Fatty Alkyl Research Articles

Assessment of selective quartz flotation in phosphate beneficiation: A waste-to-product solution for tailings valorization

Silicate minerals, primarily quartz and clays, are frequently encountered as impurities in sedimentary phosphate ores. If not effectively removed, these gangue minerals can undermine the entire phosphate value chain. In this study, the challenge of selectively recovering silicates from a sedimentary carbonaceous siliceous phosphate ore was successfully addressed, enabling the recovery of an enriched phosphate concentrate as the main product, along with a high-purity quartz concentrate as a valuable by-product. This approach aligns with circular economy principles, promoting integrated waste management. The effective flotation of quartz was investigated using various amine-based collectors, including fatty alkyl amines, ether amines, diamines, quaternary ammonium salts, alkanolamines, and Gemini amines. Preliminary tests yielded unsatisfactory results, characterized by a lack of selectivity and substantial apatite losses. Consequently, this study identified the detrimental impact of dissolved ionic species on the adsorption of collector molecules onto quartz surfaces, which hindered effective flotation. To mitigate this issue, an acid-washing and water substitution process was implemented, resulting in significant improvements in flotation efficiency. The integration of response surface methodology (RSM) and automated mineralogical characterization enabled a comprehensive analysis and optimization of the flotation process. A systematic evaluation of operating parameters enabled the effective removal of most silicate impurities from the phosphate ore. This approach resulted in the recovery of high-purity silicate concentrates (greater than 80% SiO2), suitable for various industrial applications. Furthermore, the optimized flotation process reduced the silicate content in the final phosphate concentrate from 18.83% to below 2%.

Synergetic effects during co-pyrolysis of waste textiles and Ca/Fe-rich industrial sewage sludge: Reaction kinetics and product distribution

Co-pyrolysis is a promising technology for industrial organic waste to utilize their unique resource and energy properties for efficient conversion into valuable products. This study was the first time to characterize the co-pyrolysis of waste textiles with Ca-rich industrial sludge and Fe-rich industrial sludge on a laboratory-scale fixed bed. The properties, mechanisms, gas, oil and carbon production were investigated as a function of temperature and mixing type. Co-pyrolysis increased the total weight loss from 50.05 % to 69.81 % for Ca-rich industrial sludge mixed with 50 % waste textiles and from 49.13 % to 70.01 % for Fe-rich industrial sludge mixed with 50 % waste textiles. The activation energy of co-pyrolysis was approximately 50 % lower compared to the pyrolysis of waste textiles alone. The optimal reaction model for the different reaction stages for all samples was three diffusion (D3). Co-pyrolysis resulted in lower CO and CO2 emission temperatures of about 25–110 °C and produced more short-chain organic compounds (C < 10). Co-pyrolysis produced more aldehydes and ketones organics. Moreover, co-pyrolysis char exhibited an elevated level of fatty alkyl side chains and bridge branching, as well as higher degrees of aromatization and stability. This study offers valuable insights into the potential application of pyrolysis for the management of Ca/Fe-rich industrial sludge and waste textiles, thereby serving as a basis for future utilization endeavors.

Identification of a new α‐glucosidase inhibitor: Alkyl ferulate ester derived from unripe fruits of Solanum torvum Swartz

AbstractIn this study, the phytochemical compositions and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate extract derived from the unripe fruits of Solanum torvum Swartz have been investigated. The investigation led to the isolation of a new isoferulate fatty alkyl ester, solacanin B (1), in addition to eight known compounds, including lyciumol A (2), ethyl caffeate (3), caffeic acid (4), scopoletin (5), p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (6), p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (7), vanillic acid (8) and 1‐O‐palmitoylglycerol (9). The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved through extensive spectroscopic analyses and reference literature. Bioactivity assay of all compounds demonstrated that compounds 1–4, and 7 showed more potent α‐glucosidase inhibition activities, with IC50 values of 48.4, 29.3, 38.8, 95.0, and 186.6 µm, respectively, than that of positive control acarbose (IC50, 214.5 µm).

