Oil Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Oil yield and fatty acid profile of staggered sown Spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to foliar application of boron and tiba

Oil yield and fatty acid profile of staggered sown <i>Spring</i> sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i> L.) in response to foliar application of boron and tiba

Naturally occurring high oleic acid cottonseed oil: identification and functional analysis of a mutant allele of Gossypium barbadense fatty acid desaturase-2.

Some naturally occurring cotton accessions contain commercially attractive seed oil fatty acid profiles. The likely causal factor for a high-oleate trait in pima cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) accession GB-713 is described here. Vegetable oils are broadly used in the manufacture of many human and animal nutritional products, and in various industrial applications. Along with other well-known edible plant oils from soybean, corn, and canola, cottonseed oil is a valuable commodity. Cottonseed oil is a co-product derived from the processing of cottonseed fiber. In the past, it was used extensively in a variety of food applications. However, cottonseed oil has lost market share in recent years due to less than optimal ratios of the constituent fatty acids found in either traditional or partially hydrogenated oil. Increased awareness of the negative health consequences of dietary trans-fats, along with the public wariness associated with genetically modified organisms has created high demand for naturally occurring oil with high monounsaturate/polyunsaturate ratios. Here, we report the discovery of multiple exotic accessions of pima cotton that contain elevated seed oil oleate content. The genome of one such accession was sequenced, and a mutant candidate fatty acid desaturase-2 (FAD2-1D) gene was identified. The mutant protein produced significantly less linoleic acid in infiltrated Arabidopsis leaf assays, compared to a repaired version of the same enzyme. Identification of this gene provides a valuable resource. Development of markers associated with this mutant locus will be very useful in efforts to breed the high-oleate trait into agronomic fiber accessions of upland cotton.

Macro and micro functional components of a spreadable olive by‐product (pâté) generated by new concept of two‐phase decanter

In this research, the potential use of a spreadable olive by‐product, so called “pâté,” generated during a modern two‐phase centrifugal processing technique as a natural source of bioactive compounds has been evaluated using advanced separation techniques. For this purpose, the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions were performed to establish the fatty acid composition and phenolic profile of the new spreadable olive by‐product. A typical olive oil fatty acid profile and very high oxidative stability was found for lipid fraction, whereas hydrophilic fraction was characterized by the presence of hydroxytyrosol, ß‐hydroxyverbascoside, oleoside derivative, luteolin, among other. This kind of compounds are well‐known for their beneficial effects in the human health. These results suggest that the spreadable olive by‐product could be used as functional ingredients, in the production of nutraceuticals or for feed industry.Practical applications: Application of analytical chemistry aimed at utilizing a new olive‐oil by‐product, either through conversion into an affordable source of bioactive compounds and in promoting their overall sustainable management. The obtained results indicate that this by‐product is a potential source of bioactive compounds with applications in the pre‐formulation of functional ingredient for human and animal feeding.The modern two‐phase centrifuge generates a new spreadable olive by‐product which consists of lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions. The analysis of lipophilic compounds showed a typical olive oil fatty acid profile and very high oxidative stability. Hydrophilic fraction was characterized by the presence of hydroxytyrosol, ß‐hydroxyverbascoside, oleoside derivative, luteolin, among other. This kind of compounds are well‐known for their beneficial effects in the human health. These results suggest that the spreadable olive by‐product could be used as functional ingredients, in the production of nutraceuticals or for feed industry.

Determination of oil content and fatty acids profile in sunflower seeds through near infra-red spectroscopy under various treatments of potassium nitrate, zinc sulphate and gibberellic acid

Determination of oil content and fatty acids profile in sunflower seeds through near infra-red spectroscopy under various treatments of potassium nitrate, zinc sulphate and gibberellic acid

Fatty acids profile of oil from nine varieties of Macadamia nut

ABSTRACTThe fatty acids profile and lipids content of the Macadamia integrifolia and Macadamia tetraphylla varieties and interspecies hybrids, M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla were analyzed. Total lipids content ranged from 70.9 to 79.7 g of oil per 100 g−1 dry-solids. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry identified 20 fatty acids, the most abundant of which were oleic acid (40 to 51%), palmitoleic acid (24 to 36%), and palmitic acid (8.4 to 13.1%). Fatty acids concentration differed between varieties and hybrids (Multivariate analysis of variance, F = 13.89, p < 0.0001). A ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acid values ranged from 2.8 to 4.6. The Huatusco variety (M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) exhibited the highest percentage of lipids (79.7 g of oil per 100 g−1 DS) and the highest monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acid (4.6), thus highlighted its potential applications within the food industry. The Cate variety (M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) had the lowest monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acid, suggesting potential uses in the cosmetics industry.

