Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis Research Articles

Biotechnological product potential of Auxenochlorella protothecoides including biologically active compounds (BACs) under nitrogen stress conditions.

Nitrogen stress can influence microalgae's growth characteristics, and microalgae grown in nitrogen-deficient conditions may produce higher or lower levels of biotechnological products as a result of metabolic changes. In photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures, nitrogen limitation has been proven effective in promoting lipid accumulation. In spite of this, no study has demonstrated a significant correlation between lipid content and other biotechnological products such as bioactive compounds (BACs).This research examines a strategy for lipid accumulation as well as the potential production of BACs with antibacterial properties in parallel with that strategy. This concept involved the treatment of the microalga Auxenochlorella protothecoides with low and high concentrations of ammonium (NH4+). This particular experiment reached a maximum lipid content of 59.5% using a 0.8 mM NH4+ concentration, resulting in the yellowing of the chlorophyll levels. Agar diffusion assays were conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of different extracts derived from the biomass when stressed with different levels of nitrogen.Algal extracts prepared by a variety of solvents showed different levels of antibacterial activity against representative strains of both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Among the extracts tested, 500mg/L ethyl acetate extract had the greatest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. In order to identify the components responsible for the extract's antibacterial activity, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was performed. It has been suggested that the lipid fraction may be a valuable indicator of these activities since some lipid components are known to possess antimicrobial properties. In this regard, it was found that the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) significantly decreased by 53.4% under the conditions with the highest antibacterial activity observed.

Purification and characterization of a psychrophilic lipase from Serratia marcescens VT 1 and its application in methyl ester synthesis

Lipase from Serratia marcescens VT 1 with a molecular weight of 62 kDa was purified by 9.42 fold with 16.89 % recovery by DEAE Cellulose and Sephadex G-75 columns. The characterization studies showed the optimum temperature and pH were 30 °C and 7, with good stability from 10 to 30 °C and pH 7. The lipase displayed good stability in the presence of metal ions Ca2+ and Na+, surfactants Gum arabic and Triton X-100, inhibitor EDTA, and organic solvents hexane and methanol. The serine inhibitor PMSF reduced lipase activity by 66 %. Vmax and Km kinetic parameters were 35.21 μmol/ml/min and 0.823 mM with p-nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate. The induction of methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate from palm oil was confirmed by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. The present study showed that the Serratia marcescens VT 1 lipase is a psychrophilic, neutral, and serine lipase efficacious of methyl esters genesis.

First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot on Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Caused by Pseudomonas sp. in South Carolina.

A large grower of Brassica leafy greens and spinach in South Carolina observed a severe outbreak of leaf spot on 150 hectares of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in Orangeburg County, SC in 2013. The entire field was lost due to the outbreak. Symptoms appeared on 8-week old plants as tan to white necrotic spots with black centers, water-soaking and no discernable chlorotic borders. Lesions varied from 2 mm to 1 cm in diameter and often coalesced to cover >50% of the leaves. Symptomatic spinach plants cv. Vancouver were collected in 2013 from the field. Bacterial streaming was evident from the border of necrotic lesions under magnification. Lesion border regions were excised, surface-disinfested with 0.5% NaOCl, macerated in sterilized distilled water and streaked onto nutrient agar (NA) and Pseudomonas Agar F (PAF). Bacterial growth was observed on NA and PAF; several single colonies were selected and re-streaked onto PAF. Colonies fluoresced blue under UV light after 48 h at 28oC. Two of the strains were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing (GenBank accessions OM983506 and OM983507) and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) analysis (MIDI LABS, Newark, DE). FAME results had a best similarity index (0.788) to Pseudomonas cichorii/viridiflava. The 16S sequences were queried to Pseudomonas type-strains in GenBank resulting in best matches: P. ovata (99.23% identity with 99% coverage) and P. maditerranea (99.04% identity with 100% coverage). Additionally, sequences had 97.33% identity with 100% coverage as a P. cichorii type strain, and only 96.86% identity with 97% coverage as a P. viridiflava type strain. These two strains were tested for pathogenicity on the spinach cv. Vancouver. Bacteria were grown on PAF for 48 h, and a bacterial suspension was prepared with sterile distilled water with the addition of 0.001% Latron (Plant Health Technologies, Boise, ID) and adjusted to an optical density of 0.4 at OD600. Six-week-old plants (eight plants) were sprayed with the bacterial suspension to runoff, placed at 100% relative humidity for 72 h, and then put in a growth chamber at 25oC with a 12 h diurnal light cycle for 10 days. Eight plants of 'Vancouver' were sprayed with water and 0.001% Latron as controls. Both strains were pathogenic on 'Vancouver' and caused symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Symptoms were not observed on negative controls. The same bacterial colonies were recovered from the lesions on inoculated plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Comparative rep-PCR analysis using the BOXA1R primer (Versalovic et al. 1994) showed both strains had identical DNA-banding profiles. All identification methods used indicate that this is a different Pseudomonas species from the one reported on spinach in California by Koike et al (2002). The top producers of spinach in SC stopped large-scale production in 2014 as a result of this pathogen. In 2020, due to inability of processors to obtain sufficient quantities of spinach, SC growers again planted the crop. Growers experienced yield losses due to similar symptoms on the crop. BOX-PCR of isolated strains of bacteria from these plants showed a DNA banding pattern similar to the 2013 strains.

