Fault Elements Research Articles

Integration of 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomography and 2D gravity modeling to evaluate groundwater investigations in the Burka Uke catchment area, western Ethiopia

The increasing demand for water resources due to the expanding infrastructure and growing population of Uke town, West Ethiopia, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of groundwater potential within the Burka Uke catchment. The aims and objectives of this study are to identify a map of the aquifer by characterizing the subsurface earth, basement rock depth, resistivity and density of geological layers, their thicknesses, and structural features. The investigation integrates electrical resistivity tomography and gravity modeling to delineate potential groundwater zones and their structural controls. Electrical resistivity tomography profiles (1, 4, and 6) revealed low resistivity zones indicative of potential aquifers. The significant resistivity contrast (378 to 1412 Ω.m) suggests a high fracture density, potentially enhancing groundwater storage. The Bouguer gravity anomaly map, separated into regional and residual components, displayed values ranging from 51.79 to 41.59 mGal, highlighting density variations in the subsurface. As a result, analysis of the residual gravity anomaly map identifies north–south striking fault elements, indicating their influence on groundwater flow.The combined 2D and 3D ERT data also revealed a 2D gravity model of the aquifer from which the concentration extended throughout the study area. Data validation with previously drilled wells has confirmed the effectiveness of the geophysical methods used in identifying potential groundwater zones. This study provided critical information for the sustainable management of existing groundwater and demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating geophysical techniques to delineate and characterize aquifers in water-stressed areas.

On the effect of background seismicity in physics-based earthquake simulations

Physics-based simulations have been extensively employed to generate synthetic earthquake catalogs over the past decade. In this kind of simulation, primary known faults are typically modeled, while smaller and intermediate faults are often neglected. As a result, the location of earthquakes in the simulation is confined to the modeled faults. Furthermore, due to the elimination of off-fault seismicity, a complete match of the frequency-magnitude distribution of the synthetic catalog with observed data is not achieved. This paper presents an approach to include off-fault seismicity (or background seismicity) within the simulation. First, background earthquakes are separated from the primary faults’ earthquakes, and a fault section is assigned to each event. By employing a scaling relationship, the dimensions of these fault sections are determined according to the magnitude of the corresponding event. The fault section’s slip rates are estimated based on the observed frequency-magnitude distribution. Combining the background fault model with the primary fault model results in a comprehensive model that accounts for all stress interactions between fault elements within the simulator in actual locations. As a result, a broader range of frequency-magnitude distribution in the synthetic catalog can be matched to the observations. A case study using one of the available simulators, Virtual Quake, on a sample area is presented. The results demonstrate that eliminating off-fault seismicity could lead to an underestimated assessment of the earthquake probabilities for the whole region and a biased estimation of earthquake rates in individual faults.

Analysis of Fault Influence on Geostress Perturbation Based on Fault Model Test

The distribution of the geostress field in reservoirs holds significant implications for the precise exploration and efficient development and utilization of oil and gas resources, especially in deep strata regions where faults are prevalent. Geological structural movements in these deep strata regions exacerbate the complexity of geostress field distributions. To elucidate the perturbation of the geostress field in deep reservoirs caused by faults, this study initially conducted a series of physical model tests on single fault dislocation, employing digital image correlation techniques to capture the displacement fields of various types of fault dislocations. Subsequently, a numerical model of the fault interface element was established, and fault element parameters were determined through sensitivity analysis and trial calculation. This study further analyzed the perturbation of the geostress field using this numerical model. Finally, a multi-fault numerical simulation model was constructed to clarify the perturbations in the regional geostress field under the influence of multiple faults. The results indicate that the geostress perturbation range under the action of multiple faults spans from 183.06 to 310.06 m.

