MUI Fatwa Research Articles

Review of Positive Law and Fiqh Law on Interfaith Marriages

This study describes a review of positive law and fiqh law on interfaith marriages. Marriage is the result of affection between men and women, so limiting marriage to religion is one of the conflicts that often occurs, interfaith marriage is something that is difficult to separate, especially those who adhere to the teachings of pluralism in Indonesia. So from here the researcher considers it important to raise the problems that occur in interfaith marriages, in this study the author uses a descriptive method, namely to provide data that is as accurate as possible about the problems discussed. This descriptive method is intended to get a good, clear and can provide data as accurately as possible about the object under study. Data collection techniques using library research techniques. The selection of literature is carried out as carefully as possible by considering the author's authority in the field under study. This study also examines in detail the law of interfaith marriage in terms of Islamic law following the as-Syafi'i school, and also links civil law and positive law in Indonesia, as well as the MUI fatwa.

Bunga Bank Perspektif DSN-MUI dan Fatwa Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid Muhammadiyah

The prohibition of bank interest has been widely discussed in recent times and is also the conclusion of various conferences, scientific seminars, and decisions in several fields, including research institutes in various parts of the Islamic and non-Islamic world. With this prohibition, Allah certainly prepares other things in the form of halal as a replacement. So it is certain that behind the prohibition there are other things that are given by Allah as substitutes that are lawful and good. This is a general rule without exceptions. This study aims to find out what bank interest is and what the law is from the perspective of MUI fatwa and Muhammadiyah fatwa. This type of research is library research with a normative approach and is supported by primary and secondary data in its review. This research provides an answer that in the MUI fatwa what is called bank interest is money interest, so any form in the name of interest whether carried out by institutions, banks, insurance, capital markets, pawnshops, cooperatives or other institutions and or carried out by individuals is called usury and the law is unclean. According to the Muhammadiyah fatwa, what is called riba means addition to the principal capital lent and this addition is binding and agreed upon. However, when what happens is not binding and is not agreed upon, it is not called usury. Unfortunately, the Muhammadiyah Fatwa does not explicitly mention the law of usury, but only recommends dealing with sharia principles. Keywords: Media, in Sharia Banking Disputes, in the Religious Courts

ANALYSIS OF SHARIA CONFORMITY ASPECTS IN STOCK INVESTMENT BASED ON SECURITIES CROWDFUNDING

Securities crowdfunding is the activity of collecting funds from individuals or groups to fund an activity or business that uses information technology that will get reciprocity from the funds that have been given. One of the securities crowdfunding is that it can issue sharia securities and or securities that are equity in nature. This study aims to explain the mechanism and analysis of Islamic economic law regarding stock investment based on Securities Crowdfunding. The research method uses a normative juridical approach regarding norms or rules sourced from the DSN MUI Fatwa Number 140/DSN-MUI/VIII/2021 with the type of variant descriptive research method. The results of this study show that the stock investment mechanism brings organizers, issuers, and financiers in crowdfunding services to finance a project or an equity (share) business. In sharia economic law, stock investment based on securities crowdfunding is following all mechanisms, provisions, and implementation regarding stock investment in crowdfunding services or securities crowdfunding-based services in terms of the contracts used and prohibitions that should not be carried out in sharia principles and by the views of classical and contemporary jurisprudence scholars

Industri Perbankan Syariah Dan Kondisi Ekonomi Makro Di Indonesia

Islam is a universal religion that has the Qur'an as a way of life. Universal here is not limited by time and place. The Qur'an which was revealed by Prophet Muhammad SAW regulates all aspects of human life. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the Islamic banking industry and macroeconomic conditions in Indonesia. The method used is multiple regression analysis with estimation of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The results of this study indicate that economic activity is an aspect that has become a concern since the emergence of Islam. Islamic banking at this time has a very rapid growth that is strongly influenced by macroeconomics in obtaining its goal of getting the highest profit. The variables studied are financial ratios that are adjusted to the decision of Bank Indonesia and accompanied by the MUI Fatwa influenced by CAR, FDR and BOPO. Each change in ROA can be explained through the variables CAR, FDR and BOPO of 82.9% while the remaining 17.1% is influenced by other factors).

