Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Metabolic effects of phospholipids extracted from capelin (Mallotus villosus) roe on HepG2 cells

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of capelin roe phospholipid (CPL) on lipid accumulation, fatty acid profile, oxidative stress, and changes in target macromolecular structure in HepG2 cells using multidimensional hyperspectral technique. The results showed that CPL significantly inhibited oleic acid-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids and increased the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH-Px, SOD). The control and CPL-treated groups promoted accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids and reduced deposition of saturated fatty acids. The therapeutic effects of CPL positively correlated with its concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared analysis indicated that CPL decreased the relative contents of intracellular carbohydrate, nucleic acid, –CH2-, and ν(C=O)/νas (CH2+CH3), and maintained the order of intracellular protein structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could be used for label-free cell sorting. This work provided a direction for the subsequent development of functional lipids in aquaculture.

Production of lignin monomeric alcohols and lipids from oil palm empty fruit bunch by a combination of alkaline nitrobenzene depolymerization and Lipomyces starkeyi bioconversion

The efficient valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable chemicals represents a cornerstone for advancing sustainable bioeconomy practices. This study focuses on the innovative conversion of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) into lignin monomeric alcohols and lipids through a novel two-step process combining alkaline nitrobenzene depolymerization and bioconversion by Lipomyces starkeyi. Initially, OPEFB undergoes alkaline nitrobenzene depolymerization to break down complex lignin structures into monomeric aldehydes. The resulting derivates serve as substrates for the bioconversion by L. starkeyi, which is competent at metabolizing lignin-derived compounds into higher-value lignin monomeric alcohols (syringyl, vanillyl, and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) and lipids, simultaneously. The strategy delineates the optimization of depolymerization conditions, sodium hydroxide concentration, nitrobenzene effect, and reaction time to maximize the yield of depolymerized lignin suitable for bioconversion. Subsequently, the bioconversion process toward cell growth, lipid production, and fatty acid profiles in various fermentations by L. starkeyi was explored. The highest syringaldehyde and vanillin obtained reached up to 4.81 mM and 0.64 mM, respectively. Then, it successfully produced 3.57 mM and 0.40 mM of syringyl alcohol and vanillyl alcohol, respectively, with 5.86 g L−1 of the lipid titer. The study demonstrates the potential of this integrated approach to convert OPEFB into valuable lignin-derived biochemicals and lipids, thereby contributing to the development of alternative strategies for biomass utilization efficiently.

Green biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis microalgae-derived oil using ZnAl-LDH catalyst: Process optimization and kinetic study

The green production of biodiesel using Nannochloropsis microalgae, a renewable and environmentally friendly source, was successfully conducted by application of a calcined ZnAl layered double hydroxides structure (LDH) catalyst. The ZnAl-LDO catalyst was prepared through the urea synthesis method, followed by calcination at 400 °C. XRD was used to investigate the crystallite characteristics, N2-BET to analyze surface properties and pore size, and CO2-TPD to identify the active basic sites strength. Bligh and Dyer’s method was utilized for oil extraction with a yield of 38 %. Upon analyzing the fatty acid profile of derived oil, a synthetic oil containing oleic and palmitic acids was utilized in this process. The experiments were designed using the response surface methodology (RSM) method and the optimized parameters were obtained at 149.59 °C, 118.92 min, 3.91 wt% catalyst loading, and 11.68:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for the biodiesel yield of > 98 %. The pseudo-first-order esterification reaction kinetic was investigated and the activation energy was determined to be 28.53 kJ.mol−1. Furthermore, the process can be applied to microalgae solid biomass as well. In-situ transesterification of microalgae with a yield of FAME over 90 % also has been carried out.

Trophic interactions between common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and their prey during summer in the northern Barents Sea