Implementing Forensic Psychology to Assess Criminal Responsibility in Juvenile Offenders

Almost every juvenile offender is diagnosed with one or more categories of mental disorders. Currently, the role of psychology at the police level in handling juvenile offenders serves as a supplementary element when deemed necessary, as stipulated in Article 27 of Law No. 11/2012. This forensic psychology process provides the legal system with clinical data and analyses of the defendant's mental function, mental status, and capacity at the time of the alleged crime. By producing assessments, forensic psychologists offer law enforcement agencies a basis for making informed decisions regarding criminal responsibility and appropriate measures for juvenile offenders. This article focuses on the influence of psychology on criminal responsibility and the role of forensic psychology in determining criminal responsibility during the investigation of juvenile offenders. The research method employed is normative-legal research. The findings indicate that the element of fault is synonymous with the element of criminal responsibility, with fault being fundamentally psychological. The central role of clinical psychologists in evaluating criminal responsibility for juvenile offenders involves obtaining and providing the legal system with clinical data and analyses of the defendant's mental function, mental status, and capacity at the time of the alleged crime. This includes determining whether the defendant was suffering from mental disorders, mental illness, mental disabilities, or mental retardation at the time of the alleged crime. The emphasis is on documenting criminal histories related to the emotional or mental condition of juvenile offenders.

Implementing Post-Pandemic Economic Parity: A Potential Restoration Through Distributive Justice

Abstract This paper explores the economic disparities created and augmented by the Pandemic and implores the state to adopt redistribution schemes based on the philosophy of distributive justice. The pandemic created and augmented gaping class inequalities, by pushing some into unemployment and poverty, while catalysing others’ prosperity. This may or may not have involved a fault element on the part of those that profited from the pandemic, which is to say, while some may have actively exploited the situation to increase their profits at the cost of general interests, others may have simply gained profits while retaining ethical practices in their conduct of business. This Paper argues that, irrespective of the fault element, States must implement a special financial scheme that necessitates companies that gained enormous profits from the pandemic to contribute towards assisting those who were financially crushed by the pandemic. The paper will build this on the philosophy of distributive justice, examining the ‘difference principle’ as well as ‘luck and responsibility egalitarianism’. Simply put, this means that States must enforce a system that neutralizes the ‘luck’ element that the pandemic induced in the society, through a financial scheme best suited for its situation. This may be achieved through levying a special tax for a period of time on particular business entities and/or by requiring companies to include a special corporate social responsibility project in line with the quantum of additional profits owing to the pandemic. Arguably, corporate houses that exploited the pandemic must not be placed at par with those that merely happened to profit from it (say, for instance, a pharmaceutical company that may have manipulated the drug market to increase prices and limit supply of an important drug, as opposed to a food/essentials delivery chain that naturally saw an increase in the number of consumers ordering deliveries online). But the obligation to carve out a part of their profits for social redistribution is not founded on whether they are at fault or not. Any fault may, of course, be used as a basis for levying a higher penalty or other legal measure, apart and distinct from the obligation that this paper builds on. The scheme that is proposed by the Paper is not to penalize but is based on the philosophy of distributive justice and thus does not require that the company was ever in violation of laws, but merely that the pandemic that devastated most people happened to be a profitable enterprise for others in contrast. It is in the State’s interests to negate the widened gap of economic disparities thus created, and this justifies that the Government would require such corporate houses to carve out a fraction of their fortunes for those who suffered severely. The Paper builds primarily on the philosophical foundations of distributive justice, urging its practical implementation in post-pandemic the economy. States must adopt creative measures to restructure patterns of privileges created or amplified by such unprecedented (at least in recent history) circumstances, as the pandemic.

Proving the Elements of Fault in the Accountability of the Perpetrator of the Crime of Premeditated Murder

The judicial process without primair evidence of the defendant Jessica Kumala alias Jessica Kumala Wongso alias Jess can be sentenced to criminal punishment by tracing a person's motive for committing a criminal offense that results in the loss of life of another person must be responsible for his actions as regulated by Article 340 of the Criminal Code. Normative juridical research using the deductive thinking method of objects analyzed with a qualitative approach, the research refers to the legal norms contained in the legislation. The basis of consideration of the Panel of Judges in imposing punishment on the defendant of premeditated murder in the First Level Decision Number 777/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt.Pst. Judges have the right to accept or override the opinion of expert testimony, but it must be based on appropriate reasons, because in exercising their authority, judges must be truly responsible for the realization of truth and legal certainty. In terms of deciding a case, the judge's belief is very important. This is in accordance with the judge's decision in the Jessica case where the judge has his own view of the case where the judge's instinct is very important. The legal perspective on intentionality that results in the loss of life of others as the author has explained is that intent in criminal law is part of guilt. The intent of the perpetrator has a closer psychological connection to an act (which is prohibited) than negligence (culpa).

