Plasma Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

The effect of dietary camelina, flaxseed, and canola oil supplementation on skin fatty acid profile and immune and inflammatory responses in healthy adult horses.

Camelina sativa is an oilseed crop rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), an n-3 fatty acid (FA), and is resistant to harsh climates and pests. Previously, supplementation with camelina oil (CAM) in horses had no adverse effects on basic health parameters and had comparable skin and coat parameters as both flaxseed oil (FLX) and canola oil (OLA). Further, the plasma FA profile of horses was reflective of their respective treatment oil. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary CAM supplementation on skin FA profile, immune, and inflammatory responses as compared to two commonly used oils in the equine industry, OLA and FLX, in healthy adult horses. Twenty-four adult horses, from two separate herds, were enrolled in this experiment. The horses underwent a gradual 4-week fat acclimation period to sunflower oil (~0.28% ALA), then were supplemented with either CAM (~34.9% ALA), OLA (~12.0% ALA), or FLX (56.0% ALA) at an inclusion rate of 0.37g/kg body weight (BW) per day for an additional 16 weeks. Immune and inflammatory responses were assessed by measuring antibody concentrations across time after sensitization to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) at weeks 10 and 12, and a subsequent delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) challenge. Skin biopsy samples were collected at weeks 0, 8 and 16, and FA composition was determined using gas chromatography. All data were analyzed as a repeated measures ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Antibody and DTH responses to KLH did not differ among groups (P = 0.262 and 0.813, respectively), and no treatment by time effects were observed (P = 0.764 and P = 0.817, respectively). Most FA in the skin changed in composition across time, with the sum of n-3 FA increasing (P < 0.001) and the sum of n-6 FA and skin n-6:n-3 ratio decreasing over time (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Only dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (P = 0.025) and the sum of n-3 FA (P = 0.031) had treatment by week effects. At week 16, the composition of eicosapentaenoic acid in skin was greater in FLX than OLA, but neither differed from CAM (P = 0.049). These results suggest that ALA supplementation may beneficially impact skin FA profile. However, due to the small differences in n-3 FA and n-6:n-3 ratio among CAM, FLX, and OLA, a comparable skin FA profile, immune, and inflammatory response was observed among treatments at a dose of 0.37g oil/kg BW. Therefore, CAM may be a suitable alternative to FLX in equine diets for the delivery of ALA.

Safe and well-tolerated long-term parenteral nutrition regimen: Omega-3-fatty-acid-enriched medium chained/ long chained triglycerides emulsion

A limited number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the use of lipid emulsions (LEs) of different compositions in home parenteral nutrition (HPN), and there are very few data on the long-term use of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The study's objective was to assess safety and tolerability of an n-3 PUFA-enriched LE in adult patients suffering from chronic intestinal failure (CIF) requiring long-term HPN. In this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicentre, international clinical trial, which was conducted at eleven sites, adult patients in need of HPN including lipids received either the investigational product, an n-3 PUFA-enriched medium/long-chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT) LE, or the reference product, a standard MCT/LCT LE, for an average duration of eight weeks. The primary outcome was the sum of changes of liver function parameters (total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) from baseline to final visit. Secondary objectives included fatty acid pattern in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) and triene:tetraene ratio in plasma. 74 patients were enrolled up to premature study termination. Liver function parameters showed no clinically relevant differences between study groups and remained within normal ranges. The n-3 PUFAs EPA and DHA increased in plasma and RBCs in the Lipidem group and were higher in the Lipidem group than the reference group at the end of the study resulting in an increased n-3-index in RBCs with Lipidem. Average n-3-index was >8. The plasma triene:tetraene ratio decreased in both groups. This study is one of the largest comparing two LEs in the complex setting of HPN treatment of adult patients. Although it has been early terminated its results considerably contribute to the evidence on safety and efficacy of longer-term use of LEs in HPN treatment. The n-3 PUFA-enriched LE Lipidem was safe and well-tolerated, particularly in terms of liver function. Lipidem provided an additional supply of n-3 PUFAs and led to positive changes in fatty acid profiles of plasma and RBCs. The n-3-index was in the desirable range at the end of the study in patients receiving Lipidem. There was no evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency with Lipidem. NCT03282955. EudraCT Number: 2015-000849-23.

