Family Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

Investigating the effects of microplastics on the metabolism of Trematomus bernacchii from the ross sea (Antarctica)

Microplastic pollution is a growing environmental issue, even reaching remote areas like the Arctic and Antarctic, posing threats to biodiversity and food chains. The present research represents a pioneering endeavor aimed at exploring the relationship between lipids and microplastics in 20 wild specimens of Trematomus bernacchii from the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Fish were grouped in MPs-ingested and MPs-free based on whether they had ingested microplastics. Raman spectroscopy revealed that contaminated fish samples contained from one to three different types of polymeric fibers (1.4 items/specimen, ± = 0.7), specifically, polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) techniques were employed for the study of the lipid composition in term of fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs). Fifty different FAME compounds were identified and quantified in the lipid fraction extracted from the muscle tissues of the selected fish samples. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the most abundant family of fatty acids in T. bernacchii species with eicosapentaenoic (C20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6ω3) acids as main components. In detail, PUFA class accounted for 46.78 ± 6.82% and 44.62 ± 4.86% of the total fatty acid composition in MPs-ingested and MPs-free groups, respectively. The contents of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) varied from 27.93% to 31.15% and from 24.23% to 25.05% in MPs-ingested and MPs-free fish samples, respectively. Based on Mann-Whitney test results (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference from a statistical point of view between two groups of fishes. Additionally, nutritional quality indices exhibited comparable values between groups. Results showed that no significant differences were found in the fatty acids distribution between the two groups. This indicates that the lipid composition of wild fish that are naturally exposed to plastic pollution remains unchanged and could still have beneficial effects on human health.

Oméga-3 et psychiatrie : que dit la littérature ?

Psychiatry is faced with a lack of new treatments despite a great deal of research and is re-exploring the use of old molecules and dietary supplements. Our aim here is to present a narrative review of the indications for omega-3 supplementation in various psychiatric disorders. Omega-3s belong to the family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The 3 important omega-3 PUFAs in psychiatry are α-linolenic acid (ALA): C18:3n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) C20:5n-3 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) C22:6n-3. In psychosis, a distinction must be made between 3 categories of patients: patients who have chronic schizophrenia (SCZ), patients with a first psychotic episode (FEP) and patients at ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR).The data in the literature indicate that omega-3 supplementation is well tolerated. However, there is an increased risk of atrial fibrillation at doses over 4g/d, mainly in people over the age of 65.Omega-3 supplementation is not recommended for eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorders. Omega-3 supplementation could be beneficial in borderline personality disorder and psychotic disorders, particularly in patients at ultra-high risk of psychotic transition (UHR) to prevent psychotic transition and FEP to improve remission, and in bipolar disorder. It is now recommended for unipolar depression by the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce. There are a large number of clinical trials of omega-3 supplementation. However, these trials use different types of supplementation (EPA alone, DHA alone, EPA+DHA, etc.) with different dosages and EPA/DHA ratios and over variable durations. In addition, the origin of the omega-3s may vary, although most of the studies used omega-3s of marine origin (fish). Finally, it has not been studied whether the time of day (fasting, during a meal, morning, evening, etc.) impacts the efficacy of the treatment.Confounding factors are often not taken into account. For example, some studies suggest a link between the response to omega-3 supplementation and the inflammation or oxidative stress level. Omega-3 supplementation acts on numerous biological pathways: inflammation, oxidative stress, monocarbon metabolism (vitamin B9, B12, homocysteine), myelination,... For psychotic disorders, meta-analyses tend not to distinguish between UHR, PEP and schizophrenic patients.There have not been enough studies to validate the doses and duration of supplementation. The doses and durations in the recommendations are based solely on incomplete data from published studies. Further studies are needed to optimize these recommendations. Except for UHR patients and those with borderline personality disorder, omega-3 supplementation is always used as a complement to psychotropic treatment.In conclusion, the results of clinical trials, meta-analyses and recommendations are heterogeneous and may be divergent. Omega-3 supplementation in psychiatry is still extensively studied, with numerous studies and meta-analyses published recently. Omega-3 supplementation could be part of the goal of personalized medicine, as some studies are already suggesting. In the future, the efficacy of omega-3 supplementation could be improved by targeting sub-groups of patients: patients with inflammatory profiles, high levels of oxidative stress and low blood omega-3 concentrations. Due to the increasing number of studies published on omega-3 supplementation in psychiatric disorders, the conclusions of this review are provisional and will need to be updated.

