Production Of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Research Articles

Lemon seed oil: An alternative source for the production of glycerol‐free biodiesel

AbstractThe aim of this study was the evaluation of two different procedures for the one‐pot transformation of oil extracted from Citrus limon seeds to a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and glycerol derivatives for application as a potential biofuel. Lemon seed oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The first procedure was realized by efficient irreversible transesterification of the oil in hexane by lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435®) using dimethyl carbonate as the alcohol donor. For the realization of the second methodology an acid‐catalyzed transformation was carried out, dissolving the seed oil in methyl tert‐butyl ether in a microwave tube using Amberlyst®‐36 dry form catalyst. Both procedures, in optimized conditions, led to the complete conversion of the triglycerides to give the corresponding FAMEs and a mixture of glycerol derivatives. The absence of free glycerol in the final mixtures makes the two herein described procedures considerably advantageous in terms of both cost and sustainability since they enable performance of the production of FAMEs without requiring steps to remove glycerol. These final mixtures may be used in the energy chain and exploited as biofuels. © 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimization of heterogeneous Catalyst-assisted fatty acid methyl esters biodiesel production from Soybean oil with different Machine learning methods

There is a growing attention to the bio and renewable energies due to fast depletion of fossil fuels as well as the global warming problem. Here, we developed a modeling and simulation method by means of artificial intelligence (AI) for prediction of the bioenergy production from vegetable bean oil. AI methods are well known for prediction of complex and nonlinear process. Three distinct Adaptive Boosted models including Huber regression, LASSO, and Support Vector Regression (SVR) as well as artificial neural network (ANN) were applied in this study to predict actual yield of Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production. All boosted utilizing the Adaptive boosting algorithm. The important influencing parameters on the biodiesel production such as the catalyst loading (CAO/Ag, wt%) and methanol to oil (Soybean oil) molar ratio were selected as the input variables of models while the yield of FAME production was selected as output. Model hyper-parameters were tuned to maintain generality while improving prediction accuracy. The models were evaluated using three distinct metrics Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R2. Error rates of 8.16780E-01, 4.43895E-01, 2.06692E + 00, and 3.92713 E-01 were obtained with the MAE metric for boosted Huber, SVR, LASSO and ANN models. On the other hand, the RMSE error of these models were about 1.092E-02, 1.015E-02, 2.669E-02, and 1.01174E-02, respectively. Finally, the R-square score were calculated for boosted Huber, boosted SVR, and boosted LASSO as 0.976, 0.990, 0.872, and 0.99702, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that although the boosted SVR and ANN models were better models for prediction of process efficiency in terms of error, but all algorithms had high accuracy. The optimum yield of 83.77% and 81.60% for biodiesel production were observed at optimum operating values from boosted SVR and ANN models, respectively.

Application of natural deep eutectic solvents in bulk liquid membrane system for removal of free glycerol from crude fatty acid methyl ester

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) produced from biomass offers several advantages such as renewability and sustainability. The typical production process of FAME is accompanied by various impurities such as alcohol, soap, glycerol, and the spent catalyst. Therefore, the most challenging part of the FAME production is the purification process. In this work, a novel application of bulk liquid membrane (BLM) developed from conventional solvent extraction methods was investigated for the removal of glycerol from FAME. The extraction and stripping processes are combined into a single system, allowing for simultaneous solvent recovery whereby low-cost quaternary ammonium salt-glycerol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) is used as the membrane phase. Moreover, for the first time, diethyl ether was introduced as a strip phase to strip the free glycerol in the BLM system. The effects of DES composition, DES:FAME ratio, stirring speed and operating time on the extraction and stripping efficiencies were investigated. A kinetic model was proposed for the transportation of free glycerol through the DES-based BLM, where the kinetic parameters (k1, k2, tmax, GMmax) for the extraction and stripping were calculated using the glycerol content in the feed and the strip phase. The performance of the lab-scale BLM system confirms the viability of the proposed system with a best DES molar composition of 1:2 (salt:glycerol), DES:FAME ratio of 1:1, mixing speed of 200 rpm and an extraction time of 4 hr. Glycerol content in the purified FAME meets the international standards such as EN 14214 and ASTM D6759. Under the optimal conditions, the suggested model curves of glycerol content in the feed, membrane, and strip phases showed a good fitting with the experimental results. Finally, the rate constants values of the kinetic model were 0.0037 min−1 for k1 and 0.0066 min−1 for k2.