Fatty acids from nutrition sources for preterm infants and their effect on plasma fatty acid profiles

BackgroundIn preterm infants, IV administration of fat is less well tolerated compared to intake via the enteral route, often resulting in hypertriglyceridemia. It is therefore recommended that parenteral fat intake should not exceed 3.5 to 4.0 g/kg/d whereas human milk can provide up to 8 g/kg/d. It is unknown whether such hypertriglyceridemic conditions are caused by a uniform increase of all fatty acids or it is linked to an elevation of distinct fatty acids due to an unbalanced intake. Obviously, both scenarios could potentially influence the formulation of novel lipid solutions for preterm infants. Objective of this exploratory study was to compare fatty acid profiles between a) different nutritional sources and corresponding plasma samples, b) plasma of infants fed breast milk versus those receiving lipid emulsion, and c) plasma of infants with normal versus elevated triglyceride levels.MethodsForty-seven preterm infants < 36 weeks of gestation were included; fatty acid profiles were measured in serum samples and corresponding nutritional sources (breast milk and lipid emulsion) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.ResultsCompared to breast milk levels, plasma contained significantly lower C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C19:1n9, C18:3n3 (p < 0.0001). In contrast, relative abundance of C16:0, C18:0 and C20:4n6 was higher in plasma than in corresponding breast milk samples (p < 0.001) and lipid emulsion (p < 0.01). Compared to the corresponding lipid emulsion, the abundance of C18:2n6 and C18:3n3 was significantly lower in plasma (p < 0.001). Fatty acid profiles in plasma of infants fed breast milk compared to lipid emulsion were not markedly different. Hypertriglyceridemic samples showed elevated levels for C18:1n9 and C16:0 when compared with normotriglyceridemic samples.ConclusionsOur study reveals that lipid levels in plasma show both depletion and enrichment of distinct fatty acids which do not seem to be closely related to dietary intake. A more detailed understanding of fatty acid flux rates is needed, like the understanding of amino acid metabolism and is supported by the finding that hypertriglyceridemia might be a state of selective fatty acid accumulation. This would allow to develop more balanced diets for intensive care and potentially improve clinical outcomes.

Trophic and environmental influences on trace element concentrations in Australian fur seals

Trace elements (TE) in living organisms can have detrimental health impacts depending on their concentration. As many TEs are obtained through diet, trophic niche changes associated with the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate-change may influence exposure to top predators. The Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus; AUFS) represents the greatest resident, marine predator biomass in south-eastern Australia. With adult female foraging ranges limited to the continental shelf, their source of TEs is geographically restricted. Plasma, red blood cell and milk samples collected between 1998 and 2022 at Kanowna Island, were analysed for TEs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, V and Zn) using inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). Plasma fatty-acid profiles and ocean climate variables were used to investigate trophic and environmental influences, respectively, on TE concentrations. Estimated whole blood concentrations in lactating females were comparable to levels reported in other marine mammals, except for Se and Mn. Correlations between adult tissues were negative for Mn and positive for As, Hg and Sn while molar Se:Hg were high but within reported levels for pinnipeds. Element concentrations in pup plasma were greater than lactating females for Fe, Mn and Sn indicative of high transplacental transfer while doses of Se and As from milk exceeded tolerable effect levels for humans. Relationships with fatty-acid profiles suggest diet influenced concentrations of Cu, Hg, Mn, Sn, V and Zn in adult plasma. In addition, inter-annual variation in TE concentrations were influenced by broad-scale climate indices, including the Southern Annular Mode and the Southern Oscillation Index, and local conditions associated with the seasonally-active Bonney Upwelling. These findings suggest the TE concentrations in blood and milk of AUFS are and will continue to be affected by anticipated oceanographic changes, mediated by alterations in prey type availability, with potential impacts on the population's health.

Markers of Metabolic Abnormalities in Vitiligo Patients.

