Fatty Acid-rich Diet Research Articles

Nutritional Quality Implications: Exploring the Impact of a Fatty Acid-Rich Diet on Central Nervous System Development.

Given the comprehensive examination of the role of fatty acid-rich diets in central nervous system development in children, this study bridges significant gaps in the understanding of dietary effects on neurodevelopment. It delves into the essential functions of fatty acids in neurodevelopment, including their contributions to neuronal membrane formation, neuroinflammatory modulation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Despite the acknowledged importance of these nutrients, this review reveals a lack of comprehensive synthesis in current research, particularly regarding the broader spectrum of fatty acids and their optimal levels throughout childhood. By consolidating the existing knowledge and highlighting critical research gaps, such as the effects of fatty acid metabolism on neurodevelopmental disorders and the need for age-specific dietary guidelines, this study sets a foundation for future studies. This underscores the potential of nutritional strategies to significantly influence neurodevelopmental trajectories, advocating an enriched academic and clinical understanding that can inform dietary recommendations and interventions aimed at optimizing neurological health from infancy.

Exploiting Enhanced Lipid Metabolism in Glioblastoma through Diet Modification

Enhanced lipid metabolism has emerged as a central metabolic node in glioblastoma, serving as a 'gain of function' that allows these cells to efficiently adapt to their dynamic tumor microenvironment. Seemingly contradictory to this, pre-clinical studies have demonstrated anti-tumor activity in mice fed a high-fat/low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD), both alone and in combination with radiation therapy (RT). In this study, we sought to identify mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of a KD in glioblastoma from a metabolic perspective to better understand factors contributing to this apparent disconnect. Immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice were injected orthotopically with human and mouse-derived glioblastoma cell lines and randomized to four treatment arms. Mice were fed ad libitum a standard diet (SD), KD (Bio-Serve), or a modified unsaturated fatty acid (uFA) rich diet (MD; 60/30/10: fat/protein/carb) alone or in combination with hypofractionated RT (6 Gy x 3). Global metabolomic profiling of tumors and serum were carried out using LC/GC-MS. Lipid droplets were analyzed by flow cytometer and confocal microscopy using BODIPY staining and free fatty acids were measured using a commercially available kit. A KD demonstrated independent anti-tumor activity and potent synergy with RT in two aggressive glioblastoma models. Metabolomic profiling of tumors revealed significant changes in tumor metabolism in KD-fed mice when compared to SD, with an accumulation of uFAs being a key finding. We therefore sought to determine if this accumulation of fatty acids in KD mice contributed towards the observed anti-tumor activity. Consistent with in vivo results, in vitro studies using the uFA linoleic acid demonstrated anti-proliferative activity, reduced clonogenic capacity, and potent synergy when combined with RT in glioblastoma cells. Through a series of investigations, we went on to determine that this anti-tumor activity was attributed to the ability of uFA to override lipid storage homeostasis in glioblastoma cells, resulting in lipotoxicity. Based on these findings, we hypothesized high fat concentrations, rather than carbohydrate restriction, contributed to the anti-tumor activity of a KD. To test this, we generated a MD rich in uFA that did not require carbohydrate restriction. Similar to a KD, mice fed a MD demonstrated both independent anti-tumor activity and potent synergy when combined with RT. High concentrations of uFA represents a key factor underlying the anti-tumor activity of a KD in glioblastoma by targeting lipid homeostasis. A MD consisting of high concentrations of uFA without carbohydrate restriction demonstrates promising anti-tumor activity in glioblastoma models. As a major limitation of a KD is tolerability, particularly in glioblastoma patients, a MD represents a promising form of dietary modification that may be translated clinically.

