Fatty Acids C18 Research Articles

The FAME profiles of Cadmium resistant Ochrobactrum sp. and Lead and Arsenate resistant Bacillus spp.

Three bacterial isolates named, CdSP9 (Ochrobactrum sp.), PbSP6 (Bacillus sp.) and AsSP9 (Bacillus sp.) resistant to cadmium, lead and arsenic salts, have been characterized in this study on the basis of the changes in their total fatty acid composition under respective heavy metal stress. A general increase of saturated fatty acids was observed in presence of metal. In cadmium treated CdSP9, the saturated fatty acids, C14:0 and C16:0 and unsaturated fatty acids C14:1, C18:1cis and C18:2cis were formed in increased amounts and two short chain saturated fatty acids, C12:0 and C13:0 were expressed exclusively. In PbSP6, fatty acids C15:0, C16:0 and C17:0 were significantly increased in presence of lead, while C11:0 was expressed under treated condition only. Regarding AsSP9, the unsaturated fatty acids like C18:1cis, C18:2cis were predominantly formed under arsenic treated condition and the omega-3 fatty acid C18:3n3, which is not found in other two strains, was exclusively expressed in AsSP9, though in absence of the metalloid. These changes in the fatty acid composition are in response to the given heavy metal/metalloid stress and their role in defence against heavy metal toxicity seems very significant.

Variovorax gossypii sp. nov., isolated from Gossypium hirsutum.

A beige-pigmented bacterial strain (JM-310T), isolated from the healthy internal root tissue of 4-week-old cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, cultivar 'DES-119') in Tallassee (Macon county), Alabama, USA, was studied taxonomically. The isolate produced small rod-shaped cells, which showed a Gram-negative staining behaviour. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate revealed 99.2, 98.8, 98.7, 98.7, 98.1 and 97.6 % similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strains of Variovorax paradoxus, Variovorax boronicumulans, Variovorax ginsengisoli, Variovorax soli, Variovorax defluvii and Variovorax dokdonensis, respectively. In phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain JM-301T was placed within the monophyletic cluster of Variovorax species. The fatty acid profile of strain JM-310T consisted mainly of the major fatty acids C16 : 0, C10 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 4 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH/C16 : 1ω7c/t). The quinone system of strain JM-310T contained predominantly ubiquinone Q-8 and lesser amounts of Q-7 and Q-9. The major polyamine was putrescine and the diagnostic polyamine 2-hydroxyputrescine was detected as well. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major lipids phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphospatidylglycerol and several unidentified lipids. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with V. paradoxus LMG 1797T, V. boronicumulans 1.22T, V. soli KACC 11579T and V. ginsengisoli 3165T gave levels of relatedness of < 70 %. These DNA-DNA hybridization results in addition to differential biochemical properties indicate clearly that strain JM-310T is a member of a novel species, for which the name Variovorax gossypii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JM-310T ( = LMG 28869T = CIP 110912T = CCM 8614T).

Structural characterisation of the acyl CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) gene and association studies with milk traits in Assaf sheep breed

Because DGAT1 plays a fundamental role in triacylglycerol synthesis, existing SNPs in DGAT1 gene might provide important information in partially explaining, the variation of milk fat content in dairy sheep. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to sequence the complete ovine acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1)gene in order to identify polymorphisms and to look for its possible association with milk traits in Assaf sheep breed. Polymorphisms identification in the DGAT1gene was carried out in 50 individuals belonging to five sheep breeds reared in Spain: Rasa Aragonesa (n=10), Manchega (n=10), Churra Tensina (n=10), Latxa (n=10) and Spanish Assaf (n=10). The association studies between polymorphisms, and milk traits were carried out using animals belonging to three flocks of Assaf breed (n=402). Four SNPs were detected, one in exon 1 (EU178818: g.358C>A), two in exon 17 (g.8522C>T and g.8539C>T), and one in intron 10 (g.7457C>A). The SNP in exon 1, g.358C>A,generates a non-conservative substitution at position p.Asp53Glu (GenBank ABW24130). The first SNP in exon 17 (g.8522C>T)causes an amino acid change at position p.Arg482Cys.The genotype frequencies were studied in a panel of 9 breed reared in Spain: Ansotana (n=50), Latxa (n=36), Romanov (n=33), Rasa aragonesa (n=55), Churra (n=52), Churra tensina (n=57), Churra lebrijana (n=50), Manchega (n=48) and Assaf (n=402). All breeds were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for all SNPs, except for the SNPs g.8522C>T and g.8539C>T SNPs which showed a deficit of heterozygous animals in Ansotana breed. This gene show low variability in a panel of 9 breeds reared in Spain. The only polymorphism not fixed in Assaf breed was the SNP g.8539C>T, and was used to test possible association with milk traits. The allelic frequency of the 8539C allele was 0.96, being 373 animals homozygous for the CC genotype and 29 heterozygous. The association studies showed that lactose, fatty acids C4:0, C16:1 c9, and the ratio n-6:n-3 were affected by the SNP g.8539C>T. Animals carrying the CC genotype had greater lactose, C4:0 and C16:1 c9 contents and lower ratio of n-6:n-3 compare to the CT ones. Probably the SNP g.8539C>T, is not causative of the variation observed in the lactose content but might be in linkage disequilibrium with the causal mutation located in the same or other closer gene.