While vitiligo is primarily caused by melanocyte deficiency or dysfunction, recent studies have revealed a notable prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with vitiligo. This suggests shared pathogenic features between the two conditions. Individuals with vitiligo often exhibit variations in triglyceride levels, cholesterol, and blood pressure, which are also affected in MetS. Given the similarities in their underlying mechanisms, genetic factors, pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, and increased oxidative stress, this study aims to highlight the common traits between vitiligo and metabolic systemic disorders. Serum analyses confirmed increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in patients with vitiligo, compared to physiological values. In addition, we reported significant decreases in folate and vitamin D (Vit D) levels. Oxidative stress is one of the underlying causes of the development of metabolic syndromes and is related to the advancement of skin diseases. This study found high levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and chemokine 10 (CXCL10), which are markers of inflammation and disease progression. The accumulation of insulin growth factor binding proteins 5 (IGFBP5) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) entailed in atherosclerosis and diabetes onset, respectively, were also disclosed in vitiligo. In addition, the blood-associated activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (Cat) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was impaired. Moreover, the plasma fatty acid (FAs) profile analysis showed an alteration in composition and specific estimated activities of FAs biosynthetic enzymes resembling MetS development, resulting in an imbalance towards pro-inflammatory n6-series FAs. These results revealed a systemic metabolic alteration in vitiligo patients that could be considered a new target for developing a more effective therapeutic approach.

Associations between dietary fatty acid and plasma fatty acid composition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: secondary analysis from a randomised trial with a hypoenergetic low-carbohydrate high-fat and intermittent fasting diet.

Dietary fatty acids (FA) affect metabolic risk factors. The aim of this study was to explore if changes in dietary fat intake during energy restriction were associated with plasma FA composition. The study also investigated if these changes were associated with changes in liver fat, liver stiffness and plasma lipids among persons with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dietary and plasma FA were investigated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n 48) previously enrolled in a 12-week-long open-label randomised controlled trial comparing two energy-restricted diets: a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet and intermittent fasting diet (5:2), to a control group. Self-reported 3 d food diaries were used for FA intake, and plasma FA composition was analysed using GC. Liver fat content and stiffness were measured by MRI and transient elastography. Changes in intake of total FA (r 0·41; P = 0·005), SFA (r 0·38; P = 0·011) and MUFA (r 0·42; P = 0·004) were associated with changes in liver stiffness. Changes in plasma SFA (r 0·32; P = 0·032) and C16 : 1n-7 (r 0·33; P = 0·028) were positively associated with changes in liver fat, while total n-6 PUFA (r -0·33; P = 0·028) and C20 : 4n-6 (r -0·42; P = 0·005) were inversely associated. Changes in dietary SFA, MUFA, cholesterol and C20:4 were positively associated with plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Modifying the composition of dietary fats during dietary interventions causes changes in the plasma FA profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These changes are associated with changes in liver fat, stiffness, plasma cholesterol and TAG. Replacing SFA with PUFA may improve metabolic parameters in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients during weight loss treatment.

PSIII-10 Flaxseed oil-based supplement alters water consumption and plasma fatty acid profile of beef heifers

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a flaxseed oil-based supplement (FlaxLic, New Generations, SD) on reproductive parameters, feeding behavior, and lipid profile in beef heifers. Crossbred Angus heifers [n = 60 body weight (BW) = 397kg ± 5.2 kg) were blocked by BW and antral follicle count and randomly assigned to two supplementation treatments: free-choice commercial lose mineral supplement (CON; n = 30) or free-choice flaxseed oil-based supplement (FLAX; n = 30) for 7 wk. Heifers were individually fed via the Insentec feeding system (Insentec RIC, Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands), where basal diet (TMR) and supplements were provided in separate feeders to measure supplement intake and feeding behavior. Further, water intake and behavior were measured via Insentec water system. Individual intake was compiled over 24 h for each animal. Body weight, transrectal ultrasonography, and blood samples were collected weekly. On wk 5, heifers were enrolled in a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) commercial protocol. Largest follicle diameter (LF) and corpus luteum (CL) presence were recorded weekly and on d of the FTAI protocol (d 0, d 7, and d 0). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 d and 60 d following AI. Blood samples were analyzed for progesterone (P4) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) to determine puberty attainment before wk 5, and fatty acid profile was determined via gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Heifers with a CL or P4 ≤ 1.0 ng/mL were considered pubertal. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. ADG was similar between groups (P = 0.90) but was affected by week (P &amp;lt; 0.01). TMR intake was similar in duration and quantity (P &amp;gt; 0.18) between groups. Supplement intake was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for FLAX (0.73 ± 0.03 kg/d) compared with CON (0.18 ± 0.02 kg/d) and from wk 2 to wk 8 (P = 0.01). Time spent consuming the supplements was greater for FLAX compared with CON heifers (62.65 ± 2.11 vs 0.10 ± 0.11 min/d, respectively) over the entire trial (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Further, FLAX heifers consumed less water than CON heifers (32.2 ± 0.39 vs 33.93 ± 0.35 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.03) and from wk 2 to wk 7 (P = 0.03). LF was not different between groups on any of the days of the protocol (d 0, d 7, d 0; P &amp;gt; 0.20). Additionally, P4 (P ≤ 0.20), puberty attainment by wk 5 (P = 0.24), and pregnancy rates (P &amp;gt; 0.48) were similar between groups. Concentrations of arachidonic acid (3.00 ± 0.24 vs 2.32 ± 0.19 mg/mL; P = 0.04), linoleic (60.11 ± 4.34 vs 40.35 ± 4.04 mg/mL; P = 0.002), αLinolenic (16.73 ± 0.26 vs 15.86 ± 0.23 mg/mL; P = 0.02), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 130.52 ± 5.97 vs 111.19 ± 5.56 mg/mL; P = 0.02) were greater on wk 8 for FLAX compared with CON heifers. Collectively, these findings did not show evidence that the flaxseed oil-based supplement affects variables that impact reproductive performance. However, it altered the plasma lipid profile, increasing omega-3, arachidonic, and linoleic fatty acids, as well as total PUFA.

