Fatty Acid Soaps Research Articles

Foaming Property of PEG Nonylphenylether-Saturated Fatty Acid Sodium Salt Binary Systems

The foaming properties of mixtures of PEG-nonylphenylethers (p=6, 9, 12, 20) and saturated fatty acid sodium salts (C12, C14, C16) have been investigated. The combination ratios of nonylphenylethers and soaps, having the foaming power equal or superior to soaps, are limited between a narrow range. The foaming power decreases as the amount of nonylphenylether increases. The range of the above combination ratios becomes wider as the EO mol number of nonylphenylether increases and as the alkyl chain length of fatty acid soap increases. Soap A nonylphenylether=30 : 7010 : 90 have minimum foaming power.

Fatty acid composition of feces and fecaliths.

SummaryThe relative proportions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids in lipids extracted from fecaliths and feces are compared by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Fecaliths, in contrast to feces, contain little oleic acid and no apparent linoleic acid. Thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the types of lipids found in fecaliths and feces. The former contain less triglyceride and more free fatty acids than the latter. Fatty acid soaps were not found in fecaliths.

New Developments in Soluble Oil Manufacture

THE TERM “SOLUBLE OIL,” whilst well established in engineering practice is a misnomer, the oils are not soluble but emsulifiable and are blends of mineral oil with a suitable emulsifier. To illustrate this it might even be said that a very crude soluble oil is formed when soap is rubbed into oily hands. Certainly a crude emulsion results when the hands are subsequently rinsed. Modern soluble cutting oils are much more complex than this, the emulsifier usually consisting of a blend of petroleum sulphonates with soaps of fatty acids. Since this emulsifier may not readily form a homogeneous blend with the mineral oil some “coupling” or “linking” agent is often necessary to prevent separation and to ensure rapid and even dispersion of the oil when it is added to water.

Structure of Adsorbed Layers at the Interface of Mer cury, Surfactant Solution. IV. Structure of Adsorbed Layers of Long Chain Fatty Acid Soaps

カプリン酸ナトリウム(C10OONa)およびラウリン酸ナトリウム(C1200Na)水溶液,水銀界面の微分容量が交流ブリッジ法によって測定された。ラウリン酸ナトリウムではPH=8.81～9.25,30°Cで微分容量-加電圧曲線の陰極側に大,小二つのピークが明瞭に現われる。一般にPHが小さいほど,ピークの分離は明らかで,また温度が上昇する(37.5°,45°C)と小ピークは次第に肩となり,遂に消滅する。この現象は吸着単分子層内に申性分子が混合することによって相分離が起ることに基づくとして説明した。強塩基性溶液では電気毛管極大電位よりやや陽極側に,長鎖イオンの回転によると考えられるピークを認めた。このピークの温度変化に対し,熱力学的考察を行なった。カプリン酸ナトリウムについても,上述の点について同じ傾向を認めた。

Mechanism of retardation in emulsion polymerization of styrene

AbstractEmulsion polymerizations of styrene have been carried out with potassium persulfate as initiator and fatty acid soap as emulsifier in the presence of varying amounts of N,N‐dimethyl‐2,4‐dinitroaniline (DMDNA) and 1‐bromo‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (BrDNB). The latter two substances are retarders. Rates of polymerization, rates of disappearance of retarder, and polymer molecular weight were determined. The ultraviolet spectrum of the retarded polymer showed conclusively the presence of bound DMDNA while the amount of bound DMDNA was determined by a spectrophotometric acid‐base titration with perchloric acid of the polymer dissolved in benzene. BrDNB was prepared using Br82 and the amount of retarder fragments in the polymer determined by radioactive measurement. The quantities of persulfate remaining and of sulfate formed were determined during polymerization strongly retarded by DMDNA. All the results are in quantitative agreement with the following mechanism. The rate‐determining step in initiation is the rate of thermal decomposition of persulfate in water into sulfate free radicals. The sulfate radical reacts with monomer to initiate polymerization. In the absence of retarder, growth is terminated either by chain transfer with monomer or by combination with a second sulfate radical. In the presence of retarder the growing radical may combine with retarder, forming a sluggish free radical to which monomer does not add, and which is terminated by reaction with a second sulfate radical. In this reaction a hydrogen atom is transferred yielding a polymer molecule and a bisulfate ion.

