Fatty Acid Fraction Research Articles

Limitation of using silver ion solid‐phase extraction for animal lipids with a low trans content

AbstractSilver ion solid‐phase extraction (Ag+‐SPE) was reported to provide effective separations compared to other Ag+ techniques but at a fraction of cost and time. Ag+‐SPE cartridges resolved fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with different number and/or geometric configuration of double bonds. Here we attempted to determine the trans fatty acids (FA) contained in a low total trans FA sample, horse lipids; lamb was used as a control having a markedly higher total trans content. Gas chromatographic assessment of the fractions showed a good separation of the cis and trans monounsaturated FA (MUFA) fractions, but the relative high content of contaminants that coeluted with these FA impaired the identification of the latter in horse lipids. In lamb trans MUFA isomers could be identified since their abundance relative to impurities was greater. Several attempts were made to remove the contaminants from the SPE cartridges including an extensive prewash with acetone and hexane, a prewash with solvents that would elute the cis MUFA fraction, and a complete prewash of all solvents used in the fractionation, hexane, acetone, and acetonitrile. The prewash using all elution solvents removed most contaminants but subsequently impaired the separation of trans and cis MUFA fractions. The same samples were subjected to Ag+‐HPLC fractionation that showed no impurities demonstrating that they were derived from the Ag+‐SPE separation. The trans MUFA fraction collected from Ag+‐HPLC allowed for the identification of the trans 16:1 and 18:1 FA in horse lipids and is recommended for samples with low trans levels.Practical applications: The commercially available silver ion solid‐phase extraction (Ag+‐SPE) cartridges contain appreciable amounts of contaminants that can interfere with the subsequent GC‐FID elution of low levels of trans fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), especially when contaminants are leaked by the SPE tube in quantities comparable to the trans MUFA content. The contaminants could not be quantitatively removed by prewashing the cartridges with acetone and hexane. Acetonitrile removed most contaminants but altered the Ag+‐SPE tube ability to resolve the trans and cis MUFA fractions. Ag+‐HPLC fractionation is recommended for isolation of low levels of trans MUFA, since the washing and conditioning of the chromatographic column can be extended as needed.Ag+‐SPE cartridges are used to separate FAMEs based on number and geometric configuration of double bonds to aid in the identification of complex GC separations.

Abstract 16122: Percutaneous Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty Ameliorates Metabolic and Renal Dysfunctions Associated With Hemodynamic Improvement in Patients With Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and renal dysfunction have been regarded as poor prognostic factors for pulmonary hypertension. We and others have recently demonstrated that percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty (PTPA) markedly improves pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In this study, we examined whether PTPA also improves metabolic and renal impairments in CTEPH patients. Methods and Results: From April 2012 to May 2013, we examined serum levels of lipids and fatty acids fractions and plasma levels of glucose and immunoreactive insulin in 68 consecutive patients with CTEPH (64±14[SD] years, M/F 13/55) and calculated the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Renal function was assessed by estimated GFR (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine (U-A/C) ratio. Vascular stiffness was evaluated by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). The measurements were repeated after PTPA in 49 patients. Among the 68 patients, we noted NYHA functional class ≥III in 17, 6 min-walk distance <300m in 15, and cardiac index <2.0l/min/m 2 in 18, and regarding metabolic disorders, hypertension in 41, diabetes in 6 and dyslipidemia in 24. Insulin resistance (defined as HOMA-IR >2.0) was noted in 29 out of 63 (58%). Regarding renal function, eGFR was 61.6±17.8 ml/min/m 2 , U-A/C ratio 80.8±214.7mg/gCre, and chronic kidney disease in stage ≥3 was noted in 32 patients (47%). We performed PTPA in 49 patients (mean 3.3 essions/patient), which markedly improved NYHA functional class (P=0.008), 6min-walk distance (102±25 m, P<0.0001) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (-9.9±1.3 mmHg, P<0.0001). Furthermore, PTPA significantly improved metabolic profiles such as HDL-chol (6.2 ±2.2 mg/dl, P=0.01), EPA (18.3±6.2 mg/dl, P=0.006), fasting blood sugar (-8.0±3.5 mg/dl, P=0.04), HbA1c (-0.3±0.1 %, P<0.0001) and CAVI (-0.44±0.23, P=0.02) . PTPA also significantly improved eGFR (5.2±1.2 ml/min/m 2 , P <0.001) and U-A/C ratio (-47.1±18.9 mg/gCre, P=0.004). Conclusions: These results indicate that metabolic and renal dysfunctions are commonly present in CTEPH patients and that PTPA markedly improves those disorders in addition to pulmonary hemodynamics.

Fatty acid composition analysis in polysorbate 80 with high performance liquid chromatography coupled to charged aerosol detection

The fatty acid (FA) composition of polysorbate 80 (PS80), a sorbitan oleic acid ester copolymerized with about 20mole of ethylene oxide, is typically characterized by gas chromatography. Here, an alternative method was developed. After saponification with potassium hydroxide the FA fraction was collected with liquid–liquid extraction using methyl-tert-butyl ether. HPLC in combination with a Corona® charged aerosol detector (CAD) was applied for the separation and detection. The method was fully validated in terms of specificity, repeatability, limits of quantification, linearity, range, accuracy and robustness. The characterization of 16 different PS80 batches demonstrated variability regarding their FA composition, with e.g. the amount of oleic acid ranging from 67.8±0.7% to 96.6±1.4%. Furthermore, we identified petroselinic acid, a double-bond positional isomer to oleic acid in all batches, an FA not known to pharmacopoeias at present. In addition, 11-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, an oxidation product of oleic acid was identified. Structure elucidation was performed by means of HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, the method was expanded to the evaluation of the free FAs. Having determined the entire FA composition, the acid value according to EP and USP can be calculated.

Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Young Adult Males

The present work was carried out to assess the dietary fat intake in relation