Global warming is causing rapid change in marine food webs, particularly at northern latitudes where temperatures are increasing most rapidly. In this study, the diet of common minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata was assessed both in terms of short-term (morphological analyses of digestive tract contents) and longer-term (tissue chemical markers: fatty acids and stable isotopes) prey use in the northern Barents Sea to see if they are prey shifting. Samples (blubber cores, muscle, and stomach contents) were obtained from 158 common minke whales taken during Norwegian commercial whaling operations during summer over the period 2016–2020. Two prey items, capelin Mallotus villosus and krill (primarily Thysanoessa sp.), dominated the stomach contents in the entire period of investigation, which included sampling both in June and in August, similar to findings from earlier studies. A few gadoids were also observed in the whale stomachs. Lower blubber fatty acid (FA) contents in 2016/2017 as compared with 2018/2019 were observed. This is most likely explained by differences in sampling time (June in 2016/2017 vs August in 2018/2019, i.e., after a longer feeding period during the summer in the latter case). This explanation also fits with the fact that FA profiles of the 2018/2019 whales were more similar to the FA profiles of the potential prey, presumably reflecting the two months longer assimilation time for these whales. Multidimensional mixing models based on carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of the most likely prey groups suggested that the whales ate mostly krill in four of the five sampling years. In 2018 there were indications of a higher proportion of gadoid fish, showing some dietary flexibility. The trophic level of the whales’ feeding, as interpreted from the nitrogen isotope values, was positively correlated with blubber thickness suggesting that fish-eaters tended to assimilate more energy than whales that focused more exclusively on lower trophic prey. The variation suggested by different dietary analyses methods − stomach contents, fatty acids, and stable isotopes – most likely reflects different turnover times, with muscle stable isotopes likely representing several months of dietary integration, while lipid stores are more dynamic and may represent weeks, and stomach contents represent feeding events during the last few hours. The change in diet of minke whales from small pelagic fishes (in the past) to a greater quantity of krill and demersal fish (seen in this study) suggests that the whales are responding to the ongoing borealization of the Barents Sea ecosystem.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the nutritional composition, phenolic compounds and fatty acids profiles in raw cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans

AbstractThe γ-irradiation effects on nutritional composition, phenolic compounds and fatty acids profile of cocoa beans were investigated. Raw cocoa bean samples were irradiated using 60Co source at doses of 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 kGy. The examined nutrient contents were moisture, protein, ash and fat contents. A total of 10 phenolic compounds from the screening of 32 standards were identified and quantified by LC-MS/MS, with theobromine (2418.52–3506.95 µg/g) and epicatechin (444.24–1090.98 µg/g) being the most abundant. Overall, the irradiation treatment did not significantly influence the protein and moisture content of cocoa beans. On the other hand, 3 kGy irradiation dose led to a significant decrease in fat content of cocoa bean samples. Furthermore, fatty acid composition changed with increasing the irradiation dose. Gamma irradiation caused a significant increase in saturated fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids ratio. On the whole, the analysis of phenolic compounds of cocoa beans showed that irradiation influence the phenolic compounds significantly, with a few exceptions. The quantities of epicatechin and luteolin 7 glucoside were higher in raw cocoa beans than in irradiated cocoa beans.

Abstract PO5-23-11: Elevated linoleic acid levels in red blood cells membrane predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients

Abstract Introduction: Fatty acids (FA) consumed in the diet have been implicated in increasing the risk of breast cancer (BC). Humans have a wide variety of FAs, including saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) FAs. PUFAs can be further classified into omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs. While n-3 has been associated with reducing inflammation and promoting apoptosis in BC cells, n-6 has been linked to increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and the promotion of BC cell proliferation and treatment resistance. In healthy women, the n-3 content in mammary tissue correlates with n-3 content in red blood cells (RBCs). The FA profile of the RBC membrane provides an unbiased option to assess lipid intake and composition, reflecting long-term FA intake and providing an objective and sensitive measure of lipid intake and body fat deposits. Notably, BC patients have been found to display a high n-6:n-3 ratio in RBCs, which is associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. The neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (NACT) model presents a unique opportunity to study resistance mechanisms in non-metastatic BC patients. In this approach, the absence of tumor (pathologic complete response: pCR, or Residual Cancer Burden (RCB) = 0) after NACT indicates treatment sensitivity and better overall survival (OS). Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether differences in FA profiles determined in the RBC membrane and plasma are associated with the response to NACT in non-metastatic BC patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted, including non-metastatic BC patients scheduled to receive NACT. Blood samples were collected before the first cycle of NACT to measure plasma and RBC FA derivatives, SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs. The pathological complete response (pCR) and residual cancer burden (RCB) were assessed. Results: A total of twenty-eight BC patients were included in the study. When comparing pCR vs. no-pCR using total SFA, MUFA, and PUFA plasma samples, no significant differences were observed. However, in RBC, an increase in PUFA was associated with a higher rate of no-pCR (**p< 0.01). Furthermore, comparing omega-6 and omega-3 (both PUFA) levels, an increase in omega-6 was associated with no-pCR (**p< 0.01), while no significant differences were observed with omega-3. No differences were obtained in plasma samples for either omega-6 and omega-3. To determine which specific omega-6 PUFAs were responsible for the association with no-pCR, elevated levels of linoleic acid (LA) in RBC were found to be associated with no-pCR (**p< 0.01). Other omega-6 PUFAs, including gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), eicosadienoic acid (EDA), dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), showed no significant associations. Multivariate and regression analysis confirmed LA (C18:2 n-6, LA) as the most relevant FA when assessing RCB (0-1 vs. 2-3) in RBC membranes, but not in plasma. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyzing LA levels in RBC showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.855 for RCB (sensitivity: 76.9%, specificity: 92.3%). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a clear connection between RBC membrane FA composition, specifically LA concentration, and the pathological response in BC patients after NACT. The measurements taken in plasma did not show significant associations, suggesting that RBC membrane FA profile of could serve as a relevant prognostic biomarker for studying resistance mechanisms to NACT in early BC patients Table. Measured FAs in RBC membrane and plasma by pathologic complete response *Indicates p<0.05; abbreviations: pCR: pathological complete response; SD: standard deviation; yr: years; BMI: body mass index; HR: hormone receptor; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor type-2; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; HG: histological grade; RCB: residual cancer burden; NA: not applicable Citation Format: Benjamin Walbaum, César Sánchez, Francisco Acevedo. Elevated linoleic acid levels in red blood cells membrane predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-23-11.