Study models for inducing tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz (A) - Antracene in rat mammary gland

Five study models (A, B, C, D, E) were used to investigate the effect of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in inducing tumors in the mammary tissue of Spreague-Dawiey rats. Each group was subjected ad libitum to the foiiowing diets: group A - commercial ration; groups B/C - a semipurified linoleic acid-rích diet; group D - a semipurified saturated fatty acid-rich diet; group E - a semipurified fat diet composed of 50% soybean 0ff (rich in essential fatty acid), 25% olive oil (rich in oleic acid) and 25% coconut oil (rich in saturated fatty acid). The animais were fed through intragastric instiiation, one or two doses of DMBA dissolved in 1 ml of soybean oil Group A animais received a single 10 mg-DMBA-doses 60 days after birth. Group 8 animals received two-20 mg-DMBA -doses, the first dose 45 days after birth and the second 60 days after birth. Groups C, D and E animais were treated in the same way as group 8 animais. The control-groups were fed 1 mi-piacebo-soybean oiL DMBA induced tumors in the treated rats as visualized in the following results: 1) Groups A, B, C, O and E developed 52%, 76%, 88%, 60% and 67% tumors, respectively; 2) in the test groups A, B, C, D and E the first paipabie tumor was reported at 200 ± 52, 103 ± 36, 48 ± 1, 133 ± 62 and 183 ± 45 days after DMBA administration, respectively. 3) 14.8%, 40.7%, 97.5%, 50.0% and 41.7% of all tumors were classified as adenocarcinoma.The results suggest that study model "C" was the most effective one, inducing higher incidence of adenocarcinomas in DMBA-treated-rats, the symptons being evidenced in the shortest experimental time.

Exploring body weight-influencing gut microbiota by elucidating the association with diet and host gene expression

We aimed to identify gut microbiota that influences body weight by elucidating the association with diets and host genes. Germ-free (GF) mice with and without fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) were fed a normal, high-carbohydrate, or high-fat diet. FMT mice exhibited greater total body weight; adipose tissue and liver weights; blood glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol levels; and oil droplet size than the GF mice, regardless of diet. However, the extent of weight gain and metabolic parameter levels associated with gut microbiota depended on the nutrients ingested. For example, a disaccharide- or polysaccharide-rich diet caused more weight gain than a monosaccharide-rich diet. An unsaturated fatty acid-rich diet had a greater microbial insulin-increasing effect than a saturated fatty acid-rich diet. Perhaps the difference in microbial metabolites produced from substances taken up by the host created metabolic differences. Therefore, we analyzed such dietary influences on gut microbiota, differentially expressed genes between GF and FMT mice, and metabolic factors, including body weight. The results revealed a correlation between increased weight gain, a fat-rich diet, increased Ruminococcaceae abundance, and decreased claudin 22 gene expression. These findings suggest that weight regulation might be possible through the manipulation of the gut microbiota metabolism using the host’s diet.

Supplemental or dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of periodontitis: A meta-analysis.

To evaluate the intervention effect of omega-3 fatty acids on changes in periodontal parameters. This meta-analysis included studies published in English language between 2010 and 2020, which were extracted from the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed databases. The effects of omega-3 fatty acid intervention were investigated using the amount of omega-3 intake, periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). The random-effects model was generated for data analysis. To obtain robustness of the model, sensitivity analysis was implemented. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the intervention period for each parameter. All 13 studies included in the meta-analysis were interventional, randomized controlled trials. Two studies implemented omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets, while 11 studies used supplements. Risk of bias was low, and publication bias was not shown. Meta-analysis showed a statistically significant PPD reduction (standardized mean difference [SMD]=-0.81, absolute mean difference [MD]=-0.44 mm), CAL gain (SMD=-0.77, MD=-0.51 mm), and BOP reduction (SMD= -0.65, MD=-9.45%) for the omega-3 fatty acid intervention overall. This study suggests that supplemental or dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of periodontitis may have a positive impact on the disease.

Comprehensive Lipidomics Analysis Reveals the Effects of Different Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Diets on Egg Yolk Lipids.

Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for laying hens enriches eggs with these essential fatty acids. However, the enrichment patterns and changes to intact lipids in egg yolk have not been sufficiently revealed. Herein, egg yolk lipids from hens fed with diets supplemented with flaxseed, Schizochytrium sp. residue, or their mixture were comprehensively analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). A total of 335 individual lipid species covering 23 (sub)classes were identified and quantified. Distinct n-3 PUFA-lipid profiles were revealed among different groups. Dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) was mainly deposited in the TAG fraction, whereas synthesized or preformed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) predominantly existed in the glycerophospholipid form. Furthermore, different lipid species were identified and related lipid pathways after dietary supplementation were analyzed. Collectively, these findings provide us with new knowledge for production, nutritional evaluation, authentication, and application of n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs.

Effect of Olive Leaves or Marigold Petal Extract on Oxidative Stress, Gut Fermentative Activity, and Mucosa Morphology in Broiler Chickens Fed a Diet Rich in n-3 Polyunsaturated Fats.

An experiment in broilers was conducted to investigate the effect of olive (Olea europea) leaves and marigold (Calendula officinalis) petal extract supplementation on oxidative stress, characteristics of intestinal contents, and on the morphology of the small intestine. Oxidative stress was induced by a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich diet. 1-day-old male broiler chickens, Ross 308, were housed in a deep litter system. After the first 21 days, animals were randomly divided into three groups of 16 animals in two replicates and fed, until slaughter on day 39, a diet that contained 7% linseed oil. Control diet (Cont) remained unsupplemented, while both experimental diets were supplemented with olive leaves (OliveEx) or marigold petal (MarigEx) extracts. Oxidative stress was evaluated in blood and liver by measuring markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA), isoprostanes), rate of DNA damage in lymphocytes and in blood (comet assay, 8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), and activity of antioxidant and liver enzymes in blood. In different parts of the intestine, levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and viscosity of intestinal contents were measured, and the health of the gastrointestinal tract was assessed using histological measurements. OliveEx significantly (p<0.05) decreased the MDA and 8-OHdG concentration in plasma, and the level of ethanoic acid in small intestinal contents and total SCFA in caecum, indicating improved oxidative status and increased microbial activity in the intestine. MarigEx significantly (p<0.05) decreased the rate of lymphocyte DNA damage and the crypt depth in duodenum, indicating potentially beneficial effects on the immune system and the health of the small intestine. In conclusion, dietary OliveEx and MarigEx supplementation improved some markers of oxidative stress and intestinal health. However, positive effects could be more pronounced in more unfavorable environmental conditions or in cases of diseases, but further studies are needed.

A saturated fatty acid-rich diet enhances hepatic lipogenesis and tumorigenesis in HCV core gene transgenic mice

Previous studies suggested that high consumption of saturated fatty acid (SFA) is a risk factor for liver cancer. However, it remains unclear how dietary SFA affects liver tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a SFA-rich diet on hepatic tumorigenesis using hepatitis C virus core gene transgenic (HCVcpTg) mice that spontaneously developed hepatic steatosis and tumors with aging. Male HCVcpTg mice were treated for 15 months with a purified control diet or SFA-rich diet prepared by replacing soybean oil in the control diet with hydrogenated coconut oil, and phenotypic changes were assessed. In this special diet, almost all dietary fatty acids were SFA. Long-term feeding of SFA-rich diet to HCVcpTg mice increased hepatic steatosis, liver dysfunction, and the prevalence of liver tumors, likely due to stimulation of de novo lipogenesis, activation of the pro-inflammatory and pro-oncogenic transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein 1 (JNK/AP-1) signaling and induction of the oncogenes cyclin D1 and p62/sequestosome 1. The SFA-rich diet did not affect liver fibrosis or autophagy. Collectively, long-term SFA-rich diet consumption promoted hepatic tumorigenesis mainly through activation of lipogenesis, NF-κB, and JNK/AP-1 signaling. We therefore propose that HCV-infected patients should avoid excessive intake of SFA-rich foods to prevent liver cancer.

Prevention of Cardiovascular Events with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Mechanism Involved.