The impact of proposed intimate image abuse offences on domestic violence and abuse

This article explores how proposed reforms to the law on intimate image abuse could address situations where intimate images are shared, or threats to share are made, in a relationship where there is domestic violence and abuse (DVA). In exploring the purposes and motivations behind the use of non-consensual intimate images in this context, the harmful impact is demonstrated to be the denial of autonomy and personhood that ‘entraps’ the victim in the relationship. It is essential that this harm, and the underlying motivations of those who use intimate image abuse for this purpose, is made visible under any relevant legislation to ensure that the criminal law effectively condemns and remedies conduct of this kind. It is for this reason that the article concludes that the Law Commission, in its 2021 consultation, was right to consider introducing an offence of ‘intentionally taking or sharing an intimate image without consent with the intent to control or coerce the person depicted’.1 It is further suggested that this fault element may better reflect the culpability of those who engage in threats to share intimate images and should be introduced not just where images are taken and shared, but also where threats to share such images are made.

Origin of gamma surface asymmetries in body-centered cubic refractory high entropy alloys

In this study, we develop an understanding of the effect of high stacking fault elements in the γ-surfaces and twinnability of NbMoTaW refractory High Entropy Alloy (HEA) using first-principles density functional theory calculations. γ-surfaces developed low energy pathways leading to asymmetries by controlling the concentration of high stacking fault energy elements in the HEA. This effect was correlated to the strength of specific solid-state pair interactions using the projected crystal orbital Hamilton population analysis, and they were found to be weak except for W-Mo and W-Ta. Since the interactions involving Tungsten are stronger than the other interactions, stacking fault and twin formation are less likely to happen near tungsten-rich portions of the alloy. This suggests the formation of tungsten-deficient twin boundaries in NbMoTaW which will further improve the ductility of the system. Stable twin fault energy as low as 522 mJ/m2 is reported for the equimolar random atomic configurations of the HEA system. The ratio between twin boundary migration energy and the difference in unstable stacking fault energies (γTBMΔus) was found to be as low as 0.13 suggesting deformation twinning can happen in the HEA system. Vibrational analysis of the alloy system has indicated that tungsten and tantalum contribute to the acoustic phonon frequencies of the HEA. Fundamental insights from this study will help in engineering high entropy alloys with high strength and ductility.

Penerapan Prinsip Kehati-Hatian oleh Notaris di dalam Menerima Uang Pemisah Sertifikat dan Pembayaran BPHTB

This research explores the implementation of the prudence principle by notaries in handling land certificate separation fees and BPHTB payments. As public officials, notaries play a crucial role in providing legal certainty and protection to the public. In executing their duties, notaries must maintain integrity and public trust by adhering to UUJN (Notary Law) and PMPJ (Principle of Recognizing Service Users). The study employs a juridical-normative method with legal and case-based approaches, conducting qualitative data analysis. In the acceptance of entrusted funds, notaries are required to ensure client identities, meticulously verify data, and maintain transparency and accountability. Although there is no explicit rule allowing notaries to accept BPHTB payments, some cases indicate notaries receiving funds from clients for these payments, albeit beyond their formal jurisdiction. Notarial responsibilities are based on the principle of error, encompassing actions, elements of fault, losses, and causality. Notarial errors can result in civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities. Therefore, the application of prudence, moral integrity, and compliance with the law are pivotal in preserving notarial responsibilities and public trust in the profession. This study emphasizes the importance of notaries adhering to prudence, understanding their boundaries, and facing legal accountability. Strict supervision and stringent penalties are necessary to raise awareness and deter notarial misconduct. Regulations concerning the notary's role in tax payments need reassessment, and the public should be educated about BPHTB payments to prevent issues with notaries. These measures are anticipated to enhance notarial integrity, public confidence, and legal certainty in Indonesia.
 