Steryl Glycosides in Postfermentation Corn Oil and Its Effect on the Biofuel Production

Post-fermentation corn oil in transesterification process of biodiesel production is considered as feedstock causing major quality problems influencing both filterability and cold flow properties of crude biodiesel. Phytosterols and steryl glycosides (SG) occurring naturally in crude oil in acylated oil-soluble form are transformed during transesterification into unwanted non-acylated SG particles promoting sediments in final FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) product. Elimination and SG precipitates removal is necessary at industrial scale to achieve better biodiesel quality but preferably without significantly increasing costs of biodiesel production. Recombinant steryl glycosidase enzymes represent an environmentally friendly way to reduce SG by its hydrolysis to glucose and sterols – substances with high added value. The production of enzymes directly in the production plant can positively affect the carbon footprint of biotechnological production and increase the efficiency, without high investment costs for conversion or technology change, since the application is possible at any production step with respect to specific enzyme conditions.

Immobilization Method to Separate Microalgae Biomass for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production

AbstractAn immobilization method for simplified separation of cultured cells and their products from the growth media was developed. The growth rates of both immobilized and free cells of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris were compared. The free and immobilized cells reached nearly identical cell densities. The reported immobilization strategy uses a combination of matrices (sodium alginate (SA), calcium alginate (CA), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)) at different matrix/microalgae volumetric ratios of 0.3:1 and 1:1. The microalgae in the SACACMC/Mc (0.3:1) beads achieved the highest cell density. The cells immobilized in SACACMC/Mc (0.3:1) gave the highest lipid yield, as compared to the cells immobilized in SA. Pore size and membrane thickness analysis as well as surface images of SACACMC/Mc (0.3:1) showed that the mixed matrix had a unique structure favoring lipid production.

Kinetic and thermodynamic study on the esterification of oleic acid over SO3H-functionalized eucalyptus tree bark biochar catalyst

Herein, esterification of oleic acid (OA) over tosylic acid functionalized eucalyptus bark biochar (TsOH-MBC) to synthesize fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was investigated. The TsOH-MBC catalyst was prepared via pyrolysis-activation-sulfonation process at various impregnation ratios and was characterized by SEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD, BET, TGA and acid site density techniques. The catalytic performance of the sulfonated biochar catalyst was described in terms of acidity and FAME yield. 6 g of sulfonic acid loaded on 10 g of MBC (6TsOH-MBC) appeared to be most appropriate combination to achieve a highly active catalyst for the esterification of OA with 96.28% conversion to FAME at 80 °C for 5 h with catalyst loading of 4.0 wt% and 8:1 methanol/OA molar ratio. The catalytic reaction kinetic data were very well described by the second-order model, with a rate coefficient of 0.223 mL mol−1 h−1 at 80 °C and activation energy of 81.77 kJ mol−1. The thermodynamic parameters such as Delta H, Delta S and Delta G were determined to be 78.94 kJ mol−1, 135.3 J mol−1 K−1 and 33.03 kJ mol−1, respectively. This research provided an environmentally friendly procedure for FAME production that could be replicated on a commercial scale.

Use of rare earth element (REE)-contaminated acidic water as Euglena gracilis growth stimulator: A strategy for bioremediation and simultaneous increase in biodiesel productivity

Rare earth elements (REEs) have emerged as contaminants in water systems because their use and disposal are on the rise in many industries. To achieve environmentally benign treatment of REE-contaminated acidic water, we examined a strategy that uses Euglena gracilis for the bioremediation of REEs and simultaneous biodiesel production from used biomass. The presence of lanthanum (La3+) in the medium (0–100 µM) stimulated the growth of E. gracilis. The removal efficiency of La3+ was 99.9%, indicating that bioremediation using E. gracilis is feasible. The La3+ treatment accelerated the endocytic activity of E. gracilis and enabled cells to take up more nutrients (glucose and macro/micro elements). Also, La3+ increased the paramylon yield of E. gracilis, with the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield below 3 wt% in both the control and La3+-treated cells. To increase the FAME yield and productivity, wax ester fermentation was conducted under anaerobic conditions. After wax ester fermentation, the FAME yield and productivity of the La3+-treated sample were 9.49 wt% and 78.76 g/L/day, 1.4- and 1.6-fold higher than the yield and productivity of the control sample. Moreover, the series of La treatment and wax ester fermentation enhanced the quality of biodiesel by increasing its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content. We confirmed that other REE species (cerium, neodymium, and a mixture) also stimulated the growth and biodiesel production of E. gracilis. Taken together, our E. gracilis-based bioremediation of REE-contaminated water provides high removal efficiency and a chance to simultaneously improve biodiesel productivity and quality.