Abstract PO3-19-02: White Button Mushroom and Biomarkers of Immune Cell and Inflammatory Responses in Obese Postmenopausal Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer

Abstract Background: White Button Mushroom (WBM), Agaricus bisporus, has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Oral WBM mitigated the effects of a high fat diet on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in ovariectomized mice. A Phase I trial of WBM in men with prostate cancer demonstrated decreased myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in those with decreased PSA; MDSC have been linked to different cancers, including breast, and conditions of chronic inflammation. Design: This is a preliminary evidence trail in postmenopausal, obese women at high risk of breast cancer with a single intervention arm of 14g of WBM taken as 28 tablets daily for 3 months to assess effects on inflammation. Participants undergo a physical exam, measuring height, weight, and waist circumference, an optional fine needle aspiration (FNA) of breast tissue, a blood draw, a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour food recall at baseline and final visits. Participants are contacted monthly for tolerance and adherence. Blood samples and FNA adipose are used for metabolic measurements and processed for biomarkers of inflammation and immune response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be used for RNA single-cell analysis to assess for immune cell profiles and expression with an interest in evaluating MDSC. Red blood cells will be assessed for fatty acid profiles. Eligibility: Postmenopausal, obese (BMI ≥30, Asian ≥25) women with high risk for breast cancer who can swallow pills are eligible. Patients are high risk if their relative risk of breast cancer is ≥2 times that of the general population; this includes women with a strong family history, a genetic mutation associated with hereditary breast cancer, a high-risk breast histology, Gail model 5-year risk >1.67, or a previous history of stage I-II breast cancer. Participants are excluded for an active malignancy within 5 years, ongoing active or preventative cancer treatment, or lab abnormalities of serum creatinine and total bilirubin >1.5 the upper limit of normal, hemoglobin of < 9.0 g/dL, platelets of < 100,000/mm3, or a total white blood cell count of < 3,500/mm3. Participants cannot be taking mushroom supplements, immunosuppressants, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. Specific Aims: This study aims to evaluate the effects of WBM on regulating immune response and inflammation in obese women at high risk for breast cancer. Our primary objective is the assessment of PBMC, specifically MDSC immune profiles before and after treatment. Our secondary objective is to evaluate changes in biomarkers of inflammation, immune cell profiles in breast adipose tissue, BMI, waist circumference, and metabolic biomarkers. Additionally, the study aims to assess tolerability of the WBM dose and effects on diet quality. Statistical Methods: 26 patients will provide 80% power to detect a change in %MDSC of -0.67, assuming a standard deviation of 1.15, and a 2-sided type I error of 5%. We will have similar power to evaluate changes in other immune subsets, inflammatory markers, metabolic markers, anthropometric measurements, and diet quality. FNA adipose tissue analysis will be used as a safety signal to evaluate the potential for unwanted inflammation with taking WBM. 13 patients with FNA will provide 80% power to detect a change of 85% of the standard deviation of the difference in the measure of biomarkers such as Interleukin-6 with a 2-sided type I error of 5%. As a safety signal, the signal will be reported without adjustment for multiple comparisons. Any conclusions based on such secondary endpoints will make note of the multiple comparison issue. Accrual: The accrual target is 26 evaluable patients with an estimated need to enroll 31. The study has enrolled 27 patients, 14 completed the study and 5 are currently on treatment. 8 participants were removed; 3 never started treatment, 1 was diagnosed with breast cancer, and 4 had other medical issues preventing continuation. Contact: Jessica Dzubnar, MD: jdzubnar@coh.org Citation Format: Jessica Dzubnar, Lisa Yee, Shiuan Chen. White Button Mushroom and Biomarkers of Immune Cell and Inflammatory Responses in Obese Postmenopausal Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-19-02.