Cold-induced phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in liver and brown adipose tissue of mice

Increasing energy expenditure in brown adipose (BAT) tissue by cold-induced lipolysis is discussed as a potential strategy to counteract imbalanced lipid homeostasis caused through unhealthy lifestyle and cardiometabolic disease. Yet, it is largely unclear how liberated fatty acids (FA) are metabolized. We investigated the liver and BAT lipidome of mice housed for 1week at thermoneutrality, 23°C and 4°C using quantitative mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. Housing at temperatures below thermoneutrality triggered the generation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in both tissues. Particularly, the concentrations of PE containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in their acyl chains like PE 18:0_20:4 were increased at cold. Investigation of the plasma's FA profile using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry revealed a negative correlation of PUFA with unsaturated PE in liver and BAT indicating a flux of FA from the circulation into these tissues. Beta-adrenergic stimulation elevated intracellular levels of PE 38:4 and PE 40:6 in beige wildtype adipocytes, but not in adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-deficient cells. These results imply an induction of PE synthesis in liver, BAT and thermogenic adipocytes after activation of the beta-adrenergic signaling cascade.

PSIII-15 Effect of dietary fatty acids composition on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma fatty acid profile of weaned pigs

Abstract Dietary lipids are an important source of energy and fatty acids (FA), which have critical roles in mucosal immune responses, epithelial barrier functions, and overall intestinal development. Therefore, including fat in nursery pig diets can be used as a nutritional strategy to optimize pig growth performance and intestinal health after weaning. This study evaluated the effects of two different dietary fatty acid compositions derived from conventional soybean oil (CSO) and/or high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) supplementation on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma FA profile of weaned pigs. A total of 208 weaned pigs (body weights = 4.96 ± 0.8 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allotted to 16 pens of 13 pigs each. Experimental diets met NRC (2012) requirements and were provided in a 3-phase nursery feeding program: Phase 1 (d 0-d7), Phase 2 (d 8-d21), and Phase 3 (d 22-d42). Pens were assigned to one of two dietary treatments consisting of two dietary FA compositions derived from the supplementation of 3% of either CSO (20% Oleic acid; 50% Linoleic acid; 6% Linolenic acid) or HOSO (44% Oleic acid; 30% Linoleic acid; 3% Linolenic acid). Feed disappearance and body weight were measured at d 0, 21, and 42. Pen fecal score was assigned daily from d 0 to 21 and then 3 times per week until d 42. Blood samples were collected on d 21 (2 pigs/pen) for plasma FA profile analysis. Performance data were analyzed using T-TEST and fecal score using PROC FREQ procedures of SAS. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed CSO supplemented diets had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) body weight (8.6 vs. 7.4 kg) and daily gain (0.17 vs. 0.12 kg). In addition, daily feed intake and feed efficiency tended to be 23% and 16% greater in CSO-fed pigs, respectively. From d 21 to d 42, there were no differences between dietary treatments for growth performance. Overall nursery period, pigs fed CSO had greater (P ≤ 0.1) daily gain than HOSO pigs (0.34 vs. 0.30 kg). Pigs fed CSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic FA while pigs fed HOSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitoleic and oleic FA. There were no differences in fecal scores in wk 1 and 2. However, pigs fed CSO had less incidence of soft and watery feces (χ2 &amp;lt; 0.1) in wk 3 to 6. In conclusion, a greater dietary content of linoleic and linolenic FA promoted pig growth performance and reduced incidence of diarrhea after weaning compared with greater content of oleic FA.