Enzymatic transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil Using Immobilized Pseudomonas Cepacia Lipase

Biodiesel or Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is a biofuel formed from transesterification of vegetable oil and fat. In this study, the source of vegetable oil is Rubber seed oil (RSO). The oil was extracted from rubber seed by solvent extraction, using n-hexane and methanol. The oil produced from both solvents’ extraction were used as feedstock. Biodiesel production from RSO was performed with methanol as acyl acceptor. using immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase as catalyst. Three different parameters were studied, they are reaction time, lipase inhibition, and stepwise addition of methanol/oil molar ratio. The enzymatic transesterification with ultrasonic assisted process was utilized, as it enhances the miscibility between oil and methanol, which lead to reducing the reaction time and significantly increased the yield of biodiesel. The results indicated a significant biodiesel is produced with the highest yield of 76.55%, at 45 °C, with the lipase amount of 5 % (w/w), methanol to oil molar ratio of 3:1 within 6 hours. It is found that despite high content of free fatty acid of rubber seed oil, it has a potential as alternative feedstock for FAME production.

Central composite design for the optimization of CaO and Fe2(SO4)3 facilitated transesterification of Scenedesmus sp. oil for fatty acid methyl ester production

The present research focuses on optimization of CaO and Fe2(SO4)3 facilitated transesterification conditions through central composite design (CCD) for maximal fatty acid methyl ester yield from Scenedesmus sp. At the outset, neutral lipid extraction of Scenedesmus sp. was done by Soxhlet method using hexane and it showed 13.6% neutral lipid. Conversion of neutral lipids to biodiesel was optimized using CCD and the parameters were 80 °C, 120 min reaction time, 3% CaO or Fe2(SO4)3 catalyst concentration and 6:1 methanol:oil ratio. Among the catalysts, 93% of FAME was produced at 3% CaO concentration in the above-said optimized process conditions. Biodiesel from Scenedesmus sp. oil facilitated by CaO catalyst showed 31.42% of C16:0 followed by 23.45% oleic acid and further, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid contents were at about 10.12, 10.67 and 11.92%, respectively, which signifies the use of CaO catalyst for industrial scale biodiesel production from Scenedesmus sp.

Continuous production of fatty acid methyl esters from soybean oil deodorized distillate and methyl acetate at supercritical conditions

This work aimed to investigate the continuous production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) and methyl acetate (MA) under supercritical conditions. The influence of temperature (275–300–325 °C), MA:SODD mass ratio (0.5:1–1:1–2:1) and residence time (7.5–10–20–30–40 min) were analyzed in the FAME and triacetin (TA) production. Thermal decomposition phenomenon of esters at high temperatures and mass transfer were verified. Residence time of 10 min showed promised results in all experimental conditions. The most suitable condition was 300 °C, MA:SODD molar ratio of 1:1 and residence time of 10 min, which allowed to obtain a 87.7% FAME yield. A 38,51% thermal decomposition was observed at 325 °C and 0.5:1 MA:SODD mass ratio in 40 min. Thus, SODD with methyl acetate showed to be efficient, enabling the occurrence of acid transesterification and interesterification reactions.

Small scale photobioreactor, outdoor open pond cultivation of Chlorella sp. and harvesting at log and stationary growth phase towards lipids and methyl ester production

Microalgae are the promising feedstock for biodiesel production than other first and second-generation feedstocks. Generating huge biomass sustainably per unit volume per day is vital to the continuous utilization of algal feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production. But, cultivation and harvesting of microalgae are the significant cost drivers and the commonly used cultivation systems for microalgae are outdoor pond and photobioreactor. In this study, small scale photobioreactor, outdoor open pond and Erlenmeyer flask based cultivation of Chlorella sp. and harvesting at log phase and stationary phase for biomass, lipids towards FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) production was investigated. Photobioreactor grown Chlorella sp. showed higher growth in terms of biomass yield, biomass productivity and chlorophyll content. In the case of lipid content, Chlorella sp. unveiled a similar percentage of lipid about 20% (log phase) and 24% (stationary phase) irrespective of the cultivation systems tested. Non-polar lipid percentage 46% in log phase, while in stationary phase, Chlorella sp. showed higher levels of non-polar lipids at about 66% in photobioreactor and open pond systems. A similar pattern of fatty acids was seen from cultures grown in all three cultivation systems and among identified fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid is prevalent in the range between 14 and 15% followed by palmitic acid in the range between 11 and 13%.