Phase studies of the systems synthetic soap‐sodium chloride‐water

SummaryThe phase behavior of ternary mixtures of various synthetic soaps, sodium chloride, and water are described. Several mixed sodium alkyl sulphates were investigated in detail at two temperatures; pure alkyl sulphates and alkyl and alkylarene sulphonates were investigated only tentatively. The phase relations showed a striking resemblance with those of fatty acid soaps.

Studies on the Interaction of Paraffin Chain Alcohols and Association Colloids. II. The Effect of 1-Decanol on the Conductance of Fatty Acid Soap Solutions.

Studies on the Interaction of Paraffin Chain Alcohols and Association Colloids. II. The Effect of 1-Decanol on the Conductance of Fatty Acid Soap Solutions.

The Effect of Alcohols on the Critical Micelle Concentrations of Fatty Acid Soaps and the Critical Micelle Concentration of Soap Mixtures

The Effect of Alcohols on the Critical Micelle Concentrations of Fatty Acid Soaps and the Critical Micelle Concentration of Soap Mixtures

Applications of fatty acids in metallic soaps

SummaryIn this discussion we have attempted to cover pertinent factors concerning the production and applications of solid fatty acid soaps, with particular emphasis on how the fatty acid characteristics come into play. We have avoided reference to specific formulations because these must be kept in the realm of metallic soap manufacturers’ “know how.” Those interested in modifiers and their effect on metallic soaps can find reference material in past issues of the Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society (for example, reference 9) and in the patent literature.Reference to theoretical considerations of metallic soap structure has also been avoided as in this area the reader can again find reference material in the Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society (for example, reference 10).

The effect of electrolytes on soil redeposition in laboratory and laundry practice

Conclusions1. Fatty acid soaps and pure synthetic detergents have a far greater suspending power for Aquadag soil than either of these types when used in the presence of inorganic salts.2. Any inorganic salts of the type of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium, or magnesium salts, the common alkali or phosphate builders, all tend to cause deposition when used alone or with surface‐active materials.3. Fatty acid soaps are self‐protecting against hard water salt effects.4. Synthetic detergents require protection against calcium and magnesium salts, which can be achieved by adding calcium ion suppressants. The effect of neutral salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, can be eliminated by omitting them from the composition. When these salts are present in minor amounts, the use of protective colloids, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, affords some protection.

Determination of surface area and particle size of synthetic latex by adsorption II. Latices containing rosin acid soaps

The soap titration method (1) for determination of synthetic latex particle size and specific surface area, applied before to latices containing fatty acid soaps, has been extended to include latices prepared with rosin soaps of various kinds. In this connection it was found that only conductance is a reliable means of following the titration, since surface tension measurements give curves from which it is difficult to ascertain the end point. Effective molecular surface areas have been determined for the sodium and potassium soaps of K-wood rosin, Resin 731, Pexite 42, and Gum 42. The areas for the two soaps of a given rosin acid are identical. Furthermore, the areas remain constant between 25° and 50°C. Free rosin acid in a latex does not interfere with the titration and behaves as if it were not present in the system. Hence it is not necessary to neutralize the free rosin acid prior to the addition of soap. It was also found that fatty acid soaps can displace, at least partially, rosin soaps from the polymer surface. The reverse displacement, i.e., of fatty acid by rosin soaps, does not occur. These observations indicate that fatty acid soaps are adsorbed more strongly by the polymer than are the rosin soaps.

Determination of surface area and particle size of synthetic latex by adsorption I. Latices containing fatty acid soaps

A method is described for the determination of the surface area and average particle size of synthetic latices containing fatty acid soaps. The method involves the titration of a latex with soap until the critical micelle concentration of the soap in solution is attained. From the total amount of soap adsorbed per gram of polymer at this point, and the effective molecular surface area of the soap, the above quantities can be calculated. The particle size given by this method is a volume to surface average diameter. Two techniques have been used to determine the titration end point, surface tension and conductance. Both methods give identical results. A scheme is also presented by which correction can be applied for the amount of unadsorbed soap in solution without assumption of the value of the critical micelle concentration of the soap used. In the soap titrations any free fatty acid present in the latices is completely displaced from the polymer surface by the added soap. The effective molecular soap areas required in the calculation of particle size and area have been determined for laurate, myristate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, and OSR soaps. It is shown that these areas are valid from about room temperature to 50°C.