Plasma Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Reflect Dairy-Fat Intake in a Pilot Clinical Trial in Individuals with Prediabetes

Epidemiological studies often rely on fatty acid (FA) biomarkers of dairy-fat intake to represent diet history and to establish associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. However, a more robust body of direct research is needed to validate the currently utilized FA biomarkers as accurate representations of dairy-fat intake. Thus, our objectives were to i) compare the plasma FA profile of individuals with prediabetes following the consumption of a diet with full-fat (3.25%) yogurt (FFY diet) or non-fat yogurt (NFY diet) to evaluate their validity of currently utilized biomarkers and ii) identify additional FAs to serve as potential biomarkers. We hypothesized that the proportion of the unique dairy-derived FAs including odd-chain FAs (13:0, 15:0, 17:0, 19:0, 21:0, 23:0), branched-chain FAs ( iso-13:0, anteiso-13:0, iso-14:0, iso-15:0, anteiso-15:0, iso-16:0, iso-17:0, anteiso-17:0, iso-18:0), and the trans-FAs 16:1 trans-9 and 18:1 trans-11 would increase in plasma total lipids following the consumption of three daily servings of full-fat yogurt for three weeks. Our 8-week randomized, double-masked, controlled crossover study included six men and seven women aged 45-75 years old. Each experimental diet period, NFY diet and FFY diet, was three weeks in length. The arithmetic difference in fat (8% energy) between the NFY diet (30% fat) and the FFY diet (38% fat) was solely due to the dairy fat in the full-fat yogurt. Following each experimental diet period, fasting plasma samples were taken and analyzed for FA composition of plasma total lipids using gas-liquid chromatography. Consumption of the FFY diet resulted in no change in the proportion of total odd-chain FAs or the individual FAs 16:1 trans-9 and 18:1 trans-11, but the proportion of total branched-chain FAs was greater in response to the FFY diet ( P &lt; 0.01). For individual odd-chain and branched-chain FAs, the proportions of iso-17:0 and anteiso-17:0 were greater in response to the FFY diet ( P &lt; 0.01 for both); however, there were no differences in anteiso-15:0 or iso-15:0 proportions by diet. Results from this pilot trial suggest that commonly utilized FA biomarkers may not be suffciently robust to represent dairy-fat intake. Branched-chain FAs should be further explored for alternatives. Funding for this project was provided by National Dairy Council Nutrition Research Funding, a USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative National Institute of Food and Agriculture Predoctoral Fellowship, and a fellowship from the University of Vermont’s Food Systems Research Center. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Long-Term Effect of Maternal Antioxidant Supplementation on the Lipid Profile of the Progeny According to the Sow's Parity Number.

Pig feeding prior to the extensive fattening phase might affect the final lipid profile and product quality. This study evaluates how maternal supplementation with vitamin E (VITE) (100 mg/kg), hydroxytyrosol (HXT) (1.5 mg/kg), or combined administration (VE + HXT) affects the piglet's plasma and tissues' fatty acid profiles and lipid stability according to the sow's parity number (PN), as well as the possible changes to the lipid profile after extensive feeding. The sows' PN affected the total fatty acid profile of plasma, muscle, and liver of piglets, with lower Δ-9 and Δ-6 desaturase indices but higher Δ-5 in those from primiparous (P) than multiparous (M) sows. Dietary VITE was more effective at decreasing C16:0 and saturated fatty acids in the muscle of piglets born from M than P sows, and modified the liver phospholipids in a different way. Sows' supplementation with HXT increased C18:2n-6 in triglycerides and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in muscle phospholipids. In the liver, HXT supplementation also increased free-PUFA and free-n-3 fatty acids. However, lipid oxidation of piglets' tissues was not affected by the antioxidant supplementation, and it was higher in the livers of piglets born from M sows. The fatty acid profile in the muscle of pigs after extensive feeding was not affected by the PN, but it was by the sows' antioxidant supplementation, with positive effects on quality by both compounds.