Alleviation effects of dexmedetomidine on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through fatty acid metabolism pathway via Elovl6

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is widely used in the sedation in intensive care units and as an anesthetic adjunct. Considering the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Dex, we applied in vivo rat model as well as in vitro cardiomyocyte models (embryonic rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, NRCMs) to evaluate the effects of Dex against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Transcriptomic sequencing for gene expression in heart tissues from control rats and Dex-treated rats identified that genes related to fatty acid metabolism were significantly regulated by Dex. Among these genes, the elongation of long-chain fatty acids (ELOVL) family member 6 (Elovl6) was most increased upon Dex-treatment. By comparing the effects of Dex on both wild type and Elovl6-knockdown H9c2 cells and NRCMs under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) challenge, we found that Elovl6 knockdown attenuated the protection efficiency of Dex, which was supported by the cytotoxicity endpoints (cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase release) and apoptosis as well as key gene expressions. These results indicate that Dex exhibited the protective function against myocardial I/R injury via fatty acid metabolism pathways and Elovl6 plays a key role in the process, which was further confirmed using palmitate exposure in both cells, as well as in an in vivo rat model. Overall, this study systematically evaluates the protective effects of Dex on the myocardial I/R injury and provides better understanding on the fatty acid metabolism underlying the beneficial effects of Dex.

Gut Dysbiosis Shaped by Cocoa Butter-Based Sucrose-Free HFD Leads to Steatohepatitis, and Insulin Resistance in Mice.

High-fat diets cause gut dysbiosis and promote triglyceride accumulation, obesity, gut permeability changes, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Both cocoa butter and fish oil are considered to be a part of healthy diets. However, their differential effects on gut microbiome perturbations in mice fed high concentrations of these fats, in the absence of sucrose, remains to be elucidated. The aim of the study was to test whether the sucrose-free cocoa butter-based high-fat diet (C-HFD) feeding in mice leads to gut dysbiosis that associates with a pathologic phenotype marked by hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, perturbed glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance, compared with control mice fed the fish oil based high-fat diet (F-HFD). C57BL/6 mice (5-6 mice/group) were fed two types of high fat diets (C-HFD and F-HFD) for 24 weeks. No significant difference was found in the liver weight or total body weight between the two groups. The 16S rRNA sequencing of gut bacterial samples displayed gut dysbiosis in C-HFD group, with differentially-altered microbial diversity or relative abundances. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were highly abundant in C-HFD group, while the Verrucomicrobia, Saccharibacteria (TM7), Actinobacteria, and Tenericutes were more abundant in F-HFD group. Other taxa in C-HFD group included the Bacteroides, Odoribacter, Sutterella, Firmicutes bacterium (AF12), Anaeroplasma, Roseburia, and Parabacteroides distasonis. An increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio in C-HFD group, compared with F-HFD group, indicated the gut dysbiosis. These gut bacterial changes in C-HFD group had predicted associations with fatty liver disease and with lipogenic, inflammatory, glucose metabolic, and insulin signaling pathways. Consistent with its microbiome shift, the C-HFD group showed hepatic inflammation and steatosis, high fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (Acetyl CoA carboxylases 1 (Acaca), Fatty acid synthase (Fasn), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1), Elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (Elovl6), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Pparg) and cholesterol synthesis (β-(hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (Hmgcr). Non-significant differences were observed regarding fatty acid uptake (Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), Fatty acid binding protein-1 (Fabp1) and efflux (ATP-binding cassette G1 (Abcg1), Microsomal TG transfer protein (Mttp) in C-HFD group, compared with F-HFD group. The C-HFD group also displayed increased gene expression of inflammatory markers including Tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2), and Interleukin-12 (Il12), as well as a tendency for liver fibrosis. These findings suggest that the sucrose-free C-HFD feeding in mice induces gut dysbiosis which associates with liver inflammation, steatosis, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.