Effect of supercritical CO2 transient high-pressure fracturing on bituminous coal microstructure

Carbon dioxide phase change fracturing is an effective permeability enhancement technology, and its influence mechanism on the coal microstructure remains to be further investigated. To explore the impact of CO2 fracturing on the coal chemical structure, the self-developed transient high-pressure fracturing of CO2 test platform was independently developed. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the elemental morphology, functional group and crystal structure of the two bituminous coal samples before and after fracturing were analyzed. The results showed that the fracturing process resulted in the disruption of hydrogen bonds within coal, leading to a reduction in the cross-linking density of the coal structure. Moreover, it facilitated the breaking of fatty alkyl side chains and oxygen-containing functional groups, causing the detachment of side chains and shortening of the fatty chains. The interlayer spacing of aromatic layers (d200) of fractured coal decreased, and the average transverse dimension (La), the average stack height (Lc) and the aromaticity (fa) increased. With the improvement of aromaticity, the arrangement between aromatic layers was looser. The volume and basic unit structure of coal crystal nucleus became larger, and the flattening degree increased. The research results contribute to the understanding of the change of coal microstructure under supercritical CO2 transient high-pressure fracturing and provide theoretical support for exploring the methane adsorption capacity of fractured coal.

New Functional Polymer Materials via Click Chemistry-Based Modification of Cellulose Acetate.

Cellulose acetate (CA) was partially acrylated, and the resulting cellulose acetate acrylate (acryl-substitution degree of 0.2) underwent quantitative thio-Michael click reactions with various thiols. A toolbox of functional CA polymers was obtained in this way, and their properties were studied. The modification with fatty alkyl thiols led to hydrophobic materials with large water drop contact angles. Octadecylthio-, butoxycarbonylpropylthio-, and furanylthio-modifications formed highly transparent materials. The new derivative CAASFur disintegrated completely under industrial composting conditions. Films of modified CA polymers were cast and investigated in terms of barrier properties. The nanocomposite of CAAS18 compounded with a synthetic layered silicate (hectorite) of a large aspect ratio showed permeabilities as low as 0.09 g mm m-2 day-1 for water vapor and 0.16 cm3 mm m-2 day-1 atm-1 for oxygen. This portfolio of functional CA polymers opens the door to new applications.

Gemini ionic liquid-based surfactants: efficient synthesis, surface activity, and use as inducers for the fabrication of Cu2O nanoparticles.

Discovery of green and novel synthetic routes for nanoparticles (NPs) has drawn a lot of interest due to the distinct nano size and unusual features as well as applications of such particles. Ionic liquid-based surfactants (ILBSs) and gemini ionic liquid-based surfactants (GILBSs) have become some of the best choices to be used as inducers or dispersing agents for the fabrication of nanoparticles. This work involves the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and surface property evaluation of three novel GILBSs (4a-c), which incorporate the imidazolium cation as the polar head with an ethylene spacer. The simple synthetic route includes, first, alkylating imidazole-N1 with the as-prepared fatty alkyl chloroacetates followed by quaternization of two equivalents of imidazole-N2 with ethylene dibromide. Investigations into the compounds' surface characteristics and thermodynamic parameters were carried out. The prepared GILBSs, 4a-c, were then used as inducers at various concentrations for the preparation of cuprous oxide nanoparticles. The size and shape of the produced NPs were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis in each case to study the effect of concentration on the NP morphology and to determine the best concentration for the NPs fabrication. The XRD patterns of the produced Cu2O NPs contain distinguishable peaks, which refer to crystalline Cu2O. Also, TEM images show that the obtained Cu2O is present in form of well dispersed nanorod particles with sizes about 55 and 23 nm at concentrations of 60 and 200 ppm, respectively.