Effects of cold press operating conditions on vegetable oil fatty acid profiles

ABSTRACTAlthough most of jet fuels are currently made from petroleum, nonfood oilseeds such as flax and canola seeds may be an alternative for renewable jet fuel production in the near future. Vegetable oils produced from those oilseeds can be upgraded to liquid hydrocarbons to produce renewable jet fuels. The production efficiency and cost are heavily relied on the vegetable oil fatty acid profile (FAP). Previous research indicated that vegetable oil FAP is affected by oilseed species and oil extraction conditions. Cold press oil extractions from flax and canola seeds were conducted. The effect of the frequency controlling the screw rotating speed on the oil extraction efficiency and quality was discussed. Characterization of the vegetable oils produced, including density, pH value, viscosity, moisture, element component, heating value and FAP, was carried out. The residual oil contents left in the cold press meals were also determined. The results show that the oil extraction efficiency of oilseeds increased when the frequency decreased. For flax and canola seeds, their highest oil extraction efficiency was the same (81.0%), which was both obtained at 15 Hz. The cold press frequency had a minor influence on the FAPs of flax oils. However, the FAPs of canola oils produced at 15 Hz were different from those produced at 20 Hz and 25 Hz to some extent. The main fatty acid in flax and canola oils was linolenic acid and erucic acid, respectively.

Fatty Acid Patterns of Seeds of Some Salvia Species from Iran--A Chemotaxonomic Approach.

In this study, the seed oil content and fatty acid (FA) profile of 21 populations from 16 wild Salvia species of Iran were analyzed by GC. Patterns of chemical variations of the oils among species were identified via numerical analyses and also the taxonomic status of the infrageneric grouping was outlined in the genus. Salvia species were scored based on the contents of main FAs using principal coordinate analysis (PCO). The results showed that the total oil content in the seeds varied significantly, and ranged from 6.68 to 38.53% dry weight. α-Linolenic (18:3ω3, 1.69 - 53.56%), linoleic (18:2ω6, 13.04 - 60.64%), oleic (18:1ω9, 6.15 - 27.06%), palmitic (16:0, 3.77 - 9.27%), and stearic (18:0, 1.78 - 3.05%) acid were identified as five major FAs in the oils. The amount of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs ranged between 1.90 - 53.80% and 13.46 - 60.83% of total FAs in the seed oils, respectively. The results confirmed that FA profiles were distinctive among the species and that they can be used as chemotaxonomic markers. The discrimination of Salvia species according to their botanical classification at intersectional level was supported. In general, seed oils of Salvia species were rich sources of polyunsaturated FAs, except in linoleic and α-linolenic acid, and may be valuable for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Quantification of Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Jatropha cucas L. from Guizhou, China

&lt;p class="1Body"&gt;The methyl esters of fatty acids composition of the oil from &lt;em&gt;jatropha curcas&lt;/em&gt; seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer GC-MS. Fourteen components were found to be representative with 99.52% of the total content of seed oils. The main constituents were unsaturated fatty acids (71.93%) and saturated fatty acids (27.59%). For the saturated fatty acids composition such as palmitic and stearic acid, the rate was 15.80% and 10.79%, respectively. Linoleic acid (39.58%) and oleic acid (30.41%) were obtained in highest concentration among the unsaturated fatty acids identified in the seeds oil of &lt;em&gt;Jatropha curcas&lt;/em&gt; from Guizhou. This value also justifies the fluidity of the oil at room temperature. A high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.58%) and a slightly lower rate of monounsaturated fatty acids (32.35%) were also observed. The seed oils profile of Guizhou &lt;em&gt;Jatropha curcas&lt;/em&gt; presents the desirable fatty acid C14 to C18 and interesting features for the biodiesel production.&lt;/p&gt;

Some rape/canola seed oils: fatty acid composition and tocopherols.

Seed samples of some rape and canola cultivars were analysed for oil content, fatty acid and tocopherol profiles. Gas liquid chromotography and high performance liquid chromotography were used for fatty acid and tocopherol analysis, respectively. The oil contents of rape and canola seeds varied between 30.6% and 48.3% of the dry weight (p<0.05). The oil contents of rapeseeds were found to be high compared with canola seed oils. The main fatty acids in the oils are oleic (56.80-64.92%), linoleic (17.11-20.92%) and palmitic (4.18-5.01%) acids. A few types of tocopherols were found in rape and canola oils in various amounts: α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, β-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol. The major tocopherol in the seed oils of rape and canola cultivars were α-tocopherol (13.22-40.01%) and γ-tocopherol (33.64-51.53%) accompanied by α-T3 (0.0-1.34%) and δ-tocopherol (0.25-1.86%) (p<0.05). As a result, the present study shows that oil, fatty acid and tocopherol contents differ significantly among the cultivars.