Metabolome-wide Mendelian randomization for age at menarche and age at natural menopause.

The role of metabolism in the variation of age at menarche (AAM) and age at natural menopause (ANM) in the female population is not entirely known. We aimed to investigate the causal role of circulating metabolites in AAM and ANM using Mendelian randomization (MR). We combined MR with genetic colocalization to investigate potential causal associations between 658 metabolites and AAM and between 684 metabolites and ANM. We extracted genetic instruments for our exposures from four genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on circulating metabolites and queried the effects of these variants on the outcomes in two large GWAS from the ReproGen consortium. Additionally, we assessed the mediating role of the body mass index (BMI) in these associations, identified metabolic pathways implicated in AAM and ANM, and sought validation for selected metabolites in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Our analysis identified 10 candidate metabolites for AAM, but none of them colocalized with AAM. For ANM, 76 metabolites were prioritized (FDR-adjusted MR P-value ≤ 0.05), with 17 colocalizing, primarily in the glycerophosphocholines class, including the omega-3 fatty acid and phosphatidylcholine (PC) categories. Pathway analyses and validation in ALSPAC mothers also highlighted the role of omega and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in delaying age at menopause. Our study suggests that metabolites from the glycerophosphocholine and fatty acid families play a causal role in the timing of both menarche and menopause. This underscores the significance of specific metabolic pathways in the biology of female reproductive longevity.

Correlation between omega-3 intake and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy based on NHANES from 2005 to 2008.

To identify correlations between omega-3 intake and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This was a cross-sectional study using data from participants over age 40 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008. Metrics included participants' intake of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically three types of representative polyunsaturated fatty acids, DR prevalence, and demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between omega-3 intake and DR. Of the 1243 participants included in this study, omega-3 intake was lower in patients with DR relative to those without DR. Of the three polyunsaturated fatty acids within the omega-3 fatty acid family that we focused on, participants without DR consumed more docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than those with DR. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Higher omega-3 intake was associated with a decreased risk of DR. In a crude model, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.548 (95% CI 0.315, 0.951; p = 0.033). In the fully adjusted model of omega-3 (model II), the adjusted OR was 0.525 (95% CI 0.306, 0.901; p = 0.021). DPA and DHA were also associated with a decreased risk of DR. In the full adjustment model (model II) of DPA and DHA, the adjusted ORs were 0.0002 (95% CI 0.000, 0.166; p = 0.014) and 0.293 (95% CI 0.105, 0.819; p = 0.020). Subgroup analysis showed that the protective effect of omega-3 against DR was more significant in younger patients (p value = 0.015). In this cross-sectional study of the U.S. general population, we found that increased intake of omega-3 and its components, specifically DPA and DHA were negatively associated with DR incidence. This suggests that omega-3 may be a potential protective factor for DR and may help to prevent or delay the onset and progression of DR.

Matcha Green Tea: Chemical Composition, Phenolic Acids, Caffeine and Fatty Acid Profile.

Matcha-Japanese powdered tea-is a variety of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.), one of the most popular beverages in the world. Due to the unique way it is grown, it contains high concentrations of health-promoting phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the basic nutritional and phenolic composition of dry matcha green tea powder. The fibre content was determined according to the enzymatic-gravimetric method. Crude protein was measured by the Kjeldahl method. The total fat content was measured by the Soxhlet method, and the fatty acid profile was defined by the GC method. The determination of the phenolic acid and caffeine content was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total fibre content of matcha was 56.1 g/100 g, with 52.8 g/100 g (94.1% of total fibre) of insoluble dietary fibre and 3.3 g/100 g of soluble fibre (5.9% of total fibre). The total protein content was 17.3 g/100 g. The total fat content in dry matcha was 7.285 g/100 g, comprising varying proportions of individual fatty acids, the highest ones being those of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The caffeine content of matcha tea was 2213.492 µg/g. With regard to phenolic acids, the highest content was estimated for gallic acid (252.3755 µg/g). Matcha showed a particularly high content of total dietary fibre, with a predominance of the insoluble fraction. Matcha was found to be a valuable source of plant protein and unsaturated fatty acids, mostly of the omega-3 fatty acid family.