Effects of Various Parameters on the Antioxidant Activities of the Synthesized Heterocyclic Pyrimidinium Betaines

Betaine derivatives are widely used in cosmetic, industrial uses, biology and other scientific fields. Pyrimidinium betaine is a special class of bioactive heterocyclics. They have interesting antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This work aims to examine the influence of some parameters on the antioxidant activity of some synthesized betaines containing pyrimidine ring. Four pyrimidinium betaines: monocyclic, bicyclics, and one with a fatty alkyl chain were synthesized from condensation of 2-aminopyrimidine or amidine derivatives with malonic esters, and their antioxidant capacity was evaluated. The effects of concentration, reaction time and temperature on their antioxidant activities were investigated by three common methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching. The results showed that all pyrimidinium betaines exhibited antioxidant activities in different assays. In the DPPH and reducing power assays, antioxidant activity increased with concentration, whereas in the β-carotene/linoleic acid system, it increased with temperature. On the other hand, the DPPH assay showed an increase in antioxidant capacity over time, while the β-carotene bleaching assay showed a decrease. These results indicate that the antioxidant activity differs depending on the method used and that the various factors affect the antioxidant activity in a different order.

Investigation of the antioxidation capacity of gallic acid and its alkyl esters with different chain lengths for dried oyster during ambient storage

SummaryThe antioxidant capacity of gallic acid (GA) and its fatty alkyl esters such as butyl gallate, octyl gallate (OG), lauryl gallate and hexadecyl gallate in freeze‐dried oyster was investigated. During ambient storage, the significant increase of peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value together with the decline for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents indicated the occurrence of lipid autoxidation in freeze‐dried oysters. Meanwhile, the oxidative degradation of glycerol phosphocholine (GPC), glycerol phosphoethanolamine (GPE) and triacylglycerols (TAG) molecular species carrying DHA or EPA in oyster ranked as: TAG &gt; GPE &gt; GPC. GA and its alkyl esters could effectively be prevented dried oyster lipid from oxidation. Among them, OG stood out as the most effective individual. This work implied that the chain lengths of GA alkyl esters affect their antioxidant ability for dried oysters, which provides the information for selecting eligible antioxidants to enhance the oxidative stability of freeze‐dried seafood.

Synthesis of new corrosion inhibitors with high efficiency in aqueous and oil phase for low carbon steel for missan oil field equipment

The Iraqi oil field environment is filled with metal pipes and other components that are often exposed to chemicals that can cause corrosion, especially when the metal and chemicals are in a solution such as downhole fluids. Inhibitors are among the most important industrial additives that are commonly used in Iraqi petroleum industry to decrease the corrosion that cause damage to pipelines, water and waste water system. This fact evoked the urgent need to prepare corrosion inhibitor materials; one of the most important properties of these compounds is to act as surfactants working to remove or reduce the surface tension between the two immiscible phases with each other and make it easier to mix. Three types of corrosion inhibitors were prepared by using fatty acids and converted them into the fatty alkyl halides in presence of hydrochloric acid. Finally, the products reacted with various mole ratios of tertiary amine in various mole ratios, and then they were identified by classical methods melting point measurement, solubility test and [FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR]. Morphology of the carbon steel was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in presence and absence of inhibitors. In the last step, the inhibitors of low carbon steel in acidic medium were assessed as a case study by using potentiostat device and weight loss to calculate the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency. The result was as follows: P1 was 81.30%, P2 was 81.79% and P3 was 97.56%. In addition, inhibitors prepared in this study were evaluated in organic phase (Bazrcan iraqi oil fields) by weight loss method using different concentrations of corrosion inhibitors (50,75,100 ppm) and the inhibition efficiency as follows:P1: inhibition efficiency (91.8%) at a concentration of inhibitor (100 ppm);P2: inhibition efficiency (83.8%) at a concentration of inhibitor (100 ppm); andP3: inhibition efficiency (81.2%) at a concentration of inhibitor (100 ppm).