Integrating biological and chemical CO2 sequestration using green microalgae for bioproducts generation

Microalgae cultivation is considered an attractive negative emission technology (NET) due to its ability to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere as well as from flue gases. Moreover, some microalgae can uptake dissolved carbon in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and grow well by removing nutrients from various wastewater effluents without competing with freshwater resources. Conventional carbon mineralization is another NET where carbon is fixed into carbonate minerals such as calcite (CaCO3), magnesite (MgCO3), nesquehonite (MgCO3-3H2O), and nahcolite (NaHCO3), which can be reused in various applications such as construction and cosmetics, and in this case, to supply carbon to microalgae. Previous initial laboratory studies demonstrated the possibility of using metastable carbonates as a source of carbon for biomass growth of the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. In this study, we present results from an experimental and modeling work where 100 L open raceway reactors were used to grow an algae polyculture using industrial nitrogen-rich wastewater. In addition, carbonates such as MgCO3-3H2O and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) were added to the ponds to primarily buffer the pH and maintain it within the acceptable algae physiological values and to provide extra carbon to the cultures. Cultures using BG-11 growth medium and without addition of carbonates were run as controls. Continuous online monitoring of pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen was performed while nutrients content and dry weight of algae culture were measured offline daily. A mathematical model coupled with geochemistry was implemented to describe the overall process of algae growth, carbonate dissolution, and solution composition. Biomass harvested from the raceway reactors was concentrated and oil and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content were determined. Results showed that biomass and oil content obtained were comparable to controls, indicating a successful metabolic-based pH control by the addition of carbonates in the ammonium-based media. Furthermore, FAME analysis revealed different profiles depending on the source of carbon used. Overall, this study suggests that integrating both types of NET strategies can contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions while producing biomass that can be further processed to generate a variety of bioproducts.

The effect of n-hexane as co-solvent in direct trans esterification of Spirulina platensis using microwave

The addition of co-solvent on in situ trans esterification was considered as one of method to improve the extractive process and increase in yield of biodiesel from microalgae. In this study, in situ trans esterification with co-solvent using microwave was studied for improving performance of in situ trans esterification from microalgae. The biodiesel produced from this method was compared with the in situ trans esterification without co-solvent addition. In the optimal reaction conditions (ratio of microalgae to methanol 1:15 w /v; 30 ml of co-solvent and 30 % of H2SO4) at 50 min of reaction time, yield of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) produced was 81.04 % compared to only 75,246 % methyl ester produced by in situ trans esterification without co-solvents. The Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis showed the methyl ester profile was a Medium Chain Fatty Acid, MCFA and the largest fatty acid component was dominated by Saturated Fatty Acid, SAFA.