Relationship between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis.

Multiple factors cause atherosclerosis, meaning its pathogenesis is complex, and has not been fully elucidated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are a member of the fatty acid family, which are critical nutrients for mammalian growth and development. The types of polyunsaturated fatty acids ingested, their serum levels, and fatty acid desaturase can influence the atherosclerotic disease progression. The fatty acid desaturase gene cluster can regulate fatty acid desaturase activity and further affect atherosclerosis. This study reviewed the research progress on the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on atherosclerosis regulated by fatty acid desaturase and the relationship between genetic variants of the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

The Antitumor Effects of α-Linolenic Acid.

α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is a member of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) family, has often been ignored due to a lack of information. ALA has gradually attracted increased attention due to its nutritional and medicinal advantages. Studies have shown that ALA exerts beneficial effects on a variety of diseases, including cancer. In this review, we summarize the antitumor effects of ALA in the context of cell biology, including the inhibition of proliferation, the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, and antioxidant effects. In addition, studies have shown that ALA can be used as a drug carrier or exert positive clinical effects when combined with drugs. Therefore, the use of ALA in clinical treatments is very promising and valuable.

The balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in canine, feline, and equine nutrition: exploring sources and the significance of alpha-linolenic acid.

Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FA) have numerous significant physiological roles for mammals. The interplay between these families of FA is of interest in companion animal nutrition due to the influence of the n-6:n-3 FA ratio on the modulation of the inflammatory response in disease management and treatment. As both human and animal diets have shifted to greater consumption of vegetable oils rich in n-6 FA, the supplementation of n-3 FA to canine, feline, and equine diets has been advocated for. Although fish oils are commonly added to supply the long-chain n-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a heavy reliance on this ingredient by the human, pet food, and equine supplement industries is not environmentally sustainable. Instead, sustainable sourcing of plant-based oils rich in n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA), such as flaxseed and camelina oils, emerges as a viable option to support an optimal n-6:n-3 FA ratio. Moreover, ALA may offer health benefits that extend beyond its role as a precursor for endogenous EPA and DHA production. The following review underlines the metabolism and recommendations of n-6 and n-3 FA for dogs, cats, and horses and the ratio between them in promoting optimal health and inflammation management. Additionally, insights into both marine and plant-based n-3 FA sources will be discussed, along with the commercial practicality of using plant oils rich in ALA for the provision of n-3 FA to companion animals.

Synthesis and quantification of short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in rat intestinal contents and fecal samples by LC-MS/MS

Short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs) are a new class of endogenous lipids belonging to the fatty acid esters of the hydroxy fatty acid family. We previously uncovered their chemical structure and discussed their potential biological significance. We anticipate an increased need for SFAHFA measurements as markers of metabolic and inflammatory health. In this study, we synthesized sixty isomeric SFAHFAs by combining 12 hydroxy fatty acids (C16–C24) and five short-chain fatty acids (C2–C6) including a labelled internal standard. SFAHFA enrichment was achieved by solid-phase extraction and established a sensitive method for their quantitation by targeted LC-MS/MS. The method was applied to profile SFAHFAs in intestinal contents and fecal samples collected from rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The results demonstrated a significant decrease in SFAHFAs in the intestinal contents of the HFD group compared with the control group. The fecal time course (0–8 weeks) profile of SFAHFAs showed significant downregulation of acetic and propanoic acid esters in just 2 weeks after HFD administration. This study offers the first synthesis and quantitation method for SFAHFAs, demonstrating their potential use in elucidating SFAHFA sources, their role in various diseases, and potential biochemical signalling pathways.