Tensile Properties of Films from Low-Temperature GR-S Latex

Abstract Studies were made of the influence of a number of polymerization variables on the tensile strength of vulcanized evaporated films from low-temperature high-solids GR-S latexes. Previous reports of film tensiles on the order of 3000 pounds per square inch for latexes of 70/30 butadiene-styrene charge ratio were confirmed. The levels of accelerator necessary for optimum vulcanized properties were found to be considerably lower than those normally used, particularly for latexes shortstopped with dithiocarbamate salts. Microscopic coagulum found in some latex samples had a pronounced effect in decreasing film tensile of vulcanizates. Cured films from latexes emulsified with mixtures of fatty acid and rosin soap possessed considerably better tensile strengths than those from latexes using all fatty acid soap emulsification. Wide variations on Mooney viscosity had relatively little effect on ultimate film tensiles. Incorporation of small amounts of lignin into the latex as the ammonium or sodium salt decreased cure rates of films and aided in giving more reproducible tensile results. Both lignin and the sodium salt of cresyl monosulfide improved the aging characteristics of films.

Redox recipes. IX. Alkaline nitroprusside‐hydroperoxide recipes

AbstractRedox recipes containing nitroprusside are described for the emulsion copolymerization of butadiene (75)‐styrene(25). Approximately 65% conversion is reached in 8 hours at 25° with a recipe containing 5 parts of fatty acid soap, 0.3 part of sodium nitroprusside dihydrate, 0.1 part of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 0.1 part of diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, 0.5 part of n‐dodecyl mercaptan, and 0.5 part of potassium chloride per 180 parts of water and 100 parts of monomers. If alkali is added to the polymerization system the polymerization is accelerated markedly and the addition of 0.1 part of hydroxylamine does not affect the rate. Approximately 60% conversion is reached in 12 hours at 5°C. with a recipe similar to that given above, but without hydroxylamine, provided that the aqueous phase is 0.01 M in trisodium phosphate or alkali hydroxide. From the effect of various factors upon the rate of conversion it is postulated that in the low temperature recipe (with added alkali) the initiation occurs by RO · radicals: magnified image In the recipe without added alkali but with hydroxylamine hydrochloride the initiation apparently occurs by RS · radicals (RSH is mercaptan) formed by interaction of the oxidation product of nitroprusside with primary mercaptan.

Structure and aggregation in dilate solution of surface active agents

SummaryCritical micelle concentrations (CMC) are shown to depend on chain length. All straight chain saturated surface active agents of equal ion length have approximately the same CMC. Thus a C13 fatty acid soap, a C12 sulfonate, a C11 sulfate, and a C12 ammonium chloride have CMC values of 0.010–0.014M. Values of CMC are not changed to any extent by substitution near the hydrophilic head of one, two, or three groups, even as large as hydroxyethyl, in place of the amine hydrogens in the cationic detergents. However substitution with dihydroxypropyl groups has a marked effect on association in C12 but not in the C16 series, indicating that the relative lengths of the two chains must be considered as an important factor in association. This is well illustrated in the dialkylsulfosuccinate series, and in a tetradecane sulfate series in which the −SO4Na group was progressively moved down the chain, particularly when the branched chain compounds are compared with the corresponding straight chain detergents of length equal to the maximum length from the charged head to the ultimate carbon atom. Introduction of double bonds causes a small but definite increase in CMC whereas polar substitution in the chain results in a marked increase in CMC. Possible micelle structures are discussed in the light of these association phenomena, and it is concluded that the assignment of a definite size and shape to micelles appears at the present time to be slightly premature. However if one includes the concept of relative order‐disorder in the micelle as one of the factors, in addition to chain length, type of detergent, and environment, which are important in micelle structure, it is possible to explain partially the apparent marked differences which have been reported for micelles of different surface active agents.

On the Fungicidal Action of Capillary Active Substances upon the Conidia of Ophiobolus Miyabeanus