Çilekte Botrytis cinerea’ya Karşı Bakterilerin Antagonist Etkilerinin In Vitro Koşullarda Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada, çilekte hasat öncesi ve hasat sonrası ürün kayıplarına neden olan Botrytis cinerea’ya karşı Iğdır ilinde tuzlu topraklardan ve Phragmites australis bitkisinden izole edilen bakteri strainlerinin antagonistik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Yapılan izolasyonlar neticesinde 89 bakteri straini elde edilmiş ve bu bakterilerin tanıları yağ asit metil ester analizi ile yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bakteriler arasında 38 strain in vitro testlerde etkili bulunmuş ve bu strainlerin B. cinerea’nın misel gelişimini farklı oranlarda engelledikleri tespit edilmiştir. Başarılı olan strainler cins düzeyinde değerlendirildiğinde Bacillus ve Paenibacillus cinslerinin daha etkili oldukları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan aday antagonistlerin inhibisyon oranlarına bakıldığında en etkili strainin %71.68 oranı ile Bacillus subtilis MFD2-21 olduğu, bu straini %68.89 oranı ile Paenibacillus polymyxa MFD-15 ve %61.93 oranı ile Paenibacillus apiarus MFD20 straininin takip ettiği belirlenmiştir. B. cinerea’nın misel gelişimini en düşük oranda engelleyen aday antagonist strain ise %17.36 oranı ile Bacillus sphaericus GC subgroup E MFD3-15 olarak saptanmıştır.

Oleic acid from cancer-associated fibroblast promotes cancer cell stemness by stearoyl-CoA desaturase under glucose-deficient condition

BackgroundCancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) coordinate the malignancy of cancer cells via secretory materials. Reprogrammed lipid metabolism and signaling play critical roles in cancer biology. Oleic acid (OA) serves as a source of energy under glucose-deficient conditions, but its function in cancer progression remains unclear. The present study investigated that CAFs in xenografted tumors had higher amounts of fatty acids, particularly OA, compared to normal fibroblasts, and promoted the cancer cell stemness in lung adenocarcinoma cells under glucose-deficient condition.MethodsXenografts were established in immunodeficient mice by injection of NCI-H460 (H460) cells. Lipids and fatty acids were evaluated using the BODIPY staining and fatty-acid methyl esters analysis. The expression levels of markers for lipid metabolism and cancer stemness were determined by western blot, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR. Cancer cell subclones against stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) were produced by lentiviral vector and CRISPR/cas9 systems. The expression of SCD was examined immunochemically in human adenocarcinoma tissues, and its clinical relevance to survival rate in lung adenocarcinoma patients was assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsTransferred CAF-derived OA through lipid transporter upregulated SCD in cancer cells under glucose-deficient conditions, resulting in enhanced lipid metabolism and autophagosome maturation. By OA treatment under glucose deficient condition, cancer cell stemness was significantly enhanced through sequential activation of SCD, F-actin polymerization and nuclear translocation of yes-associated protein. These findings were confirmed by experiments using chemical inhibitors, SCD-overexpressing cells and SCD-knockout (KO) cells. When xenografted, SCD-overexpressing cells produced larger tumors compared with parental cells, while SCD-KO cells generated much smaller tumors. Analysis of tumor tissue microarray from lung adenocarcinoma patients revealed that SCD expression was the marker for poor prognosis involving tumor grade, clinical stage and survival rate.ConclusionOur data indicate that CAFs-derived OA activated lipid metabolism in lung adenocarcinoma cells under glucose-deficient conditions, subsequently enhancing stemness and progression toward malignancy.