Fatty Acid Profile of Milk and Cheese from Dairy Cows Supplemented a Diet with Palm Kernel Cake.

Lipid supplements (oilseeds vegetables) are included in ruminant diet to increase its energy density and improve fatty acid composition of milk and consequently of fresh cheese. Milk and cheeses were evaluated from crossbred Holstein × Zebu, fed diets enriched with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% inclusion levels of palm kernel cake in concentrated supplement, which were supplied daily (3.0 kg). Milk and fresh cheese (p = 0.001) fatty acids C12:0 exhibited quadratic negative values. Milk fatty acids C13:0, C20:0, C18:2t10c12, and C20:2n-6 presented positive quadratic values. The milk C18:2n-6 decreased linearly and in fresh cheese exhibited an increasing linear effect (p = 0.016). However, the fatty acids grouped in milk fat were not affected. The medium-chain fatty acids varied negatively and quadratically (p = 0.045). There was no effect on milk and fresh cheese chemical composition (p > 0.05). The milk fat was increased (p = 0.0065) quadratically (minimum point of 24.7%). Thus, the addition of palm kernel cake to cow diets negatively altered the fatty acid profile, it raises the percentage of lauric (C12) and tridecanoic (C13) acids fat which is not beneficial to human health from a nutraceutical perspective, although it did not influence the atherogenicity index.

Heritability of milk fat composition is considerably lower for Meuse-Rhine-Yssel compared to Holstein Friesian cattle

The aim of this paper is to identify differences in genetic variation of fatty acid (FA) composition in milk in different breeds. Data used included Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (MRY) and Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle breeds which were raised in the Netherlands. Both populations participated in the same milk recording system, but differed in selection history, where in the MRY there has been relatively very little emphasis on selection for high-input high-output production systems compared to HF. Differences in genetic variation were investigated by estimating breed specific additive genetic variances and heritabilities for FA contents in milk of MRY and HF. Mid Infrared Spectrometry spectra were used to predict total fat percentage and detailed FA contents in milk (14 individual FA and 14 groups of FA in g of fat/dL of milk). The dataset for MRY contained 2916 records from 2049 registered cows having at least 50% genes of MRY origin and the dataset used for HF contained 155,319 records from 96,315 registered cows having at least 50% genes of HF origin. Variance components of individual FA content in milk for the different breeds were estimated using a single trait animal model. Additive genetic variances for FA produced through de novo synthesis (short chain FA, C12:0, C14:0, and partly C16:0), C14:1 c-9 and C16:1 c-9 were significantly higher (P<0.001) for HF compared to MRY. Heritabilities of the individual FA, C4:0 to C18:0, for HF ranged from 0.28 to 0.52 and for MRY from 0.17 to 0.34. Heritabilities of the individual C18 unsaturated FA for HF ranged from 0.11 to 0.34 and for MRY from 0.10 to 0.26. Although the mean content in milk for the FA C18:2 c-9, t-11 was low in both breeds, the additive genetic variance in our dataset was significantly higher for MRY (P<0.05) compared to HF. Heritabilities of the groups of FA for HF ranged from 0.19 to 0.53 and for MRY from 0.11 to 0.28. For the majority of the FA, the additive genetic variances for HF were significantly higher compared to MRY, except for most of the poly-unsaturated FA. The results for the poly-unsaturated FA, however, may be affected by the lower accuracy of the predictions for these FA. In conclusion, our results show that the HF breed has substantially larger genetic variance for most FA compared to MRY.