Fatty acid composition of whale shark (Rhincodon typus), and zooplankton in two aggregation sites in the Gulf of California

The whale shark Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) is a filter-feeding species that feeds on zooplankton. There are whale shark aggregation sites in the Gulf of California, Bahia de La Paz in Baja California Sur, and Bahía de Los Angeles in Baja California. Whale shark ecotourism is an important and economically profitable activity for the coastal communities surrounding their habitat areas. Fatty acid (FA) profiles, including arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are used as trophic tracers in marine food webs because they are essential for marine fish and provide information on the nutritional quality of zooplankton. In the present study, we analyzed the FA profile of zooplankton to trace them in the stomach contents, blood, liver, and muscle of stranded male whale sharks and the subdermal tissue of live whale sharks. Total lipids were extracted to calculate the energy density. Then lipids were methylated to obtain FA methyl esters (FAMEs) and analyzed in a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance was applied to compare FA profiles. Zooplankton of both aggregation sites had 70% similarity in their FA profiles. The FA profile found in the liver of whale sharks was similar to that of zooplankton in both aggregation sites (DHA>EPA>ARA). However, muscle and subdermal tissue had FA profiles significantly different from zooplankton, and there was preferential ARA assimilation in the subdermal tissue of stranded and live whale sharks. Therefore, FA profiles reflected just 50-60% of the diet, suggesting that whale shark tissues retain FA according to their metabolic requirements or that surficial zooplankton do not provide ARA detected in subdermal tissue. Future studies should consider night sampling and FA analysis of demersal zooplankton in each aggregation site.

Blending cold-pressed peanut oil with omega-3 fatty acids from walnut oil: Analytical profiling and prediction of nutritive attributes and oxidative stability

This study aimed to explore the possibility of enriching cold-pressed Virginia (VIO) and Valencia (VAO) peanut oils with omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) from walnut oil (WO) to produce blended oils with improved nutritional value. The oxidative stability of pure and blended oils was examined under accelerated conditions (60 °C) for 28 days. The FA and tocopherol profiles, as well as nutritional quality indices, were determined. As the proportion of WO increased in the blends, the levels of linoleic and α-linolenic essential FAs increased, while oleic acid content decreased. Furthermore, γ- and δ-tocopherol levels rose, whereas α-tocopherol declined. Among the studied blends, VIO:WO blends, especially at a (70:30) ratio, were nutritionally favorable with a balanced FA profile. During storage, notable changes were observed in tocopherol levels, along with subtle alterations in the FA profile of the blended oils. Hence, the oxidative stability of pure VIO and VAO decreased with WO incorporation.

Proximate composition, physico-chemical, techno-functional, amino acid profile, fatty acid profile, nutritional quality, antioxidant, anti-amylase and anti-lipase properties of bee bread, royal jelly, and bee propolis

Approximate composition, physico-chemical, techno-functional, amino acid profile, fatty acid profile, nutritional quality, antioxidant, anti-amylase and anti-lipase properties of bee bread, royal jelly, and bee propolis were investigated. The main differences between the analyzed bee products were found in the content of protein (royal jelly), polysaccharides (bee bread), balsam (propolis), wax (propolis), and polyphenol (propolis). Bee products had considerable oil-holding capacity, water-binding capacity, water-holding capacity, emulsifying activity, and foaming capacity. Bee products had higher amounts of glucogenic amino acid, non-essential amino acid, sweet amino acid, hydrophobic amino acid, essential amino acid, ketogenic amino acid, and flavor amino acids and lower amounts of bitter amino acid, non-protein amino acid, branched-chain amino acid, and aromatic amino acid. Bee products contained higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, omega-3, and omega-6, and lower amounts of omega-9 and omega-7. Bee products, especially royal jelly, had a considerable health-promoting index, hypocholesterolemic index, omega-6/omega-3, atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index. Bee bread, royal jelly, and bee propolis showed good radical scavenging activity and effectively inhibited amylase and lipase similar to the control. Propolis, bee bread, and royal jelly are proposed as possible techno-functional ingredients for food and health.