Investigation of surfactant effect during synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from bittern using ultrasonic destruction process

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been widely used in a variety of applications because of their good surface reactivity. Magnesium oxide from bittern has a larger surface area compared to magnesium oxide from calcined magnesite and magnesium ions precipitation from bittern using sodium hydroxide has higher purity than using calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. In this research, sodium hydroxide was added to a bittern solution obtaining magnesium hydroxide precipitate, followed by the calcination process to produce magnesium oxide. Nano magnesium oxide was synthesized by the ultrasonic destruction process using ethanol and 2-propanol as media. In this study, sonication time and particle concentration effect on the ultrasonic destruction process were investigated. During the process, the sonication time was varied between 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 minutes while the magnesium oxide concentration was varied between 1 %, 2 %, and 3 %. Increasing sonication time and particle concentration will decrease the particle size. The previous study shows that particles with very small sizes tend to have an agglomeration effect. The aim of this work is to optimize nano magnesium oxide production from bittern. Surfactant addition was also studied to prevent agglomeration between particles. Four types of surfactant namely anionic (sodium lauryl sulfate), cationic (cetyl tri-methyl-ammonium bromide), amphoteric (fatty acid amido alkyl betaine), and non-ionic (nonylphenol 10 ethoxylated) with a concentration of 1 % and a volume of 0.125 ml were added during the second ultrasonic destruction process. All types of surfactants have a positive effect to prevent agglomeration during the ultrasonic destruction process, with the amphoteric surfactant having the highest performance

Direct Conversion of Alginate Oligo‐ and Polysaccharides into Biodegradable and Non‐Ecotoxic Anionic Furanic Surfactants—An Experimental and Mechanistic Study

AbstractA series of novel anionic furanic surfactants characterized by the presence of a couple of lipophilic chains acetal‐linked to a sodium 2‐furoate head group, are prepared by the conversion of oligo‐alginates or alginate to butyl 5‐(dibutoxymethyl)‐2‐furoate, followed by the introduction of fatty alkyl chains containing 7 to 18 carbon atoms and the release of the carboxylate function. A plausible mechanism for the unexpected formation of butyl 5‐(dibutoxymethyl)‐2‐furoate is proposed through a study based on both experimental results and density functional calculations. One‐pot processes involving hydrolysis, butanolysis, dehydration, transesterification, transacetalization, and saponification reactions, are successfully developed to provide furan‐type surfactants under conditions that respect the principles of green chemistry. The surface activities of these products in a pure form or as a mixture are evaluated and quite low values of superficial tensions (&lt;25 mN m−1) and foaming properties are obtained depending on the alkyl chain length. In addition, a readily biodegradability and an absence of aquatic ecotoxicity are shown for a surfactant composition based on sodium 5‐(dioctyloxymethyl)‐2‐furoate.

Novel lipophilic analogues from 2,4-D and Propanil herbicides: Biological activity and kinetic studies

This work describes the synthesis of new lipophilic amides and esters analogues of classical organochlorides herbicides by incorporation of long-chains from fatty acids and derivatives. The new fatty esters and amides were synthesized in 96–99% and 80–89% yields, respectively. In general, all compounds tested showed superior in vitro activity than commercial herbicides against growth L. sativa and A. cepa, in ranges 86–100% of germinative inhibition. The target compounds showed, significantly more susceptible towards acid hydrolysis than 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The kinetic and NMR studies showed that the incorporation of lipophilic chains resulted in a decrease in half-life time of new herbicides compounds (1.5 h) than 2,4-D (3 h). These findings suggest the synthesis of new lipophilic herbicides as potential alternative to traditional formulations, by incorporation of long fatty alkyl chains in the molecular structure of 2,4-D, resulting in superior in vitro herbicidal activity, best degradation behavior and more hydrophobic derivatives.

Synthesis of (+/−)-Pregabalin and its novel lipophilic β-alkyl-substituted analogues from fatty chains

In this work, were synthesized for the first time a series of new lipophilic β-alkyl substituted GABA derivatives from fatty alkyl chains.