Alpha-1-anti-trypsin-Fc fusion protein ameliorates gouty arthritis by reducing release and extracellular processing of IL-1β and by the induction of endogenous IL-1Ra

ObjectivesIn the present study, we generated a new protein, recombinant human alpha-1-anti-trypsin (AAT)-IgG1 Fc fusion protein (AAT-Fc), and evaluated its properties to suppress inflammation and interleukin (IL)-1β in a mouse...

Impact of soil salinity on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi biodiversity and microflora biomass associated with Tamarix articulata Vahll rhizosphere in arid and semi-arid Algerian areas

Soil salinization is an increasingly important problem in many parts of the world, particularly under arid and semi-arid areas. Unfortunately, the knowledge about restoration of salt affected ecosystems using mycorrhizae is limited. The current study aims to investigate the impact of salinity on the microbial richness of the halophytic plant Tamarix articulata rhizosphere. Soil samples were collected from natural sites with increasing salinity (1.82–4.95 ds.m−1). Six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species were isolated from the different saline soils and identified as Septoglomus constrictum, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis geosporum, Funneliformis coronatum, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, and Gigaspora gigantea. The number of AMF spores increased with soil salinity. Total root colonization rate decreased from 65 to 16% but remained possible with soil salinity. Microbial biomass in T. articulata rhizosphere was affected by salinity. The phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) C16:1ω5 as well as i15:0, a15:0, i16:0, i17:0, a17:0, cy17:0, C18:1ω7 and cy19:0 increased in high saline soils suggesting that AMF and bacterial biomasses increased with salinity. In contrast, ergosterol amount was negatively correlated with soil salinity indicating that ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal biomasses were reduced with salinity. Our findings highlight the adaptation of arbuscular and bacterial communities to natural soil salinity and thus the potential use of mycorrhizal T. articulata trees as an approach to restore moderately saline disturbed arid lands.

“Role of peroxisomes in human lipid metabolism and its importance for neurological development”

Peroxisomes play a crucial role in normal neurological development as exemplified by the devastating neurological consequences of a defect in the biogenesis of peroxisomes as in Zellweger syndrome. The underlying basis for the important role of peroxisomes in neurological development resides in the fact that peroxisomes catalyze a number of physiological functions, notably involving the metabolism of different lipids. Indeed, peroxisomes catalyse the beta-oxidative breakdown of certain fatty acids including: (1.) the very long-chain fatty acids C22:0, C24:0, and C26:0; (2.) pristanic acid and (3.) the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid which cannot be oxidized in mitochondria. Furthermore, peroxisomes catalyze the synthesis of a particular type of lipids, i.e. ether-linked phospholipids, which are highly abundant in brain, especially in myelin. The current state of knowledge with respect to the metabolic role of peroxisomes will be described in this paper with particular emphasis on the role of peroxisomes in brain.

The relationship between fatty acid profiles in milk identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and onset of luteal activity in Norwegian dairy cattle