An epidemiological study of Greenlandic Inuit suggested that fish oil, or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), was important in preventing atherosclerotic disease. After this landmark study, many large-scale epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have examined the health benefits of omega-3 PUFA as part of a fatty acid-rich diet to demonstrate its beneficial roles in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Recent research has also focused attention on the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 PUFA and on specialized pro-resolving mediators. Findings of these studies have led to the development of omega-3 PUFA preparations for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-ethyl ester product (Epadel®) in Japan and an EPA/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) preparation (Lotriga®) in the United States and Europe. Although various large-scale clinical trials on the cardiovascular preventive effect of omega-3 PUFA were conducted and reported, the results were not always consistent. The issues of not targeting subjects with hypertriglyceridemia and using low dose of omega-3 PUFA have been suggested to contribute to the failure of demonstrating the preventive effect of omega-3 PUFA in these clinical trials. Taking into account the above issues, the REDUCE-IT trial evaluated a highly purified EPA preparation at a high dose of 4 g/day in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and high cardiovascular risk, and demonstrated an extraordinary outcome of 25% relative reduction in cardiovascular events. This article reviews studies on omega-3 fatty acids during the last 50 years, including the progress in elucidating molecular mechanisms and recent large-scale clinical studies.

Impact of dietary oil replacement on muscle and liver enzymes activity, histomorphology and growth-related genes on Nile tilapia

This study evaluated the efficacy of replacing dietary fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils (virgin coconut and corn oil) on enzyme activities (glycolytic, oxidative and lipid metabolites), mRNA expression of lipid metabolic genes and histomorphology of liver and intestine in O. niloticus. O. niloticus (6.07 ± 0.07 g) was fed six experimental diets where fish oil (FO) served as the control diet, and then was supplemented by dietary oils; virgin coconut oil (VCO) {3%FO + 3%VCO; 3FVCO}, and corn oil (CO) {3%FO + 3%CO; 3FCO}, 6%VCO (VCO), 6%CO (CO) and 6%VO {3%VCO + 3%CO; VO}. Growth performances measured indicated fish fed diet 3FCO had higher weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR). Fish fed diet 3FCO recorded the highest activities in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), citrate synthase (CS), cytochrome coxidase (COX), malic enzymes (ME) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) respectively. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) was upregulated in groups fed diets 3FVCO and 3FCO. Also, groups fed diet VCO and CO expressed highly in LPL, whereas, elongase of very long-chain fatty acids (ELOVL-5) was not influenced by the lipid sources. Histological representations in the liver were highly impacted in vegetable diets where lipid accumulation was higher except those fed VCO. However, in the digestive tract from distal to middle and posterior, the same group (VCO) exhibited altered morphological structure as those fed diet 3FCO were similar to FO. The study shows that, corn oil in diets relates positively to growth and enzymatic activities which becomes evident in their depositions in liver and functional intestinal tracts. This study indicates dietary alternatives may cause alterations in lipid metabolic pathways (LPL and SCD1) involved in fatty acid transport. As such, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich diets (CO) based on this study results increases metabolic activities involving especially the production, distribution and consumption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in O. niloticus.

Rich fatty acids diet of fish and olive oils modifies membrane properties in striatal rat synaptosomes

ABSTRACT Background: Essential fatty acids (EFAs) and non-essential fatty acids (nEFAs) exert experimental and clinical neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. The main EFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), nEFAs, and oleic acid (OA) contained in olive and fish oils are inserted into the cell membranes, but the exact mechanism through which they exert neuroprotection is still unknown. Objectives and Methods: In this study, we assessed the fatty acids content and membrane fluidity in striatal rat synaptosomes after fatty acid-rich diets (olive- or a fish-oil diet, 15% w/w). Then, we evaluated the effect of enriching striatum synaptosomes with fatty acids on the oxidative damage produced by the prooxidants ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) or quinolinic acid (QUIN). Results and Discussion: Lipid profile analysis in striatal synaptosomes showed that EPA content increased in the fish oil group in comparison with control and olive groups. Furthermore, we found that synaptosomes enriched with fatty acids and incubated with QUIN or FeSO4 showed a significant oxidative damage reduction. Results suggest that EFAs, particularly EPA, improve membrane fluidity and confer antioxidant effect.

Disentangling the Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids from Other Components of a Mediterranean Diet on Serum Metabolite Profiles: A Randomized Fully Controlled Dietary Intervention in Healthy Subjects at Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome.