Sewa Guna Dengan Hak Opsi Dalam Prespektif Hukum Islam

Background. Operationally, finansial lease transaction focuses more on the financing aspect of the Lessor given to the lesse, where the lesse will bear all aspects of maintenance and responsibility for the goods he rents.Aim. This study aims to examine financial leases in the perspective of Islamic law.Methods. This type of research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach that uses the literature study method as the completion methodology. With the object of research, the Leasing case is seen from the point of view of Islamic law, and how Islam answers these problems.Results. From the point of view of Islamic law, finance leasing transactions tend to be similar to the concept of ijarah or ijarah vomitiyah bi al-tamlik which is used as the basis for making the DSN MUI fatwa on shari'ah leasing. This fatwa provides an overview of the legal basis, rights and obligations of the Lessor, Lessee and other parties involved in this contract. Applicatively, as long as it does not harm either party, the financial leasing law is basically allowed.

Analisis Fenomena Praktik Money Game pada Aplikasi Trading Investasi Menurut Perspektif Islam

The rise of binary options trading, especially the OctaFX application, in carrying out buying and selling financial assets. Whether it's buying and selling foreign currency (forex), stocks, derivatives, to cryptocurrencies (cryptocurrency). practice money game and the views of Islamic law by using three sharia rule guidelines (AAOIFI Standards, MUI Fatwa, and POJK). Thus, it can determine the suitability of binary options trading with sharia law. In this study, the author uses a descriptive qualitative method of content analysis in which the data source is taken from news related to the object of research, namely the case of phenomena that occur in the OctaFX application from the period 2021 to early 2022. The data will be analyzed using content analysis , namely by adjusting the data obtained with the basic guidelines of sharia rules. The extent of compliance with sharia law on binary options trading on the OctaFX application. Based on the results of research conducted and explained by the author that trading practices on the OctaFX application are still far from conforming to sharia rules, as well as the existence of elements of money game which are characterized by the absence of legality in the application, the presence of gharar elements, and not in accordance with the rules of muamalah law. 
 Keywords: Money Game Practice, OctaFX Trading, Islamic Perspective

Praktik Murabahah Emas Pada Bank Syariah di Indonesia Berdasarkan Tinjauan Hukum Fiqih Muamalah

Background. This study exists to examine the concept of investing or saving gold in Islamic banks which is carried out with the murabahah (buying and selling) financing model. Researchers found a problem, namely in the murabahah contract, and the gold payment mechanism which was carried out by means of fixed monthly installments.Aim. This paper aims to present the practice of gold murabahah at Bank Mandiri Syariah as an evaluation of the practice of saving gold with gold murabahah contracts in Islamic banksMethods. This study uses a comparative approach analysis method by analyzing the comparative law used by Islamic banks, namely the DSN MUI fatwa with a review of Fiqh muamalah according to the number of scholars. To explain this, the researcher uses a qualitative descriptive method with a muamalah fiqh approach, through this approach the researcher suggests how to practice according to the Shari'a.Results. The researcher found that there were differences of opinion among scholars regarding the concept of murabahah, and gold installments which the majority of scholars forbade it. Therefore, this study contributes to the analysis of the practice of saving gold in Islamic banks based on the fiqh muamalah review.

Controversial Fatwas from Indonesian Ulema Council: A Study of the Legal Sociology Perspective

Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) as a fatwa provider in Indonesia has produced many fatwas, and not all fatwas can be received by the public, some fatwas such as celebrating Christmas together, SMS with prizes, and abstentions. This research is sourced from MUI fatwas which are considered controversial. The results of the study indicate that there are various factors that cause controversial MUI fatwas in the community. First, in the input process, there were several cases that generated controversy in the community before being issued a fatwa. Second, the performance process of legal discovery in the MUI institution itself, which has various opinions from scholars, so controversy becomes something that is unavoidable. Third, in the output process, several MUI fatwas invited controversy due to the low level of socialization and public acceptance of MUI.
 