New azobenzene-based natural fatty acid liquid crystals with low melting point: synthesis, DFT calculations and binary mixtures

ABSTRACTThree new groups of azobenzene liquid crystals named,4-[2-(4-substituted phenyl)diazenyl]phenyl hexdecanoate, 4-[2-(4-substituted phenyl)diazenyl]phenyl octadeca-9-enoate, and 4-[2-(4-substituted phenyl)diazenyl]phenyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate were prepared from naturally occurring fatty acids (palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids). All groups were investigated for their mesophase formation and thermal stability of pure compounds and their binary mixtures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarised light microscopy (PLM) and thermogravemetric analyses (TGA). Each group contains two compounds that differ from each other by the polar substituent X (CH3O and Cl) with different number (n) of carbons in the fatty alkyl chains. Molecular structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed via FT-IR, 1H NMR, C13 NMR and elemental analysis. Mesomorphic and thermal properties were investigated. Smectic A phase is the mesophase observed in all of the compounds prepared and their binary mixtures with low melting temperatures. Moreover, DFT calculations were discussed for the prepared compounds. The results revealed that the alkyl chain of the carboxylate part does not significantly affect on the energy difference of the FMOs as well as the thermodynamic parameters. However, the high electronegative Cl substituent has significant effect on the energy difference of the FMOs and decreases the dipole moments of the prepared compounds.

Determination of fatty alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines by gas chromatography in the synthesis of cationic surfactants

A method to determine fatty alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines by gas chromatography (GC) was set up using HP-INNOWax capillary column, hydrogen flame ionization detector (FID) and temperature programming. The linearities were all excellent in the range of 0.005-1.0 g/L with the correlation coefficients being above 0.9996. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) of the method were between 0.001 g/L and 0.002 g/L, and the limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were between 0.003 g/L and 0.005 g/L. The recoveries ranged between 90% and 130% with relative standard deviations of 1.3%-6.9% (n=6). The proposed method has the advantages of wide linear range, higher recovery, and selectivity, which was suitable for the quantitative analysis of fatty alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines and monitoring process control in industrial production. The method was faster and more accurate than titration, and also precluded the need for pre-column derivatization and determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Fatty acid-based methacrylate polymers as viscosity modifiers for mineral oils

In this work, partially biobased methacrylate polymers with various fatty acid side chains were used as efficient polymeric viscosity modifiers for mineral paraffinic oil (MPO). Firstly, oleic, palmitic, myristic and lauric acids were functionalized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by Steglich esterification to provide suitable monomers for radical polymerization. The resulting monomer from oleic acid (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl oleate) was polymerized through conventional radical polymerizations and telomerization in order to evaluate the influence of the polymer molecular weight on its efficiency as a viscosity modifier. Additionally, methacrylate monomers containing different chain lengths of fatty acids were involved in reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to obtain polymers with similar molecular weights in order to compare their efficiency as viscosity modifiers. For this purpose, all fatty acid-based polymers were mixed at 3 wt.% in MPO and relative viscosity measurement between MPO and polymer–MPO blends was performed at various temperatures. The results demonstrated that fatty acid-based methacrylate polymers have a higher polymer contribution on MPO viscosity with increasing temperature. This specific viscosimetric behavior was related to the coil polymer chains’ expansion with temperature, which was improved by increasing the polymer molar mass and the length of dangling fatty alkyl chains hanging off polymer backbones.

Flotillin proteins recruit sphingosine to membranes and maintain cellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important lipid signalling molecule. S1P is produced via intracellular phosphorylation of sphingosine (Sph). As a lipid with a single fatty alkyl chain, Sph may diffuse rapidly between cellular membranes and through the aqueous phase. Here, we show that the absence of microdomains generated by multimeric assemblies of flotillin proteins results in reduced S1P levels. Cellular phenotypes of flotillin knockout mice, including changes in histone acetylation and expression of Isg15, are recapitulated when S1P synthesis is perturbed. Flotillins bind to Sph in vitro and increase recruitment of Sph to membranes in cells. Ectopic re-localisation of flotillins within the cell causes concomitant redistribution of Sph. The data suggest that flotillins may directly or indirectly regulate cellular sphingolipid distribution and signalling.