To investigate the feasibility of milk fatty acids as predictors of onset of luteal activity (OLA), 87 lactations taken from 73 healthy Norwegian Red cattle were surveyed over 2 winter housing seasons. The feasibility of using frozen milk samples for dry-film Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) determination of milk samples was also tested. Morning milk samples were collected thrice weekly (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for the first 10 wk in milk (WIM). These samples had bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) added to them before being frozen at −20°C, thawed, and analyzed by ELISA to determine progesterone concentration and the concentrations of the milk fatty acids C4:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and cis-9 C18:1 as a proportion of total milk fatty acid content using dry-film FTIR, and averaged by WIM. Onset of luteal activity was defined as the first day that milk progesterone concentrations were >3 ng/mL for 2 successive measurements; the study population was categorized as early (n=47) or late (n=40) OLA, using the median value of 21 DIM as the cutoff. Further milk samples were collected 6 times weekly, from morning and afternoon milkings, these were pooled by WIM, and one proportional sample was analyzed fresh for fat, protein, and lactose content by the dairy company Tine SA, using traditional FTIR spectrography in the wet phase of milk. Daily energy-balance calculations were performed in 42 lactations and averaged by WIM. Animals experiencing late OLA had a more negative energy balance in WIM 1, 3, 4, and 5, with the greatest differences been seen in WIM 3 and 4. A higher proportion of the fatty acids were medium chained, C14:0 and C16:0, in the early than in the late OLA group from WIM 1. In WIM 4, the proportion of total fatty acid content that was C16:0 predicted late OLA, with 74% sensitivity and 80% specificity. The long-chain proportion of the fatty acids C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 were lower in the early than in the late OLA group. Differences were greatest in WIM 4 and 5. Differences in concentrations of cis-9 C18:1 were seen between the groups from WIM 1. No relationship was seen between OLA and milk concentrations of either protein or fat, or between OLA and the milk fat:protein ratio. The differences in milk fatty acid proportions between the 2 groups are most likely related to differences in energy balance. The study shows that frozen milk samples can be tested for fatty acids by FTIR spectroscopy and that FTIR spectroscopy of milk can be used to provide real-time information about cow reproductive function.

Maternal high-fat-diet programs rat offspring liver fatty acid metabolism.

In offspring exposed in utero to a maternal diet high in fat (HF), we have previously demonstrated that despite similar birth weights, HF adult offspring at 6 months of age had significantly higher body weights, greater adiposity, and increased triacylglycerol (TAG) levels as compared to controls. We hypothesized that a maternal HF diet predisposes to offspring adiposity via a programmed increase in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids in the liver and hence increased substrate availability for liver TAG synthesis. We further hypothesized that programmed changes in offspring liver fatty acid metabolism are associated with increased liver expression of the lipogenic enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1). Female rats were maintained on a HF diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) prior to and throughout pregnancy and lactation. After birth, newborns were nursed by the same dam, and all offspring were weaned to control diet. Plasma and liver fatty acid compositions were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Fatty acid C16 desaturation indices of palmitoleic/palmitic and (vaccenic + palmitoleic)/palmitic and the C18 desaturation index of oleic/stearic were calculated. Liver protein abundance of SCD-1 was analyzed in newborns and adult offspring. Plasma and liver C16 desaturation indices were decreased in HF newborns, but increased in the adult offspring. Liver SCD-1 expression was increased in the HF adult offspring. These data show that the maternal HF diet during pregnancy and lactation increases offspring liver SCD-1 protein abundance and alters the liver C16 desaturase pathway.

Investigation of the effects of the fatty acid profile on fuel properties using a multi-criteria decision analysis

The structural features of fatty acids in biodiesel, including degree of unsaturation, percentage of saturated fatty acids and average chain length, influence important fuel properties such as cetane number, iodine value, density, kinematic viscosity, higher heating value and oxidation stability. The composition of fatty acid esters within the fuel should therefore be in the correct ratio to ensure fuel properties are within international biodiesel standards such as ASTM 6751 or EN14214. This study scrutinises the influence of fatty acid composition and individual fatty acids on fuel properties. Fuel properties were estimated based on published equations, and measured according to standard procedure ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 to confirm the influences of the fatty acid profile. Based on fatty acid profile-derived calculations, the cetane number of the microalgal biodiesel was estimated to be 11.6, but measured 46.5, which emphasises the uncertainty of the method used for cetane number calculation. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), PROMETHEE–GAIA, was used to determine the influence of individual fatty acids on fuel properties in the GAIA plane. Polyunsaturated fatty acids increased the iodine value and had a negative influence on cetane number. Kinematic viscosity was negatively influenced by some long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C20:5 and C22:6 and some of the more common saturated fatty acids C14:0 and C18:0. The positive impact of average chain length on higher heating value was also confirmed in the GAIA plane.

Elizabethkingia endophytica sp. nov., isolated from Zea mays and emended description of Elizabethkingia anophelisKämpfer et al. 2011.