Lipid profiles of a diverse collection ofCorylusspecies and interspecific hybrids

Hazelnuts (Corylus sp.) are a low-input, perennial crop that hold potential as a source of healthy culinary oil and feedstock for biofuels. Until recently, production of hazelnuts in the eastern United States was limited due to the fungal disease eastern filbert blight (EFB). Over the past several years, a number of sources of resistance to EFB have been identified and are being used in breeding. To date, however, little has been done to characterize the oil content and lipid profiles of these EFB-resistant breeding parents. In this study, the total kernel oil content and fatty acid profiles of four C. avellana cultivars were compared to nine diverse, EFB-resistant Corylus accessions representing three wild species (C. americana, C. heterophylla, and C. colurna) and various interspecific hybrids with C. avellana. Results showed that, on average, the wild/interspecific hybrid accessions had a lower kernel oil content - 60.3% - than the pure C. avellana cultivars - 67.2% - although there was some variation across accessions. Results also showed that the 13 accessions had a relatively uniform fatty acid profile, which was comprised mostly of oleic acid (~80%) and linoleic acid (~11%). Linoleic acid content was found to be more variable than oleic acid content. The relatively high kernel oil content and consistent fatty acid profile (high unsaturated/saturated FA ratio) suggest that multiple hazelnut species may be ideal for use as both a bio-fuel feedstock and a culinary oil. Minor (or simple) selection of breeding parents would help overcome the slight oil content deficiencies and allow for the use of wild species in the development of new, more widely adapted cultivars.

Fatty Acids Profile and Chemical Composition of Egyptian Moringa oleifera Seed Oils

AbstractMoringa oleifera is grown all over the world as a crop for its nutritious pods, leaves and seeds. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oil percentage, density, iodine value, saponification value, acid value and fatty acid profile of Egyptian moringa Seed oils. Moringa seeds were irradiated using 60Co at dose levels of 0.0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 kGy and oil was extracted from unirradiated and irradiated samples. Results showed that the oil percentage and density were almost unaffected. Irradiation reduced the iodine value, whereas the acid and saponification values were increased in all irradiated samples. The oil was found to contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially an omega‐9‐fatty acid (oleic) (up to 76.29 %) at a dose level of 15 kGy. Also at the same dose level, the dominant saturated acids were palmitic, stearic acid and arachidic (the three up to 12.66 %). GC–MS revealed the presence of different compounds (more than 50) in the moringa oil extract, among them alkaloids, terpenoids steroids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and polyphenolic compounds. Phenolic and falvonoid were significantly increased by increasing irradiation dose levels. Also, the antioxidant activity of irradiated seed oil increased by increasing the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Moringa oleifera could be grown by wide scale production as a potentially valuable crop. However, isolation of individual compounds and their biological activities needs to be covered in future to enhance its pharmacological importance and to open new avenues of research.

Analiza kwasów tłuszczowych oleju z konserw sardynek

Fish meat is an as yet underappreciated and rarely consumed food product in Poland. Fatty fish meat, such as that of sardines, is especially interesting. The Polish market offers a particularly broad assortment of tinned sardines. The aim of this study was to determine, by means of gas chromatography, the fatty acid profile of oil in tins of sardines. 16 various tins from different producers were selected for the study. It was found that the concentration of saturated acids varied from 11.64% to 30.99%. The monoenoic acid content also varied. C18:1 (cis-0) acid content varied from 16.08% to 76.91%, while the total concentration of other acids was app. 5%. The trans fatty acid form of C18:2 (trans-9,12) was found in eight tests while the total concentration of acids from the n-6 family of acids varied from 5.40% to 62.28%. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 acid content ranged from 0.01 to 0.35, whilst the ratio of total fatty acid content to saturated fatty acid content varied from 2.23 to 7.59.