Simple Method for Fatty Acids Determination in Food, Superfood and Spice Samples by GC-MS Technique

Abstract The aim of the study was to modify and adapt to other matrices the fast and simple method for determining total lipid content expressed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by performing the in situ transesterification. The primary method was published as a technical report for the FAME analysis in algae dry mass. Our modifications included the use of less toxic solvents, the use of an internal triglyceride standard and FAME determination by the gas chromatography technique coupled with the mass spectrometry technique in the Single Ion Monitoring mode (SIM). The modified method was validated for 37 fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) containing from four to twenty-four carbons in the carbon chain (C4-C24), and was adapted to five food matrices: three solids (yeast, yeast flakes, biscuits), and two liquids (milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner) oil and olive oil). Additionally, 14 samples of spices and superfood samples, rich in unsaturated oils were analyzed. The validation parameters: linearity, precision, recovery, limits of detections and quantifications, were assessed and additionally Certified Reference Material of olive oil was analyzed.

Drought priming triggers diverse metabolic adjustments and induces chilling tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) suffers from chilling stress at the reproductive stage (<15 °C) which leads to significant yield loss. This study presents a comprehensive plant response to drought priming and its effect on chilling tolerance during the reproductive stage in two chickpea cultivars PBG1 and PBG5. Lipidome profiling (Fatty acid methyl esters analysis), metabolome profiling (GC-MS based untargeted analysis), fatty acid desaturases and antioxidative gene expression (qRT-PCR) were analyzed to monitor physiological and biochemical events after priming during flowering, podding and seed filling stages. Drought priming alleviated membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation by increasing membrane unsaturated fatty acids (18:3) along with up-regulation of various fatty acid desaturases (CaFADs) genes and antioxidative machinery during flowering and improved seed yield in PBG5. PCA, HCA, and KEGG pathway analysis of 87 identified metabolites showed that metabolites were regulated differently in both cultivars under non-primed and primed conditions. The plant response was more apparent at flowering and podding stages which coincided with chilling temperature (<15 °C). Drought priming stimulated many important genes, especially FADs, antioxidative proteins and accumulation of key metabolites (proline and TCA intermediates) required for defense especially in PBG5. This explains that plant's response to drought priming not only depends on developmental stage, and temperature regime (<15 °C) but also on the genotypic-specificity.

New concept of biodiesel production using food waste digestate powder: Co-culturing algae-activated sludge symbiotic system in low N and P paper mill wastewater

This paper aims to demonstrate an innovative process for the conversion of food waste digestate (FWD) powder into biofuel. The effects of different doses of FWD are investigated on microalgae-activated sludge (MAS) in treating pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPW) which generally contains insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus. FWD was added to adjust the initial N:P molar ratio in MAS at various levels (8:1 to 15:1). The highest Auxenochlorella protothecoides biomass achieved was 1.67 gL−1 at a 13.45:1 N/P molar ratio of PPW. After 10 days of cultivation, Auxenochlorella protothecoides-activated sludge system removed 91.7 %, 74.6 %, and 91.5 % of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sCOD respectively at D0.836 gL−1 DD. The highest lipid productivity was reported as 41.27 ± 2.43 mg L−1 day−1. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis showed the presence of an appreciable percentage of balanced saturated and unsaturated fatty acids i.e. palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid, rendering its potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Activated sludge induced flocculation of Auxenochlorella protothecoides was measured. The whole process establishes an effective means of circular economy, where the secondary source of recyclable nutrients i.e. FWD will be used as a source of N and P in PPW to obtain algal biodiesel from a negative value industrial wastewater.

Production of lipids biosynthesis from Tetradesmus nygaardii microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production

The research and innovative strategies for large scale production and commercialization of algae based biodiesel still presents a need for analysis based on sustainability and quality check. In this study, the three key growth factors (nitrogen concentration, temperature and pH) were manipulated using the Box-Behnken design of the experiment, with the aim to get high lipids and biomass production for Tetradesmus nygaardii. Screening of experimental treatments revealed interactive effects of nitrogen concentration and pH manipulation, as strongly significant towards high lipids accumulation and lower biomass losses. Biomass production increased (543 mg/L) with high nitrogen, temperature and alkaline pH in the medium, while the lipids showed highest values as 272 mg/L and 60% in terms of production and lipid content with lower nitrogen, low temperature and neutral pH in medium. FTIR analysis revealed metabolic shift of protein and carbohydrate synthesis towards lipid accumulation in optimized biomass. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed higher content of MUFA (53.3%) and PUFA (35%) with major contributors of C16-C18 carbon chain length fatty acids in optimized biomass. Biodiesel specifications (Density, Flash point, Cetane number, Saponification value, Acid Value, Cloud point and CFPP) met the requirements of EN14214 and ASTMD6751 biodiesel standards. The results of this study indicates that the biomass and lipid production of Tetradesmus nygaardii could highly be improved by manipulating nitrogen concentration and pH in combination. In this work, the most promising conditions for biomass and lipid production were identified and could be implemented for sustainable and quality biodiesel production.