A slightly yellow bacterial strain (JM-87(T)), isolated from the stem of healthy 10 day-old sweet corn (Zea mays), was studied for its taxonomic allocation. The isolate revealed Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped cells. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate showed 99.1, 97.8, and 97.4% similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strains of Elizabethkingia anophelis, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and Elizabethkingia miricola, respectively. The fatty acid profile of strain JM-87(T) consisted mainly of the major fatty acids C15:0 iso, C17:0 iso 3-OH, and C15:0 iso 2-OH/C16:1ω7c/t. The quinone system of strain JM-87(T) contained, exclusively, menaquinone MK-6. The major polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major lipid phosphatidylethanolamine plus several unidentified aminolipids and other unidentified lipids. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with E. meningoseptica CCUG 214(T) ( = ATCC 13253(T)), E. miricola KCTC 12492(T) ( = GTC 862(T)) and E. anophelis R26(T) resulted in relatedness values of 17% (reciprocal 16%), 30% (reciprocal 19%), and 51% (reciprocal 54%), respectively. These DNA-DNA hybridization results, in addition to some differentiating biochemical properties, clearly indicate that strain JM-87(T) is a representative of a novel species, for which the name Elizabethkingia endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JM-87(T) ( = CIP 110885(T) = LMG 28604(T) = CCM 8570(T)).

Lipid profile and cholesterol of pork with the use of glycerin in feeding

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of adding different levels of glycerin in the feeding on the lipid profile and cholesterol of the meat of finishing pigs. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial 5x2, being five levels of glycerin in the diet and two genders. Sixty (60) swine of the Topigs genetics (30 barrows and 30 gilts) were used; they presented initial average weight of 79.3+4.0kg and were finished with the weight of 106.2+4.5kg. The levels of glycerin utilized were 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200g/kg in the natural matter. The analyses of lipid and cholesterol profile were conducted in the muscles longissimus dorsi(loin) andsemimembranosus (ham) on the left side of the carcasses. Interaction occurred between the levels of crude glycerin in the diet and the sexual category for the profile of fatty acids and cholesterol. On the loin the meat of the barrows presented higher means of C16:0, C16:1, C20:3ω3, C18:1ω9c, Total of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids. On the ham, increased means were found for the fatty acids C18:1ω9c, MUFA, activity of ∆9-desaturaseC18 and ElongaseC16-18in barrows. The sows' meat presented higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids and of the series ω6 for both the cuts. The amount of cholesterol in the sows' meat presented increase according to the level of glycerin in the meat. The barrows' meat presented indices of atherogenicity greater than the gilts. The levels of glycerin altered the lipid profile and cholesterol content according to the sexual category, promoting a distinct effect on the loin and ham.

Chryseobacterium limigenitum sp. nov., isolated from dehydrated sludge.

An intense yellow pigmented strain (SUR2(T)) isolated from dehydrated activated sludge was studied in detail to clarify its taxonomic assignment. Cells of the isolate showed a rod-shaped morphology and stained Gram-negative. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed highest similarities to the type strains of Chryseobacterium polytrichastri YG4-6(T) (98.6%), Chryseobacterium aahli T68F(T) (97.9%), Chryseobacterium daeguense K105(T) and Chryseobacterium gregarium DSM 79109(T) (both 97.4%). 16S rRNA gene-sequence similarities to all other Chryseobacterium species were below 97.3%. The fatty acid analysis of strain SUR2(T) revealed a Chryseobacterium typical profile composed mainly of the fatty acids C15:0 iso, C15:0 iso 2-OH, C17:1 iso ω9c, and C17:0 iso 3-OH. DNA-DNA hybridizations with the type strains of C. polytrichastri, C. aahli, C. daeguense and C. gregarium resulted in values below 70%. Differentiating biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties showed differences to the most closely related species and suggest that the isolate SUR2(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium limigenitum sp. nov. (type strain SUR2(T)=ZIM B1019(T)=CCM 8594(T) = LMG 28734(T)) is proposed.