Hepatic insulin resistance and muscle insulin resistance are characterized by distinct postprandial plasma metabolite profiles: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundTissue-specific insulin resistance (IR) predominantly in muscle (muscle IR) or liver (liver IR) has previously been linked to distinct fasting metabolite profiles, but postprandial metabolite profiles have not been investigated in tissue-specific IR yet. Given the importance of postprandial metabolic impairments in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases, we compared postprandial plasma metabolite profiles in response to a high-fat mixed meal between individuals with predominant muscle IR or liver IR.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included data from 214 women and men with BMI 25–40 kg/m2, aged 40–75 years, and with predominant muscle IR or liver IR. Tissue-specific IR was assessed using the muscle insulin sensitivity index (MISI) and hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI), which were calculated from the glucose and insulin responses during a 7-point oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma samples were collected before (T = 0) and after (T = 30, 60, 120, 240 min) consumption of a high-fat mixed meal and 247 metabolite measures, including lipoproteins, cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), ketone bodies, and amino acids, were quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Differences in postprandial plasma metabolite iAUCs between muscle and liver IR were tested using ANCOVA with adjustment for age, sex, center, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio. P-values were adjusted for a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05 using the Benjamini–Hochberg method.ResultsSixty-eight postprandial metabolite iAUCs were significantly different between liver and muscle IR. Liver IR was characterized by greater plasma iAUCs of large VLDL (p = 0.004), very large VLDL (p = 0.002), and medium-sized LDL particles (p = 0.026), and by greater iAUCs of TAG in small VLDL (p = 0.025), large VLDL (p = 0.003), very large VLDL (p = 0.002), all LDL subclasses (all p < 0.05), and small HDL particles (p = 0.011), compared to muscle IR. In liver IR, the postprandial plasma fatty acid (FA) profile consisted of a higher percentage of saturated FA (p = 0.013), and a lower percentage of polyunsaturated FA (p = 0.008), compared to muscle IR.ConclusionPeople with muscle IR or liver IR have distinct postprandial plasma metabolite profiles, with more unfavorable postprandial metabolite responses in those with liver IR compared to muscle IR.

Obesity during Pregnancy in the Horse: Effect on Term Placental Structure and Gene Expression, as Well as Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Concentration.

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a broodmare has been identified as a risk factor for obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect the development of the offspring. This article is a follow-up study of previous work showing that Obese mares (O, n = 10, body condition score > 4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n = 14, body condition score < 4 at insemination). Foals born to O mares were more insulin-resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation, and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as the fatty acid profile in the plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation, which, to our knowledge, has been poorly studied in the horse. Mares from both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were housed in pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation (summer of 2016 in the Limousin region, France). In the present article, term placental morphometry, structure (stereology), and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrum and milk, were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between the N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure, or gene expression. No difference in plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed until 18 months of age in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn that can also play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares, which could have further affected the metabolic development of their foals. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk, thus also influencing the foal's plasma fatty acid composition and likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals.

Fat composition of milk replacer influences growth performance, feeding behavior, and plasma fatty acid profile in ad libitum–fed calves

