ask. I hesitated. I was in Los Angeles, speaking at an academic conference on literary nonfiction. The subject had veered from the general case of nonfiction to memoir, the nonfiction subgenre in which I'd been working. My current project was the resurrection of a long-neglected book-length manuscript initially based on the life of my father, whom I'd scarcely known—though ultimately the book would encompass as well the fate of my grandmother, who had died before I was born in an obscure Holocaust death camp in a shrouded corner of the world. The story was peculiar, contradictory, and based more on impressions than on concrete information, observation, or even memory. In its early stages, I'd lacked even the reassurance of legal documents—like birth or death or marriage records—that might have lent my story credibility and anchored it in the physical world. Yet at the memoir's core was an illegitimate child's heartfelt yearning to establish material connections to her past, "true" connections that could not be repudiated, dreamed up, or eradicated. To me, it mattered immensely that my story be true. Just a week before the conference I had hauled out a fragment of my neglected memoir and re-read my reconstruction of an encounter with my father, whom I'd met only twice since I was a toddler. He was "a slight, bent man wearing enormous purple-striped running shoes and walking through an alley in the rain," I'd written. "With one hand he pushed a grocery cart heaped high with old clothes. In his other hand, he held a copy of Tolstoy's On the Meaning of Life, and he studied it, his head bent low." The big feet are clear in my memory, but I can't swear it was raining, or that my father wore running shoes, or that the book was Tolstoy, though I know he was fond of Tolstoy. It had been depressing to discover my eighty-six-year-old father scavenging among the dumpsters of Los Angeles. Maybe that's why the sky is overcast in [End Page 245] my memory, and it might as well have been raining. My manuscript included memory-filtered accounts of long-vanished events. It was crammed with recollected and invented dialogue. Many details were based on impressions. For all that, the memoir was decidedly not fiction. This point mattered to me. I glanced around the conference room. Most of my audience was older than the earnest young woman who'd asked me whether truth mattered. Perhaps her question could only be answered definitively by those who'd never slogged through the muddy realities of memoir writing. Some of my listeners must have considered this question and arrived at answers of their own, which made it still harder to answer. I might have cited the realities that qualify memoir's truth: the spotty, evolutionary nature of memory, the near-impossibility of retrieving more than scraps of dialogue, and the failure of most lives to serve up a narrative line. I might have mentioned the inevitable refining and coloring in of the line drawings that memory provides. But now wasn't the moment to step into the confessional. The conference was taking place in 2006, mere months after documents posted on an Internet website had exposed James Frey's fraudulent memoir, A Million Little Pieces, and amidst the subsequent flurry of public indignation and defensive posturing by nonfiction writers and journalists, some of whom, undoubtedly, were now sitting in my audience. Despite the seemingly obvious dissimilarity between Frey's fabrications and the kind of difficulties that arise from faulty memory, at that awkward moment I was certain that a definitive "yes" answer to the young woman's question was called for. By passing off deliberate lies as nonfiction, Mr. Frey had poisoned the air for all memoir writers. If I answered the question frankly, I might be misinterpreted as defending Frey, who in writers' circles was now tagged "the F word." So...

Sorting and Searching in Faulty Memories

In this paper we investigate the design and analysis of algorithms resilient to memory faults. We focus on algorithms that, despite the corruption of some memory values during their execution, are nevertheless able to produce a correct output at least on the set of uncorrupted values. In this framework, we consider two fundamental problems: sorting and searching. In particular, we prove that any O(nlog n) comparison-based sorting algorithm can tolerate the corruption of at most O((nlog n)1/2) keys. Furthermore, we present one comparison-based sorting algorithm with optimal space and running time that is resilient to O((nlog n)1/3) memory faults. We also prove polylogarithmic lower and upper bounds on resilient searching.

When Herbert met Ken: understanding the 100 languages of creativity

The paper proposes a thought experiment written in the spirit of Tom Stoppard’s Travesties in which some major contemporary thinkers on and actors of creativity and culture are brought together in the same imagined space through the conceit of a (faulty) memory play. ‘Actors’ are drawn from the National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (NACCCE, 19991, the Gulbenkian Committee (1981) and the Joint Council for Education through Art (1957). The paper suggests a series of hypothetical conversations between educationalists from the 1950s to the 2000s who have been engaged with developing arts and cultural education and creativity in our schools. It aims to establish what we have learnt about the discourses of creativity — and what impact this may have had in our classrooms. It concludes with a speculative trial between a Professor Ken Robinson of 1999, adjudged by a Sir Herbert Read of 1957.Nick Owen is a Liverpool-based film maker and researcher who has recently completed a PhD scholarship at the University of Hull. The scholarship, funded by Creative Partnerships, focused on developing pedagogies for creativity in contexts in which artists and educators work together.

Adaptation, Intertextuality, and the Endless Deferral of Meaning

Adaptation, Intertextuality, and the Endless Deferral of Meaning

Challenging the Selectivity of Memory in 1950s West Germany: Erwin Sylvanus’s Dr. Korczak and the Children

The end of the Cold War and German unification have brought about a more complete treatment of the Nazi past in Germany, one that includes the perpetrators of the Holocaust. Since the early 1990s, perpetrators have increasingly become a part of the discourse about the Nazi past, in historiography as well as in fictional literature. I would argue, however, that perpetrators have been part of the cultural memory of (West) Germany since the first post-war decades. Many dramatists wrote plays that included Nazi perpetrators as characters and, in doing so, confronted Germans with this difficult and suppressed memory. One of these was Erwin Sylvanus, who wrote Dr. Korczak and the Children in 1957 in order to challenge his contemporaries’ faulty memory of their difficult past. With his play, Sylvanus countered their strategies of distancing themselves from the crimes of the Holocaust and from those who committed them. Employing a Pirandellian technique, he presented Germans with a Nazi character who reminded them that the perpetrators had come from out of their midst and were still with them in the present. After its world premiere in 1957, the play was performed in West Germany numerous times in the late 1950s and early 1960s. An examination of newspaper reviews written in response to these stagings reveals, however, that the playwright’s attempt at stimulating more critical self-reflection in discourse about the Nazi past was largely unsuccessful. The majority of reviewers interpreted the productions as a memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, and they saw these performances as celebrating the spirit of humanism exemplified in the play by the character of Janusz Korczak. This reception illustrates Germans’ conflicted struggle with remembering the perpetrators’ experience and highlights the role of the media in the construction of cultural memory.

Source Confusion as an Explanation of Cultivation: A Test of the Mechanisms Underlying Confusion of Fiction with Reality on Television

Cultivation studies have found evidence that heavy television viewers adopt a world view congruent with how the world is portrayed in fictional television programs. An explanation is that viewers may remember fictional TV stories as realistic stories or news (fiction-to-news confusion). Until now, fiction-to-news confusion was found only if at least a week evolved between watching TV and asking viewers what was remembered. The present study conducted with a purposive sample of students and employees of a college in The Netherlands (N=96; M age = 28.6 yr., SD = 10.9) indicates that fiction-to-news confusions can also occur almost immediately after watching. In addition, whereas earlier research suggests that fiction-to-news confusions are associated with heavy viewing, i.e., more confusion when more hours per day are spent on TV viewing in leisure time, and faulty memory, the present study more specifically suggests that participants make many fiction-to-news confusions when they are exposed to relatively many fictional TV fragments that contain threatening, violent events.