Young bamboo flour as a substitute for emulsifying salts in requeijão cremoso processed cheese and the effect on the quality parameters

The effect of the substitution of emulsifying salt by the young bamboo flour (BF) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 % w/w) on requeijão cremoso processed cheese [REQ, REQ 25, REQ 75 REQ 100]) processing was investigated. Gross composition, calcium and sodium values, functional properties (melting rate), color parameters (L, a*, b*, C*, and Whiteness Index, WI), texture profile, fatty acid profile, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and sensory profiling were evaluated. No effect was observed on the gross composition; however, sodium and melting rate values were decreased, and calcium values presented the opposite behavior. BF could modify the optical parameters, observing an increase in WI values. Higher BF addition increased hardness and lowered elasticity, and regarding the fatty acid profile, there is no significant difference. Different volatile compounds were noted in a proportional form with the BF addition, which was reflected in similar sensory acceptance for REQ 25 and control samples. Although some aspects require further in-depth studies, using BF as a substitute for emulsifying salt in requeijão cremoso processed cheese appears to be a viable option, especially when considering partial replacements.

Effect of deodorization conditions on fatty acid profile, oxidation products, and lipid-derived free radicals of soybean oil

Oxidative stability is a key quality characteristic of edible oils, and the oil’s antioxidant capacity decreases during the deodorization stage. This study explores the changes in radical formation, molecular structure, oxidative characteristics, fatty acids, and main bioactive compounds in soybean oil during deodorization. The lag phase decreased, whereas the total amount of spins of free radicals increased as the deodorization time increased from 90 to 150min. The total amount of spins and percentage of alkyl radicals varied dramatically under different times and temperatures (220 ∼ 260 ℃). Results showed that identifying and quantifying the formed radicals can provide useful information for monitoring and controlling oil oxidation in vegetable oil refining systems. Therefore, to control early oxidation events, maximize refined oil product yield, and reduce energy consumption in the refining plant, the priority should be to minimize temperature during the oil refining process and then shorten the deodorization time.

Mycoproteins and their health-promoting properties: Fusarium species and beyond.

Filamentous fungal mycoproteins have gained increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to animal and plant-based proteins. This comprehensive review summarizes the nutritional characteristics, toxicological aspects, and health-promoting effects of mycoproteins, focusing on those derived from filamentous fungi, notably Fusarium venenatum. Mycoproteins are characterized by their high protein content, and they have a superior essential amino acid profile compared to soybeans indicating excellent protein quality and benefits for human nutrition. Additionally, mycoproteins offer enhanced digestibility, further highlighting their suitability as a protein source. Furthermore, mycoproteins are rich in dietary fibers, which have been associated with health benefits, including protection against metabolic diseases. Moreover, their fatty acids profile, with significant proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids and absence of cholesterol, distinguishes them from animal-derived proteins. In conclusion, the future of mycoproteins as a health-promoting protein alternative and the development of functional foods relies on several key aspects. These include improving the acceptance of mycoproteins, conducting further research into their mechanisms of action, addressing consumer preferences and perceptions, and ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. To fully unlock the potential of mycoproteins and meet the evolving needs of a health-conscious society, continuous interdisciplinary research, collaboration among stakeholders, and proactive engagement with consumers will be vital.

Association of MTHFR (C677T, A1298C) and MTRR A66G polymorphisms with fatty acids profile and risk of neural tube defects.