 Received: 2 July 2022 / Accepted: 26 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022

Fikih Prioritas dalam Fatwa Kehalalan Vaksin Covid-19 di Indonesia

This study intends to identify the dimensions.of the priority fiqh paradigm(fiqh al-Awlawiyyât) in the formulation of the MUI Fatwa No. 02 of 2021 Regarding Covid-19 Vaccine Products From Sinovac Life Sciences Co. Ltd. China And Pt. Bio Farma (Persero). This qualitative research is in the form of a literature review using a philosophical normative approach. The analytical theory used is the priority fiqh paradigm that was initiated by Yusuf al-Qaradawi. The results showed that there were dimensions of the priority fiqh paradigm in the formulation of the MUI fatwa on the halalness of the Sinovac vaccine. First, the dimension of the fiqh al-maqasid paradigm (fiqh objectives) in the use of a theological foundation that contains a universal legal message about the importance of the orientation to maintain the benefit of the human soul (hifz nafs). Second, the dimension of the fiqh al-muwazanat paradigm (consideration fiqh) in the use of the basic principles of Islamic law (qawaid fiqhiyah) and classical fiqh thinking which emphasizes preventive efforts (saddal-dzari'ah) and universal benefit (maslahah mursalah). Meanwhile, the dimensions of the muwazanah fiqh paradigm can also be seen in the use of various classical fiqh opinions which are the basis for the formulation of the MUI fatwa, dominated by the opinions of the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, which have acceptability for Muslims in Indonesia. Third, the dimension of the fiqh al-wâqi' paradigm (fiqh of reality) in the involvement of experts in the analysis of vaccines. This shows that MUI emphasizes the importance of integrating the formulation of fatwas with competent and developing scientific thinking, not just based on speculation. The theoretical implication of this research shows that the formulation of the MUI fatwa related to the halalness of the Sinovac vaccine has a paradigmatic priority scale for considering the level of benefit for life safety. The limitation of this research is that it has not examined the concrete role of MUI in disseminating the.fatwa on the halalness of the Sinovac vaccine as a form of synergy with the vaccination program in Indonesia

Legal Mechanism: Foreign Brand Claims Against Potentially Geographical Indications of Indonesia

International community has recognized the superiority and quality of original Indonesian products, as a result, some native Indonesian products are claimed by foreigners as their trademarks, for example Gayo Arabica Coffee and Toraja Coffee. Indonesia in providing protection is a bit behind in seeing the potential of its own region. The research problem is to examine the juridical claims of foreign companies against products with potential Indonesian Geographical Indications, and the settlement mechanism based on Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. Research method used is normative juridical with a statute approach. Claim of foreign companies against products with the potential for Indonesian Geographical Indications is the use of Intellectual Property Rights without rights, based on the MUI Fatwa decision, this is an injustice that is unlawful. The legal settlement mechanism for foreign brand claims against products with potential Indonesian Geographical Indications based on Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications is dependent on the violation of the claim, whether the party making the claim is in good faith or not. If at the time a sign is applied for registration as a Geographical Indication, a sign is used in good faith, the party can still use it for a period of two years, but if there is no good faith, it can take the mechanism of filing a lawsuit in the form of an application for compensation against the User of the Geographical Indication without rights.

Millenial Netiquette In Doing Muamalah And Warding Off Hoaxes On Social Media Based On MUI Fatwa Number 24 Of 2017

MUI Fatwa Number 24 of 2017 contains The Laws and Guidelines for Doing Muamalah Through Social Media. The MUI Fatwa can be applied to social networking ethics (netiquette). The millennial generation has excellent power in countering hoax narratives. The research purpose was to determine netiquette of the millennial generation in doing muamalah and warding off hoax in social media based on MUI Fatwa. The design of this study is qualitative research using an online qualitative survey. Netiquette as a guideline based on the MUI Fatwa focuses on discussing guidelines for doing muamalah on social media and creating and disseminating related content/information in countering hoaxes by the millennial generation from the four existing guidelines. Millennial's netiquette in doing muamalah on social media should be done properly and correctly, not violating the Shari'a and regulations (MUI Fatwa and others), and responding well to each other's content. The content shared is positive and not a hoax. Millennials sort out contents that will be disseminated on social media by studying, understanding, confirming, then following. The netiquette for millennials in warding off hoaxes is to ensure that the content is appropriately verified, helpful, not provocative and does not contain hoaxes, slander, backbiting, bullying, gossip, and other forbidden things. Millennials avoid spreading hoax content on social media by limiting accounts, avoiding and discontinuing, seeking truth from trusted sources, following the Indonesia Anti Hoax page, reporting harmful content through content complaints websites, or directly using the block and report features on social media. If this is not possible, they choose to remain silent, skip, and not share that hoax content.Â