ScopeThe Mediterranean (MED) diet has been associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases. It is unclear whether this health effect can be mainly contributed to high intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), characteristic for the MED diet, or whether other components of a MED diet also play an important role.Methods and ResultsA randomized fully controlled parallel trial is performed to examine the effects of the consumption of a saturated fatty acid rich diet, a MUFA‐rich diet, or a MED diet for 8 weeks on metabolite profiles, in 47 subjects at risk of the metabolic syndrome. A total of 162 serum metabolites are assessed before and after the intervention by using a targeted NMR platform. Fifty‐two metabolites are changed during the intervention (false discovery rate [FDR] p < 0.05). Both the MUFA and MED diet decrease exactly the same fractions of LDL, including particle number, lipid, phospholipid, and free cholesterol fraction (FDR p < 0.05). The MED diet additionally decreases the larger subclasses of very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL), related VLDL fractions, VLDL‐triglycerides, and serum‐triglycerides (FDR p < 0.05).ConclusionThe findings clearly demonstrate that the MUFA component is responsible for reducing LDL subclasses and fractions, and therefore causes an antiatherogenic lipid profile. Interestingly, consumption of the other components in the MED diet show additional health effects.

Oleic acid protects insulin-secreting INS-1E cells against palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity along with an amelioration of ER stress.

It is demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids can counteract saturated fatty acids-induced lipotoxicity, but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of monounsaturated oleic acid (OA) against saturated palmitic acid (PA)-induced cytotoxicity in rat β cells as well as islets, and mechanistically focused on its regulation on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E cells and primary islets were treated with PA with or without OA for 24 h to determine the cell viability, apoptosis, and ER stress. SD rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 w, then, HFD was half replaced by olive oil to observe the protective effects of monounsaturated fatty acids rich diet. We demonstrated that PA impaired cell viability and insulin secretion of INS-1E cells and rat islets, but OA robustly rescued cells from cell death. OA substantially alleviated either PA or chemical ER stressors (thapsigargin or tunicamycin)-induced ER stress. Importantly, OA attenuated the activity of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway and regulated the ER Ca2+ homeostasis. In vivo, only olive oil supplementation did not cause significant changes, while high-fat diet (HFD) for 32 w obviously induced islets ER stress and impaired insulin sensitivity in SD rats. Half replacement of HFD with olive oil (a mixed diet) has ameliorated this effect. OA alleviated PA-induced lipotoxicity in INS-1E cells and improved insulin sensitivity in HFD rats. The amelioration of PA triggered ER stress may be responsible for its beneficial effects in β cells.

Random Forest Analysis of Untargeted Metabolomics Data Suggests Increased Use of Omega Fatty Acid Oxidation Pathway in Drosophila Melanogaster Larvae Fed a Medium Chain Fatty Acid Rich High-Fat Diet.

Obesity is a complex disease, shaped by both genetic and environmental factors such as diet. In this study, we use untargeted metabolomics and Drosophila melanogaster to model how diet and genotype shape the metabolome of obese phenotypes. We used 16 distinct outbred genotypes of Drosophila larvae raised on normal (ND) and high-fat (HFD) diets, to produce three distinct phenotypic classes; genotypes that stored more triglycerides on a ND relative to the HFD, genotypes that stored more triglycerides on a HFD relative to ND, and genotypes that showed no change in triglyceride storage on either of the two diets. Using untargeted metabolomics we characterized 350 metabolites: 270 with definitive chemical IDs and 80 that were chemically unidentified. Using random forests, we determined metabolites that were important in discriminating between the HFD and ND larvae as well as between the triglyceride phenotypic classes. We found that flies fed on a HFD showed evidence of an increased use of omega fatty acid oxidation pathway, an alternative to the more commonly used beta fatty acid oxidation pathway. Additionally, we observed no correlation between the triglyceride storage phenotype and free fatty acid levels (laurate, caprate, caprylate, caproate), indicating that the distinct metabolic profile of fatty acids in high-fat diet fed Drosophila larvae does not propagate into triglyceride storage differences. However, dipeptides did show moderate differences between the phenotypic classes. We fit Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) of the metabolic profiles for HFD and ND flies to characterize changes in metabolic network structure between the two diets, finding the HFD to have a greater number of edges indicating that metabolome varies more across samples on a HFD. Taken together, these results show that, in the context of obesity, metabolomic profiles under distinct dietary conditions may not be reliable predictors of phenotypic outcomes in a genetically diverse population.