CytogeneticsRapid Resolution of Medically Relevant Polyunsaturated, Very Long-, Odd-, and Branched-Chain Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Abstract Fatty acids play an important role in human health and disease. Nearly 100 years ago, the Burrs demonstrated that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were essential for development; subsequent work uncovered the role of PUFAs as precursors to important signaling molecules such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) originally sparked interest over 40 years ago for being elevated in humans with peroxisomal disorders. More recent studies have shown that VLCFAs are elevated in healthy human controls, compared to their diabetic counterparts. In a similar vein, odd chain fatty acids (OCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) of the iso and anteiso variety are higher in humans with insulin sensitivity than in insulin resistant individuals. These families of fatty acids are most frequently analyzed as their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by gas chromatography (GC). Regrettably, even recently published methods resolving BCFAs from their linear correlates have run-times in excess of an hour and, in some cases, over 100 minutes. Objective: The goal of this study was to decrease the GC run-time for the analysis of FAMEs relevant to human health and disease. Methods: Baseline resolution of FAMEs required careful combination of the right gas chromatograph, column dimensions, stationary phase, carrier gas, and temperature programming. Results: We cleanly resolved the FAMEs of all common polyunsaturated, very long-, odd-, and branched-chain fatty acids with baseline separation in only ~15 minutes – a 4-fold improvement over many existing methods. Conclusion: This method will significantly improve analysis of fatty acids in health and disease, especially in large-scale, clinical studies, by quartering the run time necessary to resolve PUFAs, VLCFAs, OCFAs, and BCFAs.

Furan fatty acid amounts and their occurrence in triacylglycerols of white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) from the German market

AbstractVegetables including asparagus contain a wide range of fatty acids, mainly stored in triacylglycerols. One class of interesting minor fatty acids is the family of furan fatty acids (FuFAs) because of their antioxidant properties. Since FuFAs have not been studied previously in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), we developed and applied a simplified method for their analysis in 20 fresh and three preserved samples. Four FuFAs were detected with clear dominance of the dimethyl‐substituted FuFAs (D‐FuFAs) 11D5 and 9D5 as well as small amounts of the monomethyl‐substituted FuFAs (M‐FuFAs) 11M5 and 9M5. The total amounts of FuFAs in fresh white asparagus ranged from 1.4 to 4.6 mg/100 g dry weight (mean 3.0 mg/100 g dry weight). Subsequent LC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐HRMS measurements enabled the detection of 22 different FuFA‐containing TAGs. These were predominantly found together with one or two polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Erucic acid ameliorates the lipopolysaccharide‐induced memory deficit in rats through inhibited inflammation cytokines expression/caspase 3/NF‐κB pathways

AbstractErucic acid is a single unsaturated fatty acid that falls under the omega‐9 fatty acid family. It was suggested to treat Wistar rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced memory impairment and minimize cognitive impairment. A total of 30 animals were randomized: group I was normally treated group, group II was administered with LPS, group III was treated with LPS along with erucic acid at the dose of 10 mg kg–1 p.o.–1, group IV was treated with LPS along with erucic acid at 20 mg kg–1 p.o.–1 and group V was the erucic acid per se group provided at the dose of 20 mg kg–1 p.o.–1 per se. Behavioral tests were evaluated by using the Morris water maze and Y‐maze. Biochemical analysis including acetylcholine esterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutathione (GSH), catalase activity (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide (NO) along with proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), caspase 3, and neuroinflammatory biomarker (nuclear factor kappa B‐NF‐κB) were measured. Erucic acid produced substantial behavioral improvement in the Y‐maze test, including spontaneous alterations and reduced latency time during acquisition, and a longer duration of time in the consolidation phase undergoing the MWM test. Furthermore, erucic acid improved the AChE, proinflammatory markers, and oxidative stress as well as restoring endogenous antioxidant levels, ChAT, caspase 3, and NF‐κB levels. Erucic acid may be a therapeutic component for conditions related to memory disorders such as memory impairment, enhances memory functioning, and protects against neuronal damage.