An evaluation of biodiesel production from Camelina sativa grown in Nova Scotia

Camelina sativa has recently attracted great interest as an energy crop for biodiesel production in North America. To assess the feasibility of biodiesel production from camelina, the cultivation conditions, camelina oil fatty acid profile, alkali-catalyzed transesterificaiton process and fuel properties of camelina biodiesel were investigated. Unrefined camelina oil, containing 10%, 33.2% and 56.8% saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids respectively, was used to synthesize biodiesel. The conversion rate of C. sativa oil to its methyl esters was 96% under optimal reaction conditions. Most fuel properties of the resulting camelina biodiesel were in good agreement with specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) and European standard (EN 14214), such as kinematic viscosity, acid number, flash point, sulfur content, total glycerol content. Its cetane number (49.7) was satisfactory according to ASTM D6751, but not for EN 14214. Camelina biodiesel exhibited poor oxidative stability (1.9h) resulting from the high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters.

Methods to prevent acidification of Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) fruit pulp oil: A promising oil for producing biodiesel

Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) produces large amounts of oil (more than 2.5tons/ha/year) with a high oleic acid content. The oil is unsuitable for use in common industrial biodiesel processes (e.g., alkaline transesterification) because it rapidly acidifies after the fruit matures. The present study investigated simple procedures to prevent this acidification. Preliminary evaluation of the enzyme(s) involved in pulp oil degradation did not indicate the presence of plant lipase, but did identify eight species of lipolytic microorganisms colonizing the macaúba fruit pulp. Some methods maintained the acidity of the fruit pulp oil statistically equal to the fresh fruit for 15 days: immersing the fruit in either pH 10 solution, brine (1% and 3%) or potassium sorbate solution (0.3%); autoclaving; steam; and pasteurization at 85°C. Autoclaving and then drying the fruits gave the best result, preserving the level of pulp oil acidity and fatty acid profile equal to those of fresh fruit for up to 180 days.

The coastal red-milkwood (Mimusops caffra) seed: Proximate, mineral, amino acid and fatty acid composition

Mimusops caffra is an indigenous fruit-bearing tree in the coastal dune forests on the eastern coastline of South Africa. The tree is endangered by communities who use it for fuel-wood and construction timber. In an effort to promote sustainable utilisation of M. caffra, we evaluated the potential of its seed as a source of nutrients and cottage industry raw materials by determining the seed's proximate, mineral, fibre and amino acid composition and the seed oil's fatty acid profile. The seed had a gross energy content of 25.07±0.23MJkg−1 and contained 10.02% crude protein, 26.19% ether extract, 4.73% ash and 84.90% organic matter on DM basis. The neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre content were 27.15% and 9.65%, respectively. Calcium (2.33%) and aluminium (285.55mgkg−1) were the most abundant macro- and micro-minerals, respectively. Tryptophan (0.10g 100g−1) was the least concentrated essential amino acid. The seed oil contained 37.08% saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 48.10% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and 14.34% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Palmitic acid (18.58%) and stearic acid (10.70%) were the major SFAs. Oleic acid (46.37%) and linoleic acid (13.97%) constituted the dominant MUFA and PUFA, respectively. Seeds of M. caffra are high in calcium and energy. At community level M. caffra seed's potential as a dietary ingredient for foods and feeds and the seed oil's potential as a dietary supplement needs to be investigated. Due to its high oleic acid content the seed oil's potential as a raw material for community-based cottage industries that specialise in indigenous beauty products needs to be explored.

Oil yield and fatty acid profile of seeds of three Salvia species. A comparative study

Summary A comparative study of the oil yield and fatty acid composition of three Salvia species seeds collected in different locations has been conducted. Seed oil extraction was made using a Soxhlet-extractor and fatty acid analysis was undertaken using a GC-FID. The effect of the collecting site on oil yield, as well as the content of individual fatty acid and total fatty acid and fatty acid content was significant. Seed oil yield varied from 14.94 to 22.83% and the total fatty acids ranged from 67.36 to 82.49 mg/g DW. α-Linolenic (24.02-49.19%), linoleic (20.13-42.88%), oleic (12.97-17.81%) and palmitic (8.37-16.63%) acids were the most abundant fatty acids in all analyzed samples. α-Linolenic acid was found to be the major fatty acid in S. verbenaca and S. officinalis species, however, S. aegyptiaca was characterized by the prevalence of linoleic acid. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, which were represented in all samples in high amounts (78.16-89.34%), the polyunsaturated fatty acids (α-linolenic and linoleic acids) showed important levels ranging from 63.09 to 74.71%. Seeds of S. verbenaca were the richest in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Changes in oil content and fatty acid profiles during seed development in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