Oleic acid protects saturated fatty acid mediated lipotoxicity in hepatocytes and rat of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

AimThis study aims to demonstrate the protective effects of monounsaturated oleic acid (OA) against saturated palmitic acid (PA) induced cellular lipotoxicity in hepatocytes and rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Main methodsHuman hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells and neonatal rat primary hepatocytes were treated with PA or/and OA for 24 h. SD rats were fed with high fat diet (HFD) to induce NASH. From the 16th w, the HFD was full or half replaced by olive oil to observe the protective effects. Key findingsIn vitro, OA substantially alleviated PA induced cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as inflammation in hepatocytes. In vivo, only olive oil supplementation had no detrimental effects, while HFD developed NASH in normal rats. Full replacement of HFD with olive oil had profoundly reversed NASH. Noteworthily, half replacement of HFD with olive oil (a mixed diet) has ameliorated NASH injury as well. It strikingly changed the hepatic histology from macrovesicular-steatosis into entire microvesicular-steatosis, and significantly reduced inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis. SignificanceOur study has demonstrated in both hepatocytes and NASH rats that oleic acids had great potential to combat the saturated fatty acids induced hepatic lipotoxicity. Only half replacement of HFD by monounsaturated fatty acids rich diet still had significant therapeutic outcome in NASH rats. Redirecting the toxic saturated fatty acids into triglyceride storage and reduction of cholesterol accumulation might be the possible explanation of OA driven protection in this scenario.

Intermittent calorie restriction enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the alteration of energy metabolism in a mouse tumor model.

The effect of intermittent calorie restriction (ICR) on cancer is controversial. In this study, we examined the effects of ICR and food content in syngeneic BALB/c mice injected with CT26 mouse colon cancer cells. Mice were subjected to 24-h fasting once a week for 4 weeks, and then provided with a control, high-calorie, or trans fatty acid-rich diet. While ICR resulted in increases in tumor weights, metastasis and in the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the tumors or blood of mice fed the control and high-fat diets, it had no effect on body weight after 4 weeks. In particular, we detected increases in the numbers of CSCs in the tumor or blood on the day after starvation, when food overconsumption was detected. Conversely, continuous calorie restriction had no effect on tumor weight, metastasis, or the number of CSCs in tumors or blood. In the post-starvation period, energy metabolism in the tumor was altered from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis/lactate fermentation, with the acquisition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Hyperglycemia at the post-starvation period induced the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, hypoxia-induced factor-1α and Nanog, as well as the phosphorylation of Stat3. Taken together, these findings suggest that ICR induces an increase in the number of CSCs and enhances EMT by promoting the Warburg/Crabtree effect following post-fasting food overconsumption.

Transcriptomics and the Mediterranean Diet: A Systematic Review.

The Mediterranean diet has been proven to be highly effective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer and in decreasing overall mortality. Nowadays, transcriptomics is gaining particular relevance due to the existence of non-coding RNAs capable of regulating many biological processes. The present work describes a systematic review of current evidence supporting the influence of the Mediterranean diet on transcriptomes of different tissues in various experimental models. While information on regulatory RNA is very limited, they seem to contribute to the effect. Special attention has been given to the oily matrix of virgin olive oil. In this regard, monounsaturated fatty acid-rich diets prevented the expression of inflammatory genes in different tissues, an action also observed after the administration of olive oil phenolic compounds. Among these, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and secoiridoids have been found to be particularly effective in cell cycle expression. Less explored terpenes, such as oleanolic acid, are important modulators of circadian clock genes. The wide range of studied tissues and organisms indicate that response to these compounds is universal and poses an important level of complexity considering the different genes expressed in each tissue and the number of different tissues in an organism.