Alternative fatty acid desaturation pathways revealed by deep profiling of total fatty acids in RAW 264.7 cell line

In-depth structural characterization of lipids provides a new means to investigate lipid metabolism. In this study, we have conducted deep profiling of total fatty acids (FAs) from RAW 264.7 macrophages by utilizing charge-tagging Paternò-Büchi derivatization of carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A series of FAs exhibiting unusual site(s) of unsaturation was unearthed, with their identities being confirmed by observing anticipated compositional alterations upon desaturase inhibition. The data reveal that FADS2 Δ 6-desaturation can generate n-11 C=C in the odd-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) as well as n-10 and n-12 families of even-chain MUFAs. SCD1 Δ 9-desaturation yields n-6, n-8, and n-10 of odd-chain MUFAs, as well as n-5, n-7, and n-9 families of even-chain MUFAs. Besides n-3 and n-6 families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the presence of n-7 and n-9 families of PUFAs indicates that the n-7 and n-9 isomers of FA 18:1 can be utilized as substrates for further desaturation and elongation. The n-7 and n-9 families of PUFAs identified in RAW 264.7 macrophages are noteworthy because their C=C modifications are achieved exclusively via de novo lipogenesis. Our discovery outlines the metabolic plasticity in fatty acid desaturation which constitutes an unexplored rewiring in RAW264.7 macrophages.

GPCR-mediated effects of fatty acids and bile acids on glucose homeostasis.

Fatty acids and glucose are key biomolecules that share several commonalities including serving as energy substrates and as signaling molecules. Fatty acids can be synthesized endogenously from intermediates of glucose catabolism via de-novo lipogenesis. Bile acids are synthesized endogenously in the liver from the biologically important lipid molecule, cholesterol. Evidence abounds that fatty acids and bile acids play direct and indirect roles in systemic glucose homeostasis. The tight control of plasma glucose levels during postprandial and fasted states is principally mediated by two pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon. Here, we summarize experimental studies on the endocrine effects of fatty acids and bile acids, with emphasis on their ability to regulate the release of key hormones that regulate glucose metabolism. We categorize the heterogenous family of fatty acids into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), unsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, and highlight that along with bile acids, these biomolecules regulate glucose homeostasis by serving as endogenous ligands for specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Activation of these GPCRs affects the release of incretin hormones by enteroendocrine cells and/or the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by pancreatic islets, all of which regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. We deduce that signaling induced by fatty acids and bile acids is necessary to maintain euglycemia to prevent metabolic diseases such as type-2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders.

Prediction of fatty acid composition in intact and minced fat of European autochthonous pigs breeds by near infrared spectroscopy

The fatty acids profile has been playing a decisive role in recent years, thanks to technological, sensory and health demands from producers and consumers. The application of NIRS technique on fat tissues, could lead to more efficient, practical, and economical in the quality control. The study aim was to assess the accuracy of Fourier Transformed Near Infrared Spectroscopy technique to determine fatty acids composition in fat of 12 European local pig breeds. A total of 439 spectra of backfat were collected both in intact and minced tissue and then were analyzed using gas chromatographic analysis. Predictive equations were developed using the 80% of samples for the calibration, followed by full cross validation, and the remaining 20% for the external validation test. NIRS analysis of minced samples allowed a better response for fatty acid families, n6 PUFA, it is promising both for n3 PUFA quantification and for the screening (high, low value) of the major fatty acids. Intact fat prediction, although with a lower predictive ability, seems suitable for PUFA and n6 PUFA while for other families allows only a discrimination between high and low values.

Green cabbage supplementation influences the gene expression and fatty acid levels of adipose tissue in Chinese Wanxi White geese.