Position of fatwa in Islamic law: the effectiveness of MUI, NU, and Muhammadiyah fatwas

Quantitatively, there is a gap between the number of limited religious texts and the enormous reality of dynamic context. Indeed, in the main principle of Islamic law, every activity carried out by a Muslim must comply with sharia rules. The syara’ regulations are religious texts concerning words, actions, or other activities carried out by someone capable of law (mukallaf). To overcome the possible gap between the text and the context, the scholars (ulama) formulate various methods with the result that Islamic law can be a medium of connecting and an effective means of compromising religious texts with one’s activities. With the production of these various methods, the production of texts that have ended since the death of the Prophet Muhammad ± 1500 years ago will still have control and be able to guide humankind. This article discussed how fatwa, as scholars’ thoughts, has a dialectic with society’s reality. In addition, it also explored fatwas’ practical level. In fact, fatwa is one of the efforts to find syar’i answers to various problems arising in human life, especially in modern times

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SHARIA FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY (FINTEK) SERVICES STUDY ON APPLICATION SERVICES AT PT. AMMANA FINTECH SHARI'AH ACCORDING TO THE FATWA OF DSN MUI AND ISLAMIC LAW

The birth of Islamic financial service technology innovation (Shari'ah Fintech) has provided a lot of convenience. In practice, the community can carry out the financing collaboration process without having to meet face-to-face. However, behind all these conveniences, it is not widely known to what extent this sharia fintech application service is in accordance with the provisions of the DSN MUI Fatwa No. 117/DSN-MUI/II/2018 and also Islamic law, or is not in accordance with the legal provisions stipulated apply. This study aims to analyze the provisions of the MUI DSN Fatwa and Islamic Law on the fintech application services of PT. Ammana Fintek Syari'ah. The research method used in this study is normative juridical using a qualitative descriptive approach, namely research that aims to analyze the provisions of the Fatwa of DSN MUI and Islamic Law in theory and practice in the field. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the fintech services at PT. Ammana Fintek Syari'ah as a whole has conformity, as stated in the DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 117/DSNMUI/II/2018, including for points of general provisions, legal provisions, legal subjects, provisions related to general service guidelines and provisions related to mechanisms. contract. Meanwhile, according to Islamic law, the presence of fintech services at PT. Ammana Fintech Syari'ah has provided benefits for many people. There are two things from the five points of maqashid sharia that are maintained by the existence of PT. Ammana Fintech Syari'ah, namely, hifz al-mal (protection of property), and hifz al-nafs (protection of the soul).

MULTI LEVEL MARKETING SHARIA

Sharia MLM Business is dependent business on standard sharia. Study this use method study literature study and approach descriptive qualitative that is content analysis of papers from the Google Scholar database. Selected paper in this review originated from search on the Google Scholar database with the keywords "multi level marketing" MLM and Islam or Sharia and fiqh and fiqh period 2015 to 2022. Search process use help Publish or Perish application. On Step first writer to do search for papers in the Google Scholar database with the keyword “multilevel marketing” found 211 matching papers with keywords search. Explained that article journal of 26 papers summarized into 7 topics discussion tree with the findings described among others: Sharia MLM in Islamic view ( Sharia ) there are 13 papers, Settings compensation Sale Direct tiered Sharia (PLBS) in Indonesia there are 7 papers, Products Multi-Level Marketing Hajj and Umrah there is 1 paper, MLM in Perspective Fiqh scholars there is 1 paper, Concept on Shari'ah MLM Practice there is 1 paper, Akad Ju’alah on Sharia MLM agent there are 2 papers and Overview Analytic and Criticism: Concept and Practice Multi Level Marketing (MLM) Syari'ah in Indonesia there is 1 paper. Management sharia MLM business set According to the MUI Fatwa, namely: in the DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 75/DSN-MUI/VII/2009 regarding Guidelines Sale Direct tiered Sharia.