Fat composition in milk replacers (MR) for calves differs from bovine milk fat in multiple ways. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of different approaches of formulating fat in MR on growth, ad libitum intakes of MR and solid feeds, as well as blood metabolites in dairy calves. Upon 24 to 96 h after birth, 63 calves were acquired from dairy farms and incorporated into the study. Calves were blocked based on arrival day and randomly assigned within each block to one of 3 treatments differing in MR fat composition (n = 21 per group): VG was based on vegetable fats including 80% rapeseed and 20% coconut fats; AN was formulated with animal fats including 65% lard and 35% dairy cream; and MX with a mixture of 80% lard and 20% coconut fats. All 3 MR contained 30% fat, 24% crude protein, and 36% lactose and were formulated to have a fatty acid profile resembling that of milk fat. From arrival onward (3.1 ± 0.84 d of age; means ± standard deviation), calves were group housed and were offered an ad libitum supply of MR at 135 g/L (13.5% solids). Weaning was gradual and induced between wk 7 and 10, after which calves were fed only solid feeds. Starter feed, chopped straw, and water were offered ad libitum throughout the study. Calves were weighed, and blood was collected weekly until d 84 after arrival. Preweaning average daily gain was greater in calves fed AN (915 g/d) than other treatments (783 g/d), whereas no differences were detected in the weaning and postweaning phases. Preweaning MR intake was greater in calves fed AN than MX from wk 2 to 6 and was also higher in calves fed AN than VG in wk 5 and 6. Consistently, the number of rewarded visits during the ad libitum phase was greater in calves fed AN than MX, whereas VG showed no differences. This led to a higher preweaning total metabolizable energy intake in calves fed AN than in calves fed VG and MX. Serum cholesterol was higher, and serum albumin was lower in calves fed VG than other treatments. The proportion of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in total plasma cholesterol was lower and that of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was higher in calves fed VG compared with other treatments. Overall, the fatty acid profile of plasma largely mirrored the MR fat composition during the preweaning period. Feeding AN enhanced MR intake and improved preweaning growth compared with other treatments. Feeding VG resulted in a marked increase in plasma cholesterol, particularly in the form of LDL cholesterol, which could be linked to an excessive intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings underscore the importance of formulating the fat content of MR to be similar to bovine milk fat.

Air pollution exposure and plasma fatty acid profile in pregnant women: a cohort study.

Air pollution exposure was known to result in body impairments by inducing inflammation and oxidation. But little is known about the associations of air pollutants with plasma fatty acid profile which may play important roles in the impairment of air pollutants based on the related mechanism, especially in pregnant women. This study aimed to explore the relationships of air pollution exposure with plasma fatty acid profile and the potential effect modification by pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Based on a cohort in Wuhan, China, we measured concentrations of plasma fatty acids of 519 pregnant women enrolled from 2013 to 2016 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Levels of exposure to air pollutants (fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particles (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)) were estimated by using spatial-temporal land use regression models and calculated in three periods (average concentrations during 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month before the phlebotomizing day in the first trimester). Per interquartile range increment of the levels of air pollution exposure 1 day before phlebotomizing was related to 1.21-2.01% increment of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) and 0.63-1.74% decrement of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA). Besides, relationships above were kept robust in the analysis during 1 week and 1 month before phlebotomizing. In women with normal BMI, plasma fatty acid profile was observed to be more sensitive to air pollutants. Our study demonstrated that increment of exposure to air pollutants was associated with higher plasma n-6PUFA known to be pro-inflammatory and lower plasma n-3PUFA known to be anti-inflammatory, which was more sensitive in pregnant women with normal BMI. Our findings suggested that changes in plasma fatty acid profile should cause concerns and may serve as biomarkers in the further studies. Future studies are needed to validate our findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Seasonal changes in the profile of blood plasma fatty acids as a mechanism of human adaptation to the extreme conditions of the North

Extreme environmental factors lead to changes in the metabolism of the body and, in particular, to the predominant use of proteins and fats. The aim of our study was to reveal seasonal differences in the blood plasma fatty acid profile of people with evolutionarily developed mechanisms of adaptation to the specific conditions of the North. The subjects of the study were young male aborigines of the North (Yakuts), virtually healthy volunteers whose mean age was 19.1 ± 2.2 (n = 26). Venous blood samples were collected in the morning from 8:00 am to 9:00 am in different seasons (summer, fall, and winter). Temperature variations during these seasons were more than 100 °C. Identification and determination of fatty acid (FA) concentrations in the blood plasma samples were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analysis of blood plasma lipid profile data was performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The results showed that the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) increases by 1.8 times in winter compared to other periods (summer, and autumn). The leading role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFA) in the adaptation of the human body to interseasonal changes has been revealed. The most important role is played by the winter increase of 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (omega-3) and the winter decrease of arachidonic acid, cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid and 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid.

Composite lipid emulsion use and essential fatty acid deficiency in pediatric patients with intestinal failure with high parenteral nutrition dependence: A retrospective cohort study.