Dietary green cabbage was evaluated for its impact on fatty acid synthetic ability in different adipose tissues during fattening of Wanxi White geese. A total of 256 Wanxi White geese at their 70 days were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 4 replicates and fed 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% fresh green cabbage (relative to dry matter), respectively, in each group. Adipose tissues (subcutaneous and abdominal fat), liver and blood were collected from 4 birds in each replicate at their 70, 80, 90, and 100 days for fatty acid composition, relative gene expression and serum lipid analysis. Two-way or three-way analysis of variance was used for analysis. The contents of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) were feeding time dependently increased. The C16:0 and stearic acid (C18:0) were higher in abdominal fat, while C16:1, oleic acid (C18:1), and C18:2 were higher in subcutaneous fat. Geese fed 45% green cabbage exhibited highest level of C18:3. Geese fed green cabbage for 30 d exhibited higher level of C16:0 and C18:0 in abdominal fat, while geese fed 30% to 45% green cabbage exhibited higher C18:3 in subcutaneous fat. The expression of Acsl1 (p = 0.003) and Scd1 (p<0.0001) were decreased with green cabbage addition. Interaction between feeding time and adipose tissue affected elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (Elovl6), acyl-CoA synthetase longchain family member 1 (Acsl1), and stearoly-coA desaturase 1 (Scd1) gene expression levels (p = 0.013, p = 0.003, p = 0.005). Feeding time only affected serum lipid levels of free fatty acid and chylomicron. Higher contents of C16:0, C18:1, and C18:3 were associated with greater mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001), while higher level of C18:2 was associated with less mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001). Considering content of C18:2 and C18:3, 30% addition of green cabbage could be considered for fattening for 30 days in Wanxi White geese.

Abstract 240: Bioactive Lipids In Circulation: Biomarker Of Ageing?

Blood transports cells and nutrients. However, it is less known that the major plasma compound is the lipid family in the broad sense. Among these lipids, cholesterol, triglyceride but also the family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites. These lipid mediators are involved in several chronic, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. But, ageing is associated with chronic inflammation and affects almost 20% of the world’s population. Thus, it is by far the most important population before cardiovascular disease and cancer. Using mass spectrometry analyses, we evaluated the levels of different classes of lipid mediators from healthy young and elderly donors (single donor apheresis). Our data showed a significant decrease of lysophosphatidic acid species‘s expression, modulation of the 5-lipoxygenase product’s, as well as lipid mediators derived from PUFA oxidation. Their effect on blood vessel and circulating cells influenced their function. Indeed, lipid mediator intake is involved in transfusion reactions, and we observed an activation of blood cells, especially platelet, with significant increase of p-selectin. These data highlighted the importance of lipid mediator level in a context of transfusion and ageing of blood donor independently of the storage time of single donor apheresis. They can serve as biomarker of ageing.

Physio-Chemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Microencapsulated Silkworm Pupae Oil Enriched Mayonnaise

This study investigates to enrich the mayonnaise with novel oil replacer which is from silkworm pupae insect. Due to their health benefits, the well-known omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid families are the most significant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) demanded in foods. Insects are traditionally consumed as food in different parts of the world since they are both a good source of protein and rich in essential fatty acids (EPA and DHA). The product Mayonnaise was developed using Encapsulated Silkworm Pupae Oil powder (Mayo-ESOP of 10 g) and Silkworm Pupae Oil (Mayo-SPO OF 10 ML) and was compared with control mayonnaise prepared out of sunflower oil. The mayonnaise samples were analysed for oxidative stability through peroxide values at 0, 7, 14 and day 21 days and after preparation of physical parameters such as droplet size for surface (µm), volume (µm), viscosity (γ=10 s-1), proximate analysis, colour values (*L, *a and *b) fatty acids profile. The study revealed that Mayo-ESOP and Mayo-SPO samples showed better oxidative stability as a result of this not affecting any quality aspects of mayonnaise samples. The proximate composition among the three variations of mayonnaise Mayo-SPO was found to have a maximum fat content of 76.13±0.01g per 100 g, followed by Mayo-ESOP 72.3±0.01g/100 g and Control 66.21±0.01g/100 g respectively. The fat composition indicates that silkworm pupae have a very good fatty acid profile, which includes omega 9 and omega 6. The colour values (L*, a*, b*) and the total colour difference represented as (ΔE values) had no much significant difference show the yellowness colour for mayonnaise sample compared to control due to the presence of carotenoids. Overall, the colour assessment reveals that the oil was of good quality. Oxidative stability indicates the mayonnaise samples stored at a refrigerated temperature for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days had significantly difference on peroxide values due to oxidation of mayonnaise samples.