Biochemical composition of the promising live feed tropical calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei (Sewell 1919) cultured in Taiwanese outdoor aquaculture ponds

Abstract The use of copepods as live feed has shown good potential, and in Taiwan copepods are harvested specifically as live feed for fin-fish production. The calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei is a species found typically in Taiwanese aquaculture and in the rest of the Indo-Pacific region. The copepods, as well as seston, were sampled from outdoor large-scale aquaculture ponds in southern Taiwan during a three week period in the summer, and their somatic biomass, fatty acid and amino acid profiles were examined. The resulting fatty acid profiles of the copepods and pond seston were compared. The analyses reveal high contents of fatty acids in the adult females (approx. 16% of dry weight) with moderate content in the nauplii (approx. 5% of dry weight). Relative abundance of HUFAs was also high. The ratio of fatty acids C22:6 n − 3 (DHA) and C20:5 n − 3 (EPA) stayed above 1.4 with the lowest combined relative abundance of 21.8% of total fatty acid content. The fatty acid C20:4 n − 6 (ARA) was present in adult females and late stage nauplii. Overall, P. annandalei demonstrated good trophic transfer capabilities of HUFAs. Discrepancies between adult female and seston fatty acid profiles indicate possible fatty acid chain alteration mechanisms and/or alternative dietary input. Frequent addition of different types of meal and manure by the farmers, in order to stimulate productivity in the ponds, may provide adults with additional fatty acids that are not found in the pond seston. Also, amino acid compositions in adult females and late stage nauplii reveal high abundances of lysine, arginine and histidine, which is a further indication of an intake of alternative particles to phytoplankton. Overall, the amino acid profile of P. annandalei reveals an abundance of essential amino acids above 53.8 ± 1.2%, combined with an estimated protein content of 57% of dry weight for adult females. Both the fatty and amino acid profiles show favourable nutritional values towards fish larvae rearing. Further investigation into P. annandalei's potential biosynthetic capabilities and intake of particles other than pelagic seston could pave the way for further manipulation of its nutritional value to suit a range of species of fish larvae.

Ex vivo Digestion of Milk from Red Chittagong Cattle Focusing Proteolysis and Lipolysis.

Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in Red Chittagong Cattle milk from Bangladesh was carried out using human gastrointestinal enzymes. This was done to investigate the protein digestion in this bovine breed’s milk with an especial focus on the degradation of the allergenic milk proteins; αs1-casein and β-lactoglobulin and also to record the generation of peptides. Lipolysis of the milk fat and release of fatty acids were also under consideration. After 40 min of gastric digestion, all the αs-caseins were digested completely while β-lactoglobulin remained intact. During 120 min of duodenal digestion β-lactoglobulin was reduced, however, still some intact β-lactoglobulin was observed. The highest number of peptides was identified from β-casein and almost all the peptides from κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin were identified from the gastric and duodenal samples, respectively. No lipolysis was observed in the gastric phase of digestion. After 120 min of duodenal digestion, milk fat showed 48% lipolysis. Medium (C10:0 to C16:0) and long (≥C17:0) chain fatty acids showed 6% to 19% less lipolysis than the short (C6:0 to C8:0) chain fatty acids. Among the unsaturated fatty acids C18:1∑others showed highest lipolysis (81%) which was more than three times of C18:2∑all and all other unsaturated fatty acids showed lipolysis ranging from 32% to 38%. The overall digestion of Bangladeshi Red Cattle milk was more or less similar to the digestion of Nordic bovine milk (Norwegian Red Cattle).

Fatty acid composition and natural antioxidant capacity of ten Serbian linseed cultivars

Literature data about nutritional characteristics of linseed cultivars from some specific geographical area or country is scarce. For that very reason, following paper is presenting fatty acid (FA) compositions and antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble (ACL) components of ten native linseed cultivars from Serbia. These characteristics can be interesting, especially due to the increasing trend of linseed usage in human diet. Presented results show that there were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences between linseed kernels in FA composition. Negative correlation was found between FA C18:0 and α-linolenic acid (ALA). The cultivar with the highest ACL value was No. 10 (342.66 μmol trolox/kg d.m.), meaning that it had very strong protection against oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs. Nevertheless, correlation between ACL and polyunsaturated FA content in cultivars was not statistically significant (p=0.84). ACL of the samples did not depend on FA composition of linseed, but it might depend on characteristics of a specific cultivar. The aforementioned results show potential usage in storage of linseeds or its products, while FA composition of linseed kernels might be one of criteria for authentication of linseed origin, and can be of great help in future selection of the cultivars, depending on purpose of linseed production.