Pre-functionalized and lipid-dense post-hydrolysis rice bran as feedstock for FAME production via non-isothermal in-situ (trans)esterification with subcritical methanol

In-situ (trans)esterification (ISTE) of lipids in post-hydrolyzed rice bran (PHRB) with methanol under subcritical conditions has proven to be a suitable feedstock for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. The lipids from PHRB had a fatty acid profile which was primarily composed of oleic (39 wt%) and linoleic (36 wt%) acids, and could potentially result in biodiesel with favorable properties. The PHRBs which were lipid-dense (31.35 and 48.98 wt% on a dry basis) and pre-functionalized (0.55 and 1.21 mmol H+/g dry and lipid-free PHRB), were successfully processed non-isothermally from 30 to 150 °C at high reactor loading of 85% and a solvent-to-solid ratio (SSR) of 4–6 mL/g dry PHRB, which resulted in yields of 26.48 and 35.11 g/100 g dry PHRB, equivalent to a conversion of ∼90% of the fatty acids. Due to the acquired acid sites in the collected PHRB, no additional catalyst was required. Elemental analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy were carried out to test the presence of sulfur and sulfonic sites in the PHRB residues. Furthermore, the recovered solids still exhibited substantial acid sites which were tested for activity through the esterification of oleic acid in methanol and were reused up to 7 cycles.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Palm Oil Mill Effluent using Sulfated Carbon-Zeolite Composite Catalyst

Free fatty acid esterification (FFA) in palm oil mill waste (POME) was carried out using a sulfonated carbon-zeolite composite catalyst. The catalyst is synthesized with carbon precursor obtained from molasses, which is adsorbed on the surface of the zeolite and then carbonized and sulfonated with concentrated H2SO4 to form a sulfonated carbon-zeolite catalyst composite, which will be used for the esterification catalyst and the optimization process for the esterification reaction is carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM) and experimental central composite design (CCD). Importantly, the observed independent variables were temperature, catalyst weight, and reaction time to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) products. The catalyst was successfully synthesized, which was shown from the SEM characterization strengthened by the presence of a sulfate group in the FTIR results and the calculation results of high acidity properties. Optimization of FFA esterification with SCZ catalyst obtained optimal conditions with a temperature of 79oC, a catalyst weight of 3.00 g, and a reaction time of 134 minutes with a FAME product of 93.75%, considering that the viscosity of biodiesel is below that required by the API.

Development of mangosteen peel ash as a heterogeneous catalyst for palm oil-derived fatty acid methyl ester production

Development of mangosteen peel ash as a heterogeneous catalyst for palm oil-derived fatty acid methyl ester production

Optimization of Continuous FAME Production in High-Performance Bumpy Surface Rotor Reactor under Theoretical Molar Ratio by Response Surface Methodology.

The continuous production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from waste cooking oil (WCO) via transesterification was carried out under theoretical methanol to oil molar ratio using a high-performance bumpy surface rotor reactor (BSRR). Three types of rotors with different area fractions (AF) of 6.9%, 13.8% and 27.6% were used to equip the BSRR. The selection of the highest performance rotor was compared by factorial experiments. Absolute methanol with 99.9 vol% purity was used as the reactant and potassium hydroxide with 90 wt% purity was used as the base catalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to design the experiments and predict the optimal conditions. The three variables in RSM were 0.58-1.43 wt% potassium hydroxide concentration [KOH], 2160-3840 rpm rotor speed, and 1.38-4.74 L/min flow rate. The performance was the specific energy consumption (SEC). The highest performance rotor was AF27.6%. In the first step, the transesterification process was performed using [KOH] 1.5 wt%, a rotor speed of 3000 rpm and a flow rate of 2.027 L/min to produce 98.6 wt% FAME and using SEC at 12.5 W h/kg. In the second step, RSM predicted the optimal condition of [KOH] 1.016 wt%, rotor speed 2910 rpm, flow rate 2.134 L/min and FAME content 97.3 wt%. The actual FAME content averaged 97.16 wt%. The biodiesel properties complied with the EN 14214 standard. This biodiesel production can reduce the cost of methanol by one-half and the cost of KOH by one-third. The energy consumption is only 0.012 kW・h/kg, so the methanol recovery process is not necessary. It has low KOH residue, so washing with water is superfluous and uses minimal energy, which can reduce a lot of costs. The high flow rate of 128 L/h can be used to scale up commercial production.