Research on Hazard Analysis and Control Strategy of Power System Dispatching Operation Based on Information Fusion Technology

Abstract In this paper, a decision model for grid fault diagnosis based on multi-source information fusion is established, and the probability of component fault is obtained by using the change of switching quantity characteristic information and electrical quantity characteristic information during grid fault, and the static fault degree obtained by switching quantity information and the voltage and current energy distortion degree and fault degree obtained by electrical quantity information is used as independent evidence bodies, which are fused by improved D-S evidence fusion technique, and the fused The results are decided by improved fuzzy C-mean decision model to finally determine the fault components. Then, the optimal control of the grid is studied, and the corresponding self-healing control model is established according to the different operating conditions of the system so as to propose a self-healing control strategy of the microgrid based on the improved particle swarm algorithm. After analysis and verification, the accuracy of the grid fault diagnosis method proposed in this paper reaches 0.9681, and the diagnosis results are consistent with the pre-defined fault elements compared with FCM. The system network loss decreases from 0.146 kW to 0.031 kW, and the maximum power supply capacity increases from 1.574 to 2.468 after using the improved particle swarm algorithm-based microgrid self-healing control strategy. Therefore, the method in this paper can improve the reliability of grid operation and resist the risk of accidents.

Robust discriminant latent variable manifold learning for rotating machinery fault diagnosis

Fault diagnosis is an important technology for performing intelligent manufacturing. To simultaneously maintain high manufacturing quality and low failure rate for manufacturing systems, it is of great value to accurately locate the fault element, evaluate the fault severity and find the fault root cause. In order to effectively perform feature extraction for rotating machinery fault diagnosis, a robust discriminant latent variable manifold learning (RDLVML) algorithm is proposed in this paper. Specifically, RDLVML algorithm could effectively select the features of the high-dimensional fault data, and extract the low-dimensional fault features with better discrimination. Through the idea of discriminative learning, the accuracy of fault diagnosis was improved by increasing the aggregation of the same state feature samples and the difference between different classes of feature samples. A novel weighted neighborhood graph is proposed by constructing the q-Rényi kernel function, which could effectively suppress the interference of outliers and noise, and make the RDLVML algorithm more robust. Moreover, the fault diagnosis method of rotating machinery based on RDLVML is proposed in this paper. Through experimental verifications and comparisons with several classical feature selection algorithms, rotating machinery fault diagnosis could be more accurately performed by this method.

A Novel Conditional Connectivity and Hamiltonian Connectivity of BCube with Various Faulty Elements

BCube is one of the main data center networks because it has many attractive features. In practical applications, the failure of components or physical connections is inevitable. In data center networks in particular, switch failures are unavoidable. Fault-tolerance capability is one main aspect to measure the performance of data center networks. Connectivity, fault tolerance Hamiltonian connectivity, and fault tolerance Hamiltonicity are important parameters that assess the fault tolerance of networks. In general, the distribution of fault elements is scattered, and it is necessary to consider the distribution of fault elements in different dimensions. We research the fault tolerance of BCube when considering faulty switches and faulty links/edges that distribute in different dimensions. We also investigate the connectivity, fault tolerance Hamiltonian connectivity, and Hamiltonicity. This study better evaluates the fault-tolerant performance of data center networks.

Motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on MVMD energy entropy and GWO-SVM

For motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis, vibration signal analysis is a common method to extract sensitive fault characteristics. In this paper, a newly signal processing method, multivariate variational mode decomposition (MVMD), is proposed to extract features from motor rolling bearings. The MVMD was carried out on the motor rolling bearings state signals of different categories, and the prior parameter K value which had a great influence on the decomposition effect was analyzed. Each component obtained by decomposition was measured in the form of energy entropy (EE), and the measured feature information was classified and identified by support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Meanwhile, the grey wolf optimization (GWO) was used to optimize the parameters of the classifier network to further improve the recognition accuracy. Through the simulation results, it is found that the scheme can achieve 100 % effect on the diagnosis rate of normal working condition, outer ring fault, inner ring fault and rolling element fault under the condition of different load and speed of the motor rolling bearing.

Awareness and the Recklessness/Negligence Distinction

AbstractThe distinction between the criminal fault elements of recklessness and negligence is one of Anglo-American criminal law’s key distinctions. It is a distinction with practical significance, as many serious crimes require at least recklessness and cannot be committed negligently. The distinction is standardly marked by awareness. Recklessness requires awareness that one’s conduct carries a risk of harm. Negligence only requires that one ought to have been aware that one’s conduct carried such a risk, even if one was in fact unaware of this. But should the recklessness/negligence distinction be marked by awareness of risk, or by something else? Does a defendant’s awareness of risk really have the normative significance to mark such a distinction? In this paper, I answer these questions by discussing a challenge to this ‘standard account’ of the recklessness/negligence distinction raised by the work of Antony Duff, who defends an alternative, non-awareness-based model of the recklessness/negligence distinction. I will argue that, although Duff’s alternative model fails, seeing how it goes wrong helps us see how awareness genuinely does have the right kind of normative significance to mark the distinction between recklessness and negligence.