1. In this paper, the results of experiments on the relations between chemical structures as well as capillary activities and fungicidal (fungistatic) actions upon the conidia of Ophiobolus Miyabeanus Ito et krib. of monobasic fatty acid soaps of carbon number 4∼18 and other capillary active substances were described. For evaluating the fungicidal action the conidia were submerger in the solution of fungicide for 4 hours at temperature 28°C, then submitted for germination after washing with water.2. The fungicidal action of the monobasic saturated fatty acid potassium soaps increased gradually with increasing carbon numbers and reached maximum at the capric (C10) and lauric (C12) acid soaps, then diminished again. There were some correlations between the fungicidal actions and the capillary activities of these soaps. The solutions of cepric and lauric acid potassium soap showed some difference in their dissociation degrees, while their fungicidal actions were equally powerful in the same molecular concentration, viz. about 90% of conidia were fungistatic with 0.01M solutions.3. The potassium soaps of monobasic unsaturated oleic, linolic and linoleic acids with carbon numbers 18 showed smaller fungicidal power than those of the saturated acids, and any correlation of fungicidal power with capilary activities was hard to find. The increase of the unsaturated double bonds in the molecule of the soaps having the same carbon numbers (C18) promoted the fungicidal power slightly.4. No difference in the fungicidal actions was found between the sodium and potassium soaps of monobasic saturated fatty acids.5. Naphthenic and abietic acid soaps, while showing similar physical properties with fatty acid soaps, had low fungicidal power.6. Detergents such as Igepon T, Nekal BX and sodium salt of sulfate of ricinoleic acid showed very weak fungicidal power, though their capillary activities were very strong.7. The cation active soap containing cetyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride had considerable capillary activity and also strong fungicidal action in concentration as low as 0.004%.

Some new metallic compounds of unsaturated fatty acids: Their preparation and properties

AbstractThe preparation of a series of new metallic soaps of the monoethenoid fatty acids is described. Compounds of selected transition elements with cis‐ and trans‐monoethenoid fatty acids have been prepared and their properties studied.The catalytic influence of these soaps on the autoxidation of monoethenoid acids at high temperatures has been investigated, particularly the special effect of configuration of the acid radical of the catalyst soap on autoxidation processes.

Redox recipes. VI. Redox systems containing potassium chromate as oxidizing constituent

AbstractThe emulsion copolymerization of butadiene (75)‐styrene (25) is initiated by redox systems containing potassium chromate as oxidizing constituent. In alkaline (soap) recipes, the system chromate‐arsenic trioxide is especially effective, giving a rate of conversion of about 20% per hour at 30°C. with 5 parts of potassium myristate (0.3 part of potassium chromate and 0.07 part of arsenic trioxide per 100 parts of monomers). Other fatty acid soaps or sodium alkyl sulfate may be used instead of myristate, although no other soap or emulsifier tested gives a rate as large as does myristate. Mercaptan has a slight accelerating effect but the presence of mercaptan is not necessary for initiation of polymerization. The use of arsenic trisulfide as reducing agent gives rise to rapid polymerization but the rates vary with different suspensions of arsenic trisulfide. Potassium antimonyl tartrate also may be used in combination with chromate to give rapid polymerization at 40°C. with fatty acid soap. Tin(II) is much less effective than either arsenic(III) or antimony(III). Inorganic reducing agents which in combination with chromate are inefficient in initiating the copolymerization include iron(II), thallium(I), dithionite, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and sulfide.

The Zinc Oxide Stability of Latex

Abstract A review of the factors which determine the zinc oxide stability of latex has been given. The work of Lepetit and our own experiments lead to the conclusion that the zinc oxide stability of latex is determined in the first place by substances which promote the solubilization of zinc oxide (minus factors); in the second place by substances which stabilize the colloid against the activity of the complex zinc cations or reduce the activity of these ions (plus factors). It has been generally accepted that the higher the KOH number of a latex, the lower is the zinc oxide stability. Since the KOH number is based primarily on neutralization of the acidic components of the serum only, a general correlation with zinc oxide stability could not be found when latexes of different origin were examined. Intrinsic factors or factors depending on the properties of the latex itself that influence zinc oxide stability are: (1) the dry rubber content of the latex, where high values are accompanied by low zinc oxide stability values and vice versa; (2) the yellow content fraction of latex, which in increasing amounts adds to the stability of the latex; (3) the protein content of the latex which, when degraded either artificially or naturally, reduces the zinc oxide stability. The effect of materials added to latex on zinc oxide stability includes: (1) fatty acid and sulfonic acid soaps, which have only slight influence; (2) Emulphor-O, sequestering agents, and sodium phosphates and silicates, which have a stabilizing effect; (3) ammonium salts and amines, which have a marked destabilizing effect, although triethanolamine hydrochloride is not active. Quebrachitol has a slight destabilizing effect.

The Chemistry of Persulfate. II. The Reaction of Persulfate with Mercaptans Solubilized in Solutions of Saturated Fatty Acid Soaps1

The Chemistry of Persulfate. II. The Reaction of Persulfate with Mercaptans Solubilized in Solutions of Saturated Fatty Acid Soaps¹