Biochemical insights into cadmium detoxification mechanism of Coccomyxa sp. IITRSTKM4

The unabated release of heavy metals like Cd in aquatic bodies has created a challenging situation in front of humankind. The existing physico-chemical Cd removal techniques such as precipitation, ion exchange, membrane filtration etc., further generate more concentrated Cd-laden discards. As a sustainable alternative, employing green technologies such as microalgae-based remediation offers an economic and eco-friendly approach to remove Cd. In this context, the present investigation illustrates the Cd removal efficiency of viable Coccomyxa sp. IITRSTKM4 cells and its survival mechanism to tolerate Cd stress. The removal optimization experiments were performed using Box-Behnken design. The microalga tolerated Cd stress with IC50 value of 18.5 ppm and removed ~ 88% of Cd when exposed to 15 ppm Cd. Apart from adsorption on cell wall and chelation by EPS, Cd uptake through Ca channels mediated its accumulation inside the cells. To tolerate the Cd stress, Coccomyxa sp. triggered the accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates, and a convoy of non-enzymatic and enzymatic molecules to rewire its redox system. Further, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis highlighted the substantial rise in saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids, which improved the iodine value and oxidative stability of the derived biodiesel. Altogether, the outcomes of the study dissected the resilient nature of Coccomyxa sp. IITRSTKM4 to survive Cd toxicity suggesting a sustainable and economical solution integrating the efficient Cd removal and biofuel production.

Comparative Proteomics Reveals Evidence of Enhanced EPA Trafficking in a Mutant Strain of Nannochloropsis oculata.

The marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata is a bioproducer of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a fatty acid. EPA is incorporated into monogalactosyldiacylglycerol within N. oculata thylakoid membranes, and there is a biotechnological need to remodel EPA synthesis to maximize production and simplify downstream processing. In this study, random mutagenesis and chemical inhibitor-based selection method were devised to increase EPA production and accessibility for improved extraction. Ethyl methanesulfonate was used as the mutagen with selective pressure achieved by using two enzyme inhibitors of lipid metabolism: cerulenin and galvestine-1. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of a selected fast-growing mutant strain had a higher percentage of EPA (37.5% of total fatty acids) than the wild-type strain (22.2% total fatty acids), with the highest EPA quantity recorded at 68.5 mg/g dry cell weight, while wild-type cells had 48.6 mg/g dry cell weight. Label-free quantitative proteomics for differential protein expression analysis revealed that the wild-type and mutant strains might have alternative channeling pathways for EPA synthesis. The mutant strain showed potentially improved photosynthetic efficiency, thus synthesizing a higher quantity of membrane lipids and EPA. The EPA synthesis pathways could also have deviated in the mutant, where fatty acid desaturase type 2 (13.7-fold upregulated) and lipid droplet surface protein (LDSP) (34.8-fold upregulated) were expressed significantly higher than in the wild-type strain. This study increases the understanding of EPA trafficking in N. oculata, leading to further strategies that can be implemented to enhance EPA synthesis in marine microalgae.