The Formation of Metal-Catalyst Nanoparticles by the Hydrosol Method in TWEEN-20 Aqueous Solution and Conditions for Their Uniform Distribution on a Carbon Carrier Surface

Conditions for the formation of metal-catalyst nanoparticles in an aqueous medium by the hydrosol method in the presence of surfactant are studied. Based on the study of the colloidal chemical properties of the preparation TWEEN-20, which is a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate containing, in addition to TWEEN-20 itself, impurities of other fatty alkyl esters and fatty acids, the possibility of its use in the synthesis of an electrocatalyst, including platinum, as a dispersion stabilizer of freshly formed particles is shown. The formation of platinum nanoparticles and their uniform distribution over the surface of the carbon carrier is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray-diffraction analysis.

Synthesis of Alkyl-Glycerolipids Standards for Gas Chromatography Analysis: Application for Chimera and Shark Liver Oils.

Natural O-alkyl-glycerolipids, also known as alkyl-ether-lipids (AEL), feature a long fatty alkyl chain linked to the glycerol unit by an ether bond. AEL are ubiquitously found in different tissues but, are abundant in shark liver oil, breast milk, red blood cells, blood plasma, and bone marrow. Only a few AEL are commercially available, while many others with saturated or mono-unsaturated alkyl chains of variable length are not available. These compounds are, however, necessary as standards for analytical methods. Here, we investigated different reported procedures and we adapted some of them to prepare a series of 1-O-alkyl-glycerols featuring mainly saturated alkyl chains of various lengths (14:0, 16:0, 17:0, 19:0, 20:0, 22:0) and two monounsaturated chains (16:1, 18:1). All of these standards were fully characterized by NMR and GC-MS. Finally, we used these standards to identify the AEL subtypes in shark and chimera liver oils. The distribution of the identified AEL were: 14:0 (20–24%), 16:0 (42–54%) and 18:1 (6–16%) and, to a lesser extent, (0.2–2%) for each of the following: 16:1, 17:0, 18:0, and 20:0. These standards open the possibilities to identify AEL subtypes in tumours and compare their composition to those of non-tumour tissues.

Recovery of Silicon and Iron Oxides from Alumina-Containing Sweepings of Aluminum Production

The method of recovery of contaminating components from sweepings of the aluminum production for their further return into the electrolyzer is proposed. To concentrate the material, the following processing flowsheet is proposed: milling–classification–reverse flotation–thickening. For the most complete removal of silicon and iron oxides during the flotation of sweepings, the Flotigam 7266 flotation reagent produced by Clariant (Germany), which is a mixture of primary fatty alkyl amines, is used. To remove carbon particles, the combination of pine oil in a mixture with kerosene is used. Flotation is performed using a FML 0.3 flotation machine. The initial material, chamber product, and tails are analyzed for the content of carbon and aluminum, iron, and silicon oxides using X-ray spectral (XSA), X-ray phase (XPA), and chemical analyses. It is established that processing the total material mass does not make it possible to acquire a product with an acceptable content of silicon and iron oxides. Based on the XPA of various fractions of the initial material, it is proposed to process the material fractions containing the minimal amount of contaminating substances (carbon and silicon and iron oxides). Two fractions are selected for processing using the flotation method by the XRS results of various material fractions:–0.071 mm and +5.0 mm. When processing the first of them, the chamber product of the acceptable quality is acquired. A product with a high content of alumina and fluorinated components at low carbon and iron oxide concentrations but a considerable amount of silicon oxide is acquired from a coarse electrolyte-containing fraction (+5.0 mm). The further use of this product is possible to fabricate aluminum–silicon alloys.