PENERAPAN ASAS KEBEBASAN BERKONTRAK DALAM AKAD PEMBIAYAAN MUDHARABAH PADA BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA KANTOR CABANG PEMBANTU ASAHAN

Mudharabah is a collaboration agreement between the capital's owner and manager, in which gains and losses are shared based on a multi-party agreement. Contract-free Mudharabah finance arrangements are used by Islamic banks. That is, the contract's provisions are laws that apply to all parties who are bound by the same contract (agreement). As long as the agreement does not violate the law, morals, or public order, the parties are free to decide what it should contain. The Qur'an, Hadith, and Ijma' provide legal support for mudharabah finance. Legislation, Bank Indonesia regulations, and DSN MUI Fatwa are all legal products that govern mudharabah funding. Mudharabah financing in sharia banking has progressed and is nowcomplete in compliance with existing sharia banking standards.

MEMAHAMI FATWA MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA TENTANG PEMANFAATAN ZAKAT, INFAK, DAN SHADAQAH UNTUK KORBAN COVID-19 DALAM PENDEKATAN HUKUM ISLAM KONTEMPORER

Economic problems as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia have prompted serious handling by all elements of society, especially the government. Responding to this problem, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) was present through the MUI fatwa No. 23 of 2020 concerning the Utilization of Zakat, Infaq, and Sadaqah Assets to cope with the pandemic and its implications. This study intends to identify the model of the contemporary Islamic legal approach used in the formulation of the fatwa. This literature study uses a philosophical normative approach. The theory that becomes the theory of analysis is the Islamic legal system approach offered by Jasser Auda. This study shows the formulation of the MUI fatwa No.23 of 2020 using an integrative Islamic law approach. This is based on the characteristics contained in the various elements in the formulation of the fatwa. First, the comprehensive and multidimensional character, namely using various textual arguments that are universal ('aam). Second, the character of intent, namely using the arguments of various rules of Islamic law that focus on benefit. Third, the cognitive character, which uses various classical Islamic legal thoughts, but does not become an independent argument, but is combined with other perspectives that are part of the basis for formulating a fatwa.

Positivisation of MUI Fatwa: From Morally Binding to Legally Binding ( Case Study MUI Fatwa Against Madurese Shi'ite in Sampang, Madura)

Abstract. The Council of Indonesian Muslim Scholar (MUI) has strategic position in Indonesia. It becomes the big umbrella of Islamic Mass Organiation in Indonesia. MUI was designed by Soeharto’s era as the media of the communication between Government and Ulama in one side but in other side to support the policy of the government in Soeharto Era. This paper wants to examine and explore related to the role of MUI in the process of positivisation of fatwa in Indonesia. Indonesia is not an Islamic country but also not a secular country, but the presence of MUI as a ”semi-government institution” is enough to give color to the process of forming rules and public policies in Indonesia. The MUI fatwa often contains an appeal to the central and regional governments to make policies in accordance with the main content of the fatwa. For example, the issuance of East Java Governor Regulation Number 55 of 2021 is part of responding to the East Java MUI fatwa related to Shia heresy. This shows that the Fatwa has structurally played a strategic role in the production of state policies both at the central and regional levels. This paper is part of a qualitative research using a type of library research, where one of the samples is the East Java MUI Fatwa regarding the Shia deviant fatwa which was later accommodated into East Java Governor Regulation number 55 of 2012. This paper proposes at least two questions important in this paper: first, why is a fatwa produced by MUI? What is the background, as well as the second question: How far is the influence of the fatwa in the process of forming public policies or government regulations that bind its citizens. To answer this problem, this paper uses Fairclough’s theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This theory wants to help uncover the process of publishing, using, and distributing fatwas and public policies, as well as their discourse and practice. This paper wants to reveal how the process of producing a fatwa from a religious instrument is transformed into a state instrument which I call ”fatwa positivization.” The positivization of a fatwa is a process of transformation from a fatwa with moral power to a binding and coercive legal force. From here, it can be explored how the role of the MUI in the process of positivizing Islamic law in Indonesia through the issued fatwas.
 Keywords: MUI; Fatwa; Positivisation of Islamic Law