Myostatin Knockout Limits Exercise-Induced Reduction in Bovine Erythrocyte Oxidative Stress by Enhancing the Efficiency of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

Simple SummaryMyostatin (MSTN) is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and is involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and development. Loss of MSTN results in muscle hypertrophy. In this study; red blood cells were used as materials to study the effect of MSTN on the antioxidant capacity of bovine erythrocyte after exhaustive exercise. The findings suggest that knockdown of MSTN accelerates the pentose phosphate pathway; thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes.Moderate exercise can strengthen the body, however, exhaustive exercise generates large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although erythrocytes have antioxidant systems that quickly eliminate ROS, erythrocytes become overwhelmed by ROS when the body is under oxidative stress, such as during exhaustive exercise. Myostatin (MSTN) has important effects on muscle hair development. Individuals lacking myostatin (MSTN) exhibit increased muscle mass. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which MSTN affects erythrocyte antioxidant changes after exhaustive exercise in cattle. Antioxidant and metabolite detection analysis, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis were used to assess exercise-associated antioxidant changes in erythrocytes with or without MSTN. Knockdown of MSTN enhances Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity after exhaustive exercise. MSTN and its receptors were present on the erythrocyte membrane, but their levels, especially that of TGF-β RI, were significantly reduced in the absence of MSTN and following exhaustive exercise. Our results suggest that knockout of MSTN accelerates the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes. These results provide important insights into the role of MSTN in erythrocyte antioxidant regulation after exhaustive exercise.

Comparative Evaluation of Different Targeted and Untargeted Analytical Approaches to Assess Greek Extra Virgin Olive Oil Quality and Authentication.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a key component of the Mediterranean diet, with several health benefits derived from its consumption. Moreover, due to its eminent market position, EVOO has been thoroughly studied over the last several years, aiming at its authentication, but also to reveal the chemical profile inherent to its beneficial properties. In the present work, a comparative study was conducted to assess Greek EVOOs’ quality and authentication utilizing different analytical approaches, both targeted and untargeted. 173 monovarietal EVOOs from three emblematic Greek cultivars (Koroneiki, Kolovi and Adramytiani), obtained during the harvesting years of 2018–2020, were analyzed and quantified as per their fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) composition via the official method (EEC) No 2568/91, as well as their bioactive content through liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) methodology. In addition to FAMEs analysis, EVOO samples were also analyzed via HRMS-untargeted metabolomics and optical spectroscopy techniques (visible absorption, fluorescence and Raman). The data retrieved from all applied techniques were analyzed with Machine Learning methods for the authentication of the EVOOs’ variety. The models’ predictive performance was calculated through test samples, while for further evaluation 30 commercially available EVOO samples were also examined in terms of variety. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where different techniques from the fields of standard analysis, spectrometry and optical spectroscopy are applied to the same EVOO samples, providing strong insight into EVOOs chemical profile and a comparative evaluation through the different platforms.

FATTY ACID PROFILE ANALYSIS OF KARUPU KAVUNI RICE (Oryza sativa L. indica) BY USING GC- MS/ FID

The FAME (Fatty acid Methyl esters) analysis identifies the fatty acids group. In this study the karupu kavuni rice is examined for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by using the GC-MS/FID. The chromatogram showed 11 major fatty acids at the different peak heights. The highest peak chromatogram was found at the retention time of 17.6 min, and the fatty acid was identified as omega-6-fatty acid. The amount of unsaturated fatty acid is high when compared to the saturated fatty acid group in kavuni rice. Hence the karupu kavuni rice is enriched with high good triglycerides which effectively act as the precursor for the various types of the life style diseases.

Effects of Shortening Replacement with Extra Virgin Olive Oil on the Physical-Chemical-Sensory Properties of Italian Cantuccini Biscuits.

Olive oil is recognised for its beneficial effects on human health, mainly due to it containing oleic acid (a monounsaturated fatty acid), whereas fats of animal origin or margarine, which are often used in recipes for biscuit production, contain mainly saturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shelf-life and physicochemical properties of biscuits and of the fats contained in original recipe Italian Cantuccini biscuits (50% cow’s butter and 50% margarine). Additionally, the sensory properties of the biscuits were evaluated, including their colour, appearance, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. At the same time, the fat composition of the original recipe was also modified to contain 30% cow’s butter and 70% extra virgin olive oil, in order to replace an aliquot of the saturated fatty acid content with unsaturated fatty acids, in particular with one monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid. Colour (CIELab), water activity, relative humidity, hardness and fracturability analyses were conducted on Cantuccini biscuits. Colour (CIELab), free acidity, spectrophotometric characteristics, DPPH assay and fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) analyses were conducted on the fat extracted from Cantuccini biscuits prepared from both the original and modified recipes.