This study aims to determine if 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR A66G) gene polymorphisms were associated with fatty acid (FA) levels in mothers of fetuses with neural tube defects (NTDs) and whether these associations were modified by environmental factors. Plasma FA composition was assessed using capillary gas chromatography. Concentrations of studied FA were compared between 42 mothers of NTDs fetuses and 30 controls as a function of each polymorphism by the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. In MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism, cases with (CT + TT) genotype had lower monounsaturated FAs (MUFA) and omega-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA) levels, but higher omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (n-6 PUFA) and omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs: omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs (n-6:n-3) ratio levels. In MTRR gene A66G polymorphism, cases with (AG + GG) genotype had lower MUFA levels, but higher PUFA and n-6 PUFA levels. Controls with (AG + GG) genotype had lower n-6 PUFA levels. In MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism, cases with smoking spouses and (CT + TT) genotype had lower MUFA and n-3 PUFA levels, but higher PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and n-6:n-3 ratio levels. Cases with (CT + TT) genotype and who used sauna during pregnancy had lower n-3 PUFA levels. In MTRR gene A66G polymorphism, cases with (AG + GG) genotype and who used sauna during pregnancy had higher PUFA and n-6 PUFA levels. Further research is required to clarify the association of FA metabolism and (MTHFR, MTRR) polymorphisms with NTDs.

Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera based complete pellet feed on milk yield, composition, fatty acids, somatic cell count and cell mediated immunityin lactating goats

Lactation cum feeding trial was conducted on 12 female Barbari goats (Age approx. 2-3 years and mean body weight 34.72 ±1.28 kg) for 120 days after approximately one month of kidding and effect on milk production, milk constituents, somatic cell count, milk fatty acid profile and cell mediated immunity was studied. Animals were divided into two groups (Gr G and Gr M) of six each as per completely randomized design. Two types of complete pellet (Moringa oleifera and Cicer arietinum) based was formulated containing sundried Moringa biomass and Gram straw along with conventional feed ingredients. Lactating goats of Gr G was fed with gram straw based complete pellet feed while goats of Gr M was fed with Moringa based complete pellet feed. Both the complete pellet feeds were iso nitrogenous. No significant difference in body weight changes was recorded between groups. The milk production (g/day) was higher (Avg. 14.54%) in Gr M as compared to Gr G at different fortnight. No significant difference was reported in the milk composition. Milk fat, SNF, Protein and lactose was similar in both the groups. Milk Somatic cell count (×10 3/ml) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in lactating goats fed with Moringa based feed. Cell-mediated immune response assessed through delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction against phyto haemagglutinin (PHA-P) was more pronounced in Gr M at 72 and 96 hrs.Higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (about 16.19%) and lower saturated fatty acids (about 5.49%) was reported in Gr M. Milk fatty acid profile indicators like Index of atherogenicity (IA) was lower while hypo/hyper cholesteremic ratio and health promoting index was higher in milk of moringa based pellet fed goats. Present study concluded that Barbari goats fed with Moringa based complete pellet feed produced higher milk yield with healthier fatty acid profile with low somatic cell counts.

Co-application of biochar and selenium nanoparticles improves yield and modifies fatty acid profile and essential oil composition of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under cadmium toxicity.

Fatty acids and essential oils (EOs) are the primary variables that influence the quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Soil toxicity to cadmium (Cd) is the main environmental issue facing fennel, and priming methods like soil amendments and nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly utilized to deal with it. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of biochar (BC) and selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) on fennel plants in Cd-contaminated soils. The pot experiment was conducted with Cd stress at 0, 10, and 20mgkg-1 soil, BC at 5% (v/v), and foliar-spraying Se NPs at 40mg L-1 as a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) at a greenhouse condition in 2022. The findings demonstrated that Cd toxicity significantly decreased plant performance, while BC and Se NPs enhanced it. Without BC and Se NPs, Cd toxicity at 20mgkg-1 soil decreased biological yield (39%), seed yield (37%), EO yield (32%), and monounsaturated fatty acids (14%), while increased saturated fatty acid (26%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (40%) of fennel. The main EO profile was anethole (65.32-73.25%), followed by limonene (16.12-22.07%), fenchone (5.57-6.83%), and estragole (2.25-3.65%), which mainly were oxygenated monoterpenes. The combined application of BC and Se NPs improved the yield, EO production, and fatty acid profile of fennel plants under Cd stress, increasing the plants' resistance to Cd toxicity.