Lipid and fatty acid profiles of Pseudomonas aurantiaca DNA-bound lipids determined by mass spectrometry

An approach used on investigation of the lipid composition of loosely (fraction 1) and tightly (fraction 2) DNA-bound lipids of Pseudomonas aurantiaca cells by electrospray ionization using mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) was used for determination of the lipidom of a prokaryotic cell. Free fatty acids C16:0, C18:1 (fraction 1), C14:0, C16:0, and C18:2 (fraction 2) were detected. Both fractions of DNA-bound lipids were characterized by the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and lyso-phosphatidylinositol. The alcohol-soluble fraction 1 could also contain phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, while fraction 2 probably contained triacylglycerides. Compared to gas chromatography, ESI-LC-MS provides new possibilities for investigation of the nucleoid lipidome, providing for more detailed investigation of DNA-bound lipids in bacterial cells.

Oligoflexia, the Newest Class of the Phylum Proteobacteria, Consisting of only One Cultured Species and Uncultured Bacterial Phylotypes from Diverse Habitats

The phylum Proteobacteria has recently gained a new taxon Oligoflexia that represents the seventh or eighth (if yet-to-be-validated “Zetaproteobacteria” is included) class, described by the only cultured species (as of December 2014), Oligoflexus tunisiensis, as the type species. This bacterium exhibits cellular polymorphism and presence of the uncommon fatty acid C16: 1ω5c as high as >65% of total fatty acids, besides its unique 16S rRNA gene sequence. The class Oligoflexia is characterized by the distinct phylogenetic cluster within the greater proteobacterial cluster, and certain environmentally-derived 16S rRNA gene sequences, a.k.a. environmental clones or phylotypes, of uncultured bacteria are now grouped into the Oligoflexia cluster; however, the content and extent of the cluster has not been clearly depicted. This mini-review illustrates that the Oligoflexia cluster hosts a variety of environmental clones from diverse sources. Currently 20 phylotypes (or clones) are affiliated with the Oligoflexia cluster, and the sources were ranging from soils to cyanobacterial mat, bio-filter, human skin, ant colony, desert, glacial ice, earthworm intestine, and seawater. However, their frequencies in respective clone libraries were generally as low as 85% similarities (class-level affiliation) to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of O. tunisiensis, which accounts for merely 0.04% of those registered in Meta-Metagenomic Data Base (MetaMeta DB). On the other hand, >97%-similarities sequences were found in rhizosphere, and <95%-similar sequences were found from hydrocarbon-rich habitats such as petroleum reservoir. Thus, it is suggested that members of Oligoflexia may display cosmopolite distribution in general as well as endemism in certain geochemical settings.

Composição química e ácidos graxos da picanha de tourinhos alimentados com óleos protegidos ou não protegidos.

Estratégias para melhorar os aspectos nutricionais da carne, principalmente a composição em ácidos graxos, tornaram-se importante objetivo para a comunidade científica. A utilização de diferentes fontes de óleo poderia ser uma ferramenta interessante devido à sua composição em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. A composição química e de ácidos graxos da picanha (Biceps femoris) de 35 tourinhos Nelore terminados em confinamento (96 dias) foram analisadas. Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta controle contendo cana-de-açúcar e concentrado sem óleo ou dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar e concentrado com diferentes fontes de óleo (soja ou linhaça), protegido ou não de degradação ruminal. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições. As médias foram comparadas usando contrastes ortogonais em nível de 5% de significância. Animais alimentados com dietas contendo óleo apresentaram teores mais elevados (P&lt;0,05) de proteína e menores teores de cinza (P&lt;0,05) na carne em relação àqueles alimentados com dieta controle. O óleo de linhaça reduziu (P&lt;0,05) a concentração de colesterol em relação ao óleo de soja (37,70 e 43,80 mg/100 g, respectivamente). Por outro lado, o teor de colesterol da carne aumentou (P&lt;0,05) para os animais alimentados com óleos protegidos em comparação aos não-protegidos (44,53 e 33,97 mg/100 g). O óleo adicionado às dietas resultou em maior (P&lt;0,05) concentração do ácido graxo linolênico. O óleo de linhaça aumentou (P&lt;0,05) os teores dos ácidos graxos C14:1, C16:1 e C18:1 n9. A adição de óleo de linhaça, seja protegido ou não, em dieta para tourinhos Nelore melhora a composição de ácidos graxos da picanha, aumentando a quantidade de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e melhorando a relação omega-6:omega-3.