Integrated bioprocess for structured lipids, emulsifiers and biodiesel production using crude acidic olive pomace oils

Olive pomace oil (OPO), a by-product of olive oil industry, is directly consumed after refining. The novelty of this study consists of the direct use of crude high acidic OPO (3.4–20% acidity) to produce added-value compounds, using sn-1,3-regioselective lipases: (i) low-calorie dietetic structured lipids (SL) containing caprylic (C8:0) or capric (C10:0) acids by acidolysis or interesterification with their ethyl esters, (ii) fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for biodiesel, and (iii) sn-2 monoacylglycerols (emulsifiers), as by-product of FAME production by methanolysis. Immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase showed similar activity in acidolysis and interesterification for SL production (yields: 47.8–53.4%, 7 h, 50℃) and was not affected by OPO acidity. Batch operational stability decreased with OPO acidity, but it was at least three-fold in interesterification that in acidolysis. Complete conversion of OPO into FAME and sn-2 monoacylglycerols was observed after 3 h-transesterification (glycerol stepwise addition) and lipase deactivation was negligeable after 11 cycles.

Synthesis and catalytic properties of calcium oxide obtained from organic ash over a titanium nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from dairy scum

The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from dairy effluent scum as a sustainable energy source using CaO obtained from organic ash over titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) as the transesterification nano-catalyst has been studied. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized, and the effect of different experimental factors on the biodiesel yield was studied. It was revealed that the CaO–TiO2 nano-catalyst displayed bifunctional properties, has both basic and acid phases, and leads to various effects on the catalyst activity in the transesterification process. These bifunctional properties are critical for achieving simultaneous transesterification of dairy scum oil feedstock. According to the reaction results, the catalyst without and with a low ratio of TNPs showed a low catalytic activity. In contrast, the 3Ca–3Ti nano-catalyst had the highest catalytic activity and a strong potential for reusability, producing a maximum biodiesel yield of 97.2% for a 3 wt% catalyst, 1:20 oil to methanol molar ratio for the dairy scum, and a reaction temperature of 70 °C for a period of 120 min under a 300 kPa pressure. The physical properties of the produced biodiesel are within the EN14214 standards.

Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

Use of NaNO3/SiAl as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Rapeseed Oil

The use of heterogeneous catalysts to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through transesterification with methanol might contribute to both green chemistry and a circular economy, as the process can be simplified, not requiring additional stages to recover the catalyst once the reaction takes place. For this purpose, different catalysts are used, including a wide range of possibilities. In this research the use of NaNO3/SiAl as a heterogeneous catalyst for FAME production through transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol is considered. A thorough characterization of the catalyst (including XDR and XPS analysis, SEM microscopy, lixiviation and reusability tests, among others), specific optimization of transesterification by using the final catalyst (considering catalyst amount, stirring rate, methanol/oil ratio, and temperature), and quality determination of the final biodiesel (following the UNE-EN 14214 standard) were carried out. In conclusion, 20 mmolNa·gsupport−1 (that is, NaNO3/SiAl 20/1) offered the best results, with a high activity (exceeding 99% w/w of FAMEs) without requiring higher impregnation amounts. The best chemical conditions for this heterogeneous catalyst were 5% w/w catalyst, 700 rpm, 9:1 methanol/oil ratio, and 65 °C, obtaining Ea = 73.3 kJ·mol−1 and a high-quality biodiesel, similar to those obtained through homogeneous catalysis. Consequently, this catalyst could be a suitable precursor for FAME production.

The feasibility of immobilized Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in palm oil mill effluent for lipid and fatty acid methyl ester production

The abundance of palm oil mill effluent (POME) in Malaysia had exposed an opportunity for the researchers to replace the common culture for microalgae cultivation process. However, the small size of microalgae bring difficulties in the separation process from the culture medium. Thus, immobilization technique had been implemented in this study to simplify the separation process of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. A new immobilized C. vulgaris consisted of combination matrix (sodium alginate (SA), calcium alginate (CA) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)) with volumetric ratio (Matrix:Microalgae) 0.3:1 were utilized in this experiment. The feasibility of POME as a cultivation medium was determined by cultivating the immobilized C. vulgaris in different concentration of POME (20–100%). Two types of media were explored in this study which were POME mixed with distilled water (DW) (0–80%) and POME mixed with Bold Basal Medium (BBM) (0–80%). Based on the cell density result, the medium with 20% POME + 80% DW and 40% POME + 60% BBM medium performed the highest number of cells with 1.63 × 109 cells/mL and 0.59 × 109 cells/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the the POME mixture medium showed the potential as a cultivation medium for the immobilized microalgae. The lipid extracted from immobilized microalgae beads cultivated in BBM media were the highest with 48.03 ± 3.7%, followed by 20% POME + 80% DW (38.14 ± 2.2%) and the lowest by 40% POME + 60% BBM media (32.93 ± 2.8%). Besides, the FAME produced from oil extracted using immobilized microalgae biomass cultured in POME mixture medium showed a good quality of oil. Thus, the oil produced revealed the potential for biodiesel production.