Implementasi Qa’idah Fiqhiyyah dalam Screening Saham Syariah pada Bursa Efek Syariah Indonesia

<p align="center">The Indonesian Ulema Council in Fatwa DSN No. 40/DSN-MUI/X/2003 has issued a fatwa on the idolatry of sharia stocks. But in the fatwa MUI only provides an explanation of the criteria for the type of effect that can be categorized as a sharia effect and what transactions should not be done in stocks globally without explaining the concept of reference fiqh in the screening process of sharia shares. This research wants to uncover the facts of fiqh buried in the classical books. This research aims to find out the concept of fiqh which is a reference for the establishment of Islamic law in the process of screening sharia shares, and how to use the concept of fiqh in determining the criteria for screening sharia stocks. This research uses qualitative methods, taking primary data from the DSN-MUI fatwa document and OJK regulations, then linking these theories to the concept of fiqh used by classical scholars in determining Islamic sharia law This study concluded that the criteria for shari'a stocks on the Indonesia Stock Exchange refer to fiqh concepts including the concepts of "ghalabah al-dzann", "ikhthiyath", "lil aktsar hukmal kulli", as well as other derivative concepts.</p>

KONSEP PENGELOLAAN HOTEL ZAM-ZAM SYARIAH DITINJAU DARI FATWA MUI NOMOR 108/DSN-MUI/X/2016 (STUDI KASUS HOTEL ZAM-ZAM SYARIAH PURBA BARU KEC. LEMBAH SORIK MARAPI)

Commercially, and fulfills the requirements set by the government. One of the components of the sharia tourism industry in the Mandailing Natal district is the Zam-Zam Syariah Hotel. Hotels that are in accordance with sharia principles are hotels which, in providing lodging, eating and drinking services and other services for the public, are managed and do not conflict with sharia principles. In fact, not all of these efforts have implemented sharia principles as a whole in accordance with the Fatwa of the DSN MUI No. 108/DSN-MUI/X/2016 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Tourism Based on Sharia Principles. The type of research used is field research (Field Research) with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Inductive analysis technique is to draw things that are specific to things that are general. The results of the study state that, First, the prohibition of checking in for non-Muslims by implementing a screening process for hotel guests, Hotel Zam-Zam Syariah provides adequate facilities, equipment, and facilities in the implementation of worship, Hotel Zam-Zam Syariah does not provide entertainment facilities that leads to disobedience such as cafes, karoeke, swimming pools, and therapeutic facilities and only provides entertainment facilities for children. Hotel Zam-Zam Syariah has implemented and used the Ijarah contract with hotel guests. Second, the Sharia Zam Zam Hotel has not complied with the guidelines for establishing sharia tourism as stated in the Fatwa of the DSN MUI No. 108/DSN-MUI/X/2016 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Tourism Based on Sharia Principles because it has not met the criteria set by the Indonesian Ulema Council.

Beribadah di Tengah Wabak Covid-19: Analisis Terhadap Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia No 14 Tahun 2020 Berasaskan Teori Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah al-Shāṭibī

The Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) has issued fatwa number 14 of the year 2020 on the Maintenance of Prayer in the Situation of the COVID-19 Outbreak. Issues that were fatwaed such as not holding Friday prayers and replacing with noon prayers, not congregating in mosques, the ban on holding religious activities in public areas with high COVID-19 contagion and so on. Therefore, this article will analyze the fatwa based on the theory of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah al-Shāṭibī. Using the literature review method, this article concludes that the MUI fatwa has resulted in a response to the COVID-19 pandemic declaration that spread to Indonesia as well as provide guidance to the community regarding permission to worship in the COVID-19 epidemic situation. Studies show that the members of the MUI Fatwa Commission take into account the aspect of maslahah in the determination of fatwas. The maslahah refers to the theory of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah al-Shāṭibī, and covers all levels whether the levels of ḍarūriyyah, ḥājiyyah and taḥsīniyyah.