In-field screening of trans-fat levels using mid- and near-infrared spectrometers for butters and margarines commercialized in the Peruvian market

We aimed at developing fast and accurate predictive algorithms to quantify trans-fat, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and other fatty acids using portable and handheld infrared sensors for butter and margarine products. Butter (n = 21) and margarine (n = 15) samples were collected from local grocery stores in Lima, Peru. Their fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography fatty acid methyl ester analysis (GC-FAME). Infrared spectra were collected using portable (five-reflections) and handheld (single-reflection) infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectrometers and a palm-sized Near-Infrared (FT-NIR) sensor. None of the margarine samples, except those made with partially hydrodenated oils (PHOs), contained trans-fat, and the trans-fat levels in the butters ranged from 0.24 to 0.62 g trans-fat/serving. Partial least squares regression models showed strong correlation (RPre ≥0.91), low standard error of prediction (SEP≤2.62), and high predictive performance based on the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD: 1.4–15.1) and Ratio of Error Range (RER: 5.7–56.9). Quantification and classification models obtained with the five-reflections FTIR-ATR system exhibited best performances in terms of RPre, SEP, RPD, and RER, followed by the single-reflection FTIR-ATR and FT-NIR systems, respectively. Portable and handheld devices therefore can provide real-time and in situ results to the fat/oil and dairy industry and regulatory agencies for actionable decisions.

Raman-probes for monitoring metabolites and nutrient fate in Yarrowia lipolytica using deuterated glucose

The aim of this study was to explore the application of deuterium (D) labeled glucose-D 7 as Raman-tag in Yarrowia lipolytica to assess triacyl glycerides (TAG) biosynthesis. Cells were grown in N depleted media in: (i) glucose in H 2 O (control), (ii) glucose-D 7 in H 2 O and (iii) glucose-D 7 in D 2 O, and the resulting biomass and lipids quantified. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies showed the incorporation of D with the presence of a C-D stretching bands in the silent region (1800–2600 cm −1 ) for cells grown in glucose-D 7 in H 2 O and glucose-D 7 in D 2 O as compared to the control. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of cells grown in the three media showed significant differences in lipid profiles. Cells grown on glucose-D 7 in H 2 O and glucose-D 7 in D 2 O showed unequivocally D incorporation in fatty acids and TAG by mass spectrometry. Higher D incorporation was observed when cells were grown in D 2 O than H 2 O. Deuterium was also incorporated into the cell wall polysaccharides. • Deuterium was incorporated in Yarrowia lipolytica cells that were fed glucose-D 7 . • Deuterium was incorporated in both the lipids and cell wall polysaccharides. • Higher levels of D were observed when using D 2 O versus H 2 O. • The lipids and polysaccharides were analyzed by Raman, FTIR, GC-MS and ESI-MS.

Argania spinosa as potential oilseed resource for the future: genotype impact in oil content and fatty acids composition

Argania spinosa (L.) is one of the most economically and culturally important indigenous species in Morocco. Its seeds contain a vegetable oil, internationally known as argan oil, which is widely used in edible, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of eighteen trees to identify genotypes with desirable traits in terms of oil quantity, quality and industrial utilization. Oil yield of eighteen genotypes was determined after mechanical pressing, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis was carried out using gas liquid chromatography. Obtained results show that oil yields ranged between 37.2 to 43.8% and major fatty acids in the extracted oil were oleic (47.15%), followed by linoleic (31.57%), palmitic (14.24%) and stearic (5.8%) acid. Fatty acids composition was significantly different among genotypes tested. Significant correlations, both positive and negative were located between some fatty acids. The high variability observed between genotypes represents a very promising base to develop a new argan variety with high oil quality.