Ore Mineralogy and Typomorphism of Native Gold of the Spokoininsky Cluster of the Aldan–Stanovoy Gold Province

The ore mineralogy of a new promising target of the Aldan–Stanovoy gold province—the Spokoininsky cluster—is considered. Gold mineralization is represented by a volumetric, nonlinear type, unconventional for the region; it is related to elements of fold structures and reverse fault in the enclosing metamorphic basement rocks. Vein-disseminated sulfide–(pyrite)–quartz ores build up deposit-like bodies in beresites from gneisses and granite gneisses and are associated with Mesozoic igneous rocks of subalkaline formations. Mineralization is characterized by polysulfide (Fe-Cu-Pb); gold–bismuth (Au-Bi) and gold–silver–telluride (Au-Ag-Te) mineral types. Different mineral types have their own typomorphic minerals and typochemistry (fineness and impurities) of native gold. The widespread distribution of telluride mineralization and its great importance in the formation of gold mineralization on the Aldan shield is confirmed. The distribution area of bismuth (including tellurium–bismuth) mineralization in the southern part of the Aldan shield, in the zone of influence of the Stanovoy deep fault, has been identified.

Non-contact diagnosis for gearbox based on the fusion of multi-sensor heterogeneous data

Non-contact sensing technology plays an important role in the health monitoring of the gearbox. However, a single non-contact measurement is challenging to achieve the simultaneous monitoring of both structural and non-structural damages. In order to explore the fusion mechanism of multi-sensor heterogeneous measurements, acoustic and thermal characteristics of the gearbox under typical fault states are analyzed, and it is verified the fusion of infrared thermal (IRT) images and acoustic data integrates complementary fault information. In this paper, an attention-enhanced information fusion diagnosis network (AIFN-IA) is proposed for the complementary fusion of IRT images and acoustic data. Firstly, the acoustic data is converted into images by the non-hyperparameter encoding method and then fused with IRT images in data-level. Secondly, the limited shuffle attention module is designed to adaptively focus on the fault elements hidden in the complex fusion features. Finally, experimental data verify the effectiveness of the proposed AIFN-IA method in recognizing six structural and non-structural damages of the gearbox. Compared with seven state-of-the-art methods, the proposed AIFN-IA method performs best in extracting discriminating features with the highest diagnosis accuracy. Moreover, the proposed AIFN-IA method can still achieve satisfactory results under the challenges of small sample datasets and strong noise interference, which is more competitive in real industrial applications.

A novel fault diagnosis method for power grid based on graph Fourier transform

The fast and robust identification of fault elements is essential for the security and continuous operation of the power grid. The existing methods might be maloperation for bad data disturbance and require strict and exact synchronization. To address the challenge, this paper uses the conflict graph to propose a new sensitivity graph signal model for the power grid fault diagnosis. Next, a novel graph Fourier transform (GFT)-based method is proposed to diagnose the fault branch. Firstly, the measurement sensitivity graph signals are constructed by the conflict graph model, where the data is from activated recorders and protection devices. Next, the eigenvalue and GFT coefficient are used to extract the frequency characteristics of the signals. The fault branches provide the maximum contribution rate to the high-frequency coefficient of GFT. Then, for each node, the importance degree of the measurement sensitivity conflict graph signal is defined. The high-frequency importance degree-based method is proposed to discriminate the fault branch. Finally, simulations and practical cases verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method owns fast faults diagnosis and good practicability. Additionally, the identification accuracy is high and the method is robust to bad data interference, due to considering measured data from whole activated fault recorders and protection devices.