Effects of dietary fats on egg quality and lipid parameters in serum and yolks of Shan Partridge Duck

The effects of different dietary fats with variable levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on egg quality of Shan Partridge Duck, serum, and yolk lipid parameters were examined in this study. A flock of 585 optimal produced ducks were selected and diets enriched with 0.5%, 1%, or 2% fish oil (F)/flaxseed oil (FL)/rapeseed oil (R)/tallow (T) plus basal diet were supplied through a 28-d period. Supplemental fat source and fat level had no effects on egg qualities. Proportions of yolk total cholesterol (TC), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were reduced (P < 0.001), while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs), ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) were increased by fish oil, flaxseed oil, or rapeseed oil. Effects of supplementation increasing DHA and EPA were detected in F, FL, and R. Compared with C, fish oil significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum, flaxseed oil significantly reduced TC and increased very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), rapeseed oil significantly reduced TC and LDL-C in serum and increased VLDL-C, tallow significantly increased LDL-C. It is concluded that unsaturated fatty acids rich diets (fish oil, flaxseed oil, and rapeseed oil) might increase yolk PUFAs, reduce yolk cholesterol, and change serum lipid parameters without evident effect on egg qualities.

Effect of GPR84 deletion on obesity and diabetes development in mice fed long chain or medium chain fatty acid rich diets.

Although there is good evidence showing that diets rich in medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have less marked obesogenic and diabetogenic effects than diets rich in long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), the role of the pro-inflammatory, medium chain fatty acid receptor (GPR84) in the aetiology of obesity and glucose intolerance is not well characterised. We set out to determine whether GPR84 expression influences obesity and glucose intolerance susceptibility in MCFA and LCFA rich diet fed mice. Wild type (WT) and GPR84 knockout (KO) mice were fed a control, MCFA or LCFA diet, and body mass, heart, liver and epididymal fat mass was assessed, as well as glucose tolerance and adipocyte size. LCFA diets increased body mass and decreased glucose tolerance in both WT and GPR84 KO animals while MCFA diets had no effect on these parameters. There were no differences in body weight when comparing WT and GPR84 KO mice on the respective diets. Glucose tolerance was also similar in WT and GPR84 KO mice irrespective of diet. Liver mass was increased following LCFA feeding in WT but not GPR84 KO mice. Hepatic triglyceride content was increased in GPR84 KO animals fed MCFA, and myocardial triglyceride content was increased in GPR84 KO animals fed LCFA. GPR84 deletion had no effects on body weight or glucose tolerance in mice fed either a high MCFA or LCFA diet. GPR84 may influence lipid metabolism, as GPR84 KO mice had smaller livers and increased myocardial triglyceride accumulation when fed LCFA diets, and increased liver triglyceride accumulation in responses to increased dietary MCFAs.

Essential fatty acid-rich diets protect against striatal oxidative damage induced by quinolinic acid in rats

Essential fatty acids have an important effect on oxidative stress-related diseases. The Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurologic disorder in which oxidative stress caused by free radicals is an important damage mechanism. The HD experimental model induced by quinolinic acid (QUIN) has been widely used to evaluate therapeutic effects of antioxidant compounds. The aim of this study was to test whether the fatty acid content in olive- or fish-oil-rich diet prevents against QUIN-related oxidative damage in rats. Rats were fed during 20 days with an olive- or a fish-oil-rich diet (15% w/w). Posterior to diet period, rats were striatally microinjected with QUIN (240 nmol/µl) or saline solution. Then, we evaluated the neurological damage, oxidative status, and gamma isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) expression. Results showed that fatty acid-rich diet, mainly by fish oil, reduced circling behavior, prevented the fall in GABA levels, increased PPARγ expression, and prevented oxidative damage in striatal tissue. In addition none of the enriched diets exerted changes neither on triglycerides or cholesterol blood levels, nor or hepatic function. This study suggests that olive- and fish-oil-rich diets exert neuroprotective effects.