Oil content and fatty acid composition were studied in developing seeds of Pongamia, at intervals of 30 days starting from 45 days after anthesis up to 255 days after anthesis. The oil content increased from 15.96 to 36.93 % as the seed matured. A significant variation in fatty acid composition of the oil was detected during seed development. Proportion of all fatty acids except oleic acid decreased during seed development. Palmitic acid (16:0) content decreased from 22.4 to 10.37 %, while stearic acid (18:0) content decreased from 9.43 to 4.26 %. Linolenic acid (18:3) content decreased from 11.95 to 2.24 %. A sharp increase in linoleic acid content from 28.8 to 41.49 % was observed at stage 2 which decreased afterwards to 17.72 % at maturity. A steady increase in oleic acid (18:1) content from 27.69 to 61.34 % was observed. The saponification number and iodine value decreased, while cetane number increased during seed development.

Nondestructive Estimation of Fat Constituents of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seeds by Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

AbstractA rapid and efficient method for oil constituent estimation in intact sesame seeds was developed through near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and was used to evaluate a sesame germplasm collection conserved in China. A total of 342 samples were scanned by reflectance NIR in a range of 950–1650 nm, and the reference values for oil content and fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by Soxhlet and gas chromatograph methods. Useful chemometric models were developed using partial least squares regression with full cross‐validation. The equations had low standard errors of cross‐validation, and high coefficient of determination of cross‐validation (Rc2) values (&gt;0.8) except for stearic acid (0.794). In external validation, r2 values of oil and FA composition equations ranged from 0.815 (arachidonic acid) to 0.877 (linoleic acid). The relative predictive determinant (RPDv) values for all equations were more than 2.0. The whole‐seed NIR spectroscopy equations for oil content and FA profiles can be used for sesame seed quality rapid evaluation. The background information of the 4399 germplasm resources and accessions with high linoleic acid content identified in this study should be useful for developing new sesame cultivars with desirable FA compositions in future breeding programs.

The effects of refining steps on Kilka (Clupeonella delicatula) fish oil quality

Kilka fish are known as the main industrial and pelagic species of Iran that are captured abundantly in the southern Caspian Sea. This study was conducted to survey the effectiveness of refinement steps on Kilka (Clupeonella delicatula) crude oil quality and fatty acid profiles. Neutralization, bleaching, winterization and deodorization were performed on crude oil with deodorization done under two different conditions of A: at 180˚C for 120 min and B: at 140˚C for 240 min. During refinement, peroxide value (PV) significantly decreased from 7.66 meq/kg in crude oil to 0.5 in deodorized oil A and to 0.21 in deodorized oil B (p<0.05). Significant reduction in free fatty acids (FFA) was recorded from 0.86% oleic acid in crude oil to 0.15% in deodorized oil A and to 0.33% in deodorized oil B (p<0.05). N-3 fatty acids content and fatty acids composition were determined by GC-FID and n-3 fatty acids content increased from 18.74% in crude oil to 21.58% in deodorized oil A and to 21.75% in deodorized oil B. The red color in oil significantly decreased from 5.4 to 0.4 and 0.5 in deodorized oil A and deodorized oil B, respectively (p<0.05). Results confirm that refinement steps improved oil quality and raised n-3 PUFA concentration and n-3/n-6, properly. Deodorization at 180˚C for 120 minutes (A) was more effective than deodorization at 140˚C for 240 minutes (B) in removing off flavors.

Grewia bicolor seed oil: Putative pharmaceutical, cosmetic and industrial uses

The physicochemical characterisation, seed oil content and fatty acid profile of oil extracts from Grewia bicolor seeds collected in Zimbabwe were performed using standard extraction and chromatographic techniques. The main objective was to determine the potential domestic and industrial usefulness of the G. bicolor seeds. The G. bicolor seeds yielded 4.80% of brownish-orange oil that had an acceptable odour. The seed oil consisted of saturated (20.20%), monounsaturated (25.10%) and polyunsaturated (54.41%) fatty acids. Palmitic acid (11.46%), stearic acid (5.77%), oleic acid (19.33%) and linoleic acid (54.41%) were the main fatty acids in G. bicolor seed oil. The oil had a high acid value (0.53mgKOH/g), iodine value (39.21g I2/100g oil) and saponification value (130.43mgKOH/g) compared to published data on other nutritionally and ethnomedicinally important plant seed oils.We conclude that the G. bicolor seeds are low oil yielding, whose oil could be used as a potential source of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids and may potentially be utilized as an industrial ingredient in the manufacture of soaps, pharmaceutical products, and cosmetics. Further studies are required to explore the possibility of using this seed oil in industry.