The Civil Liability from Medical Negligence of Doctors Treating Complications of Coronavirus in the English Law / A Comparative Study with the Iraqi Civil Law

The Author has tried hard in this study to make a logic comparison between two different legal systems. That is to say the English common law, considered the leading system among other Anglo-American ones. And the Iraqi civil law highly affected and influenced by both the Islamic jurisprudence and the Egyptian civil law. It is worth-bearing in mind that the English common law includes many types of torts and the civil liability arising from them, including the tort of negligence in general. The general principles applied to which, can also be applied to medical negligence in particular. After the wide-spread dissemination of the coronavirus the British national health services organ (NHS) has given the cases of the doctor's treating the complications of this pandemic an ultimate importance. And the English courts based the civil liability arising from the medical negligence on three basic elements: the duty of care taken by doctors, the breach of this duty, and the damage suffered by patients. As well as the causation or the causal link between the tort of negligence and the damage or injury. Whereas the Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951 deals with the problems related to the civil liability arising from medical negligence of treating patients from coronavirus pandemic, by resorting to the general rules of the civil liability from the illegal act, which is based upon three basic elements: the trespass or transgression committed by the wrongdoer, the damage suffered by the victim and the causal link between them. As opposite to the Egyptian civil law No. (131) of 1948, which considers the first element of this liability as the fault rather than the trespass or transgression. After discussing the attitudes adopted by both the English and Iraqi laws, the author recommends that the Iraqi legislator should adopt the attitude taken by the English law, and let the Act of God deny both the fault element and the causation element of the civil liability arising from medical negligence. And also let the plea volenti non fit injuria deny both the fault element and the causation element of the civil liability of the defendant doctor arising from medical negligence.

The element of fault in Roman private law

R. von Jhering’s 1867 work Das Schuldmoment im römischen Privatrecht, translated hereby into Russian, is still recommended in basic textbooks on German civil law marked “grundlegend”, which means “fundamental”. And indeed, despite the significant complication of the legal material on this issue since its publication, the work contains fundamental ideas from which one can depart in various directions, but which it is absolutely impossible and unacceptable for an educated lawyer to pass by. From a didactic point of view, the work is remarkable in terms of the accessibility of the language, the clarity of ideas and the illustrative nature of the material supporting them. The work of R. von Jhering, despite its relative brevity, is a full-fledged study and, undoubtedly, is one of the outstanding monuments of legal scholarship not only of the 19th century and Germany alone, but of all time for the whole world. It shows the path that the legal system must overcome from the unsophisticated ancient legal forms to an impartial assessment of what causes the greatest irritation in any person — the wrong committed against him. What is fundamentally important in the work is not that R. von Jhering explained what was already known, but how this work can help not to lose such important ethical values as the principle of guilt, proportionality of punishment, individual assessment of behavior on the further path of development. And much more. It seems that many readers, after reading the work, realize that their ideas about civil liability are much closer to Ihering’s description of ancient law, since the guilt component often goes far into the background compared to the idea that the injured person should be restored in property terms.

Research on Presumption of Fault in Medical Litigation in China

The legal presumption of medical fault in Chinese law has been controversial since its promulgation. The focus of academic debate focuses on whether the behavior that violates the legal norms and diagnostic and therapeutic norms is the standard of fault identification or the precondition of fault presumption. To solve the dispute, we must first clarify the applicable premise of the legal presumption of medical fault. According to the logic of law application, medical fault is not a fact that can be directly proved by evidence, but a legal evaluation. The existence of medical fault elements should be independently evaluated by the judge. However, the problem in China's medical litigation is that the application of the legal presumption of medical fault deviates from the applicable logic that should be followed. The problem at the legislative level is that medical fault should not be regulated by legal presumption, and the legal presumption and fault presumption were confused at the beginning of legislation.
 Based on this, in China's medical litigation, it is necessary to distinguish between the medical fault of medical institutions and the fault that hinders the investigation of facts. If the medical institution forges medical records and refuses to provide medical records, which makes it difficult for the court to find out whether the medical institution's diagnosis and treatment activities, diagnosis and treatment behaviors cause damage and the size of the damage, then the medical institution should be directly made to bear the adverse consequences of proving the obstruction, that is, bear the responsibility commensurate with the degree of fault that hinders the investigation of the facts. As for the medical fault, it should be judged by the judge according to the diagnosis and treatment activities of the medical institution. The behavior of medical institutions in violation of diagnosis and treatment norms and legal norms is the basis and factor for judges to comprehensively judge whether there is medical fault. The fact based on which to evaluate whether the fault exists or not is the object of the parties' proof.