Reports of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) and a composite lipid (mixed oil intravenous lipid emulsion [MO ILE]) are predominantly when managed by lipid restriction. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of EFAD in patients with intestinal failure (IF) who are PN dependent without lipid restriction. We retrospectively evaluated patients, ages 0-17 years, followed by our intestinal rehabilitation program between November 2020 and June 2021 with PN dependency index (PNDI) of >80% on a MO ILE. Demographic data, PN composition, PN days, growth, and plasma fatty acid profile were collected. A plasma triene-tetraene (T:T) ratio >0.2 indicated EFAD. Summary statistics and Wilcoxon rank sum test evaluated to compare between PNDI category and ILE administration (grams/kilograms/day). P < 0.05 was considered significant. Twenty-six patients (median age, 4.1 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 2.4-9.6]) were included. The median duration of PN was 1367 days (IQR = 824-3195). Sixteen patients had a PNDI of 80%-120% (61.5%). Fat intake for the group was 1.7 g/kg/day (IQR = 1.3-2.0). The median T:T ratio was 0.1 (IQR = 0.1-0.2) with no values >0.2. Linoleic and arachidonic acid were low in 85% and 19% of patients, respectively; however, Mead acid was normal in all patients. This report is the largest to date on the EFA status of patients with IF on PN. These results suggest that, in the absence of lipid restriction, EFAD is not a concern when using MO ILEs in children receiving PN for IF.

Obesity during pregnancy in the horse: effect on term placental structure and gene expression, as well as colostrum and milk fatty acid concentrations

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a brood mare has been identified as a risk factor of obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect offspring development. This article is a follow-up study of previous work that showed that Obese mares (O, n=10, body condition score >4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n=14, body condition score <4 at insemination). Foals born to obese mares were more insulin resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as fatty acid profile in plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation. Mares of both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were kept at pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation. Term placental morphometry, structure (stereology) and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrumand milk were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure and gene expression. No difference of plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed later in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn, that also can play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk and plasma of foals, likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals.

Plasma fatty acid profile in Italian Holstein-Friesian dairy cows supplemented with natural polyphenols from the olive plant Olea Europaea L.

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing with natural functional feed on the plasma fatty acid profile of lactating Italian Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Thirty cows in mid-lactation received the natural olive extract PHENOFEED DRY (500mg/cow/day) which mainly comprises hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and verbascoside. The total content of polyphenols and the antioxidant power of standard feed, enriched feed and pure extract was evaluated respectively by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH assay, and a characterization in HPLC-UV (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet) of bioactive molecules present in the extract PHENOFEED DRY was performed. PHENOFEED DRY was provided for 60 days, and the plasma profile of fatty acids was determined by Gas Chromatography. The administration of enriched feed resulted in an increase in the ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from 3:1 to 4:1 (p<0.001). This was not influenced by the calving order. The addition of polyphenols helped to keep monounsaturated (MUFA) and saturated (SFA) levels constant and results in a significant increase in polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid after 15 days of administration. The Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio was in the optimal range. The findings show that inclusion of natural functional food such as plant polyphenols helps to maintain a healthy blood fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows.

Impact of omega-3 supplementation on children and adolescents patients with cystic fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.

Clinical trial research have provided evidence that omega-3 may have larger potential benefits for treating cystic fibrosis (CF). This study's objective was to assess the impact of three supplementation on pediatric CF patients. Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched from commencement until July 20, 2022 using standard keywords to identify all randomized controlled studies (RCTs) examining the effects of omega-3 supplementation on young patients with CF. The eligible studies were subjected to a random-effects model meta-analysis. A meta-analysis of 12 the eligible studies was performed. Findings of the study showed that omega-3 supplementation significantly increased the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (weighted mean [WMD]: 2.06%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29, 2.82, p < 0.001) and eicosapentaenoic acid (WMD: 0.32%, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.48, p < 0.001) as well as decreased arachidonic acid (WMD: -0.78%, 95% CI: -1.50, -0.05, p = 0.035) and C-receptive protein (CRP) (WMD: -3.76 mg/L, 95% CI: -7.42, -0.10, p = 0.044) especially when used in higher doses and for a longer period of time compared to the control group. However, no significant effect was observed on other factors including forced expiratory volume 1, forced vital capacity as well as anthropometric parameters. In addition, high heterogeneity was reported for all fatty acids, but heterogeneity was low and nonsignificant for other variables. The finding showed that in pediatric patients with CF, omega-3 supplementation showed benefits only in plasma fatty acid profile and serum CRP.