Antioxidant and osteoinductive properties of organic selenium in microdiets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

This study investigated the effect of yeast derived selenium (Se) dietary supplementation on larval performance, whole body mineral contents, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid profiles, expression of antioxidants and bone biomarkers genes, mineralization and skeletal anomalies in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Five experimental microdiets containing 1.4, 6.1, 9.2, 12.0 and 14.0 mg Se/kg diets were fed to triplicate groups of larvae (total length: 7.26 ± 0.83 mm, 30 dph) for 21 days. Larval Se levels increased proportionally to the elevation of dietary Se. Those fed with dietary Se level at 6.1 mg/kg had a higher growth performance than those fed with non-supplemented diet (1.4 mg/kg), then reached a plateau from larvae fed with Se6.1 to Se14 diet although growth was not significantly affected by different diets. In addition, larval survival was not significantly affected. However, larvae fed the lowest Se levels showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, the downregulation of antioxidant genes, a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents and the highest incidence of skeletal anomalies. While increase up to 6.1–12 mg Se/kg, reduced oxidative stress, increased PUFA, vertebral mineralization, up-regulated antioxidant and bone metabolism related genes and contributing to reduce skeletal anomalies of larvae. However, further increase in dietary Se up to 14 mg/kg led to the lowest gpx, cat and alp expressions, in agreement with a lower mineralization. These findings suggest, dietary Se level at 6.1 mg/kg would be the minimum dietary Se level required in microdiets for gilthead seabream larvae. Thus, the study demonstrates the importance of dietary Se for bone metabolism and mineralization due to its antioxidant and osteo-inductive properties.

Early versus late parenteral nutrition in term and late preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThere is limited evidence regarding the optimal time to commence parenteral nutrition (PN) in term and late preterm infants.DesignSingle-centre, non-blinded, exploratory randomised controlled trial.SettingA level-3 neonatal unit in a stand-alone...

Determination of bioactive compounds, phenolic contents, fatty acid and biogenic element profiles of the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of sunflower seeds were determined to be between 99.64 (Kalamis) and 130.75 mg GAE/100g (Belfis) to 838.33 (Toramis) and 1455.67 mg QE/100g (LG50.480), respectively. Also, antioxidant activity values of sunflower seeds were recorded between 1.27 (Pioner mm54) and 1.73 mmol/kg (other varieties;except Bella). Quercetin and rutin amounts of sunflower seeds were identified to be between 1.18 (deray) and 28.72 mg/100g (Toramis) to 0.97 (İsida) and 6.98 mg/100g (Pioner MM54),respectively. The phenolic components found in the highest amounts in sunflower seeds were quercetin and rutin. Linoleic and oleic acid contents of the oils extracted from sunflower varieties were identified between 1.84 (Arsentik) and 69.56 % (Jais) to 15.72 % (Jais) and 90.95 % (Arsentik), respectively. Interestingly, the linoleic acid values of the "Aromatic" and "Arsentic" sunflower seed oils were found at the lowest concentrations, while the oleic acid results of the oils of these varieties were detected at the highest concentrations. The crude protein amounts of sunflower kernels changed between 18.82 (Pioner mm54) and 29.81 % (Belfis). P and K contents of sunflower seeds were recorded between 4908.24 (Pioner mm54) and 10561.27 mg/kg (Bella) to 4117.86 (Loris) and 6901.06 mg/kg (Deray), respectively.

Macleaya cordata extract exhibits some potential as a surrogate antibiotic by improving gastrointestinal epithelial status and humoral response in goats

Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) is a potential replacement for antibiotics. In the current study, effects of MCE on the gastrointestinal health and humoral responses of host animals were explored. A total of 30 weanling goats with similar body weight of (9.15±1.36) kg were randomly allocated into three groups (n=10 per group): control group (CON group, fed with a basal diet), antibiotic group (Abx group, fed with the basal diet supplemented with 0.18 g/d vancomycin and 0.36 g/d neomycin), and MCE group (fed with the basal diet supplemented with 5 g/d MCE), for three weeks. Results showed that antibiotic addition decreased the height and area of rumen papillae, ruminal mucosa Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene relative expression levels and microbial diversity (P<0.05), altered the volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile in the rumen (P<0.05), and increased monocytes amount and CD4+ T cells percentage in the peripheral blood (P<0.05) compared to CON group. MCE addition increased the average daily gain, the ileal villus height, villus height/crypt depth, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content in the peripheral blood (P<0.05) compared to the CON. Additionally, MCE addition decreased the proportion of isobutyric acid in the chyme of the ileum (P<0.05) compared to the CON group. These results suggest that antibiotic supplementation may suppress the epithelial state and microbial diversity and fermentation in goats, but stimulate cellular response to maintain the growth performance of goats. MCE administration improved the epithelial state and humoral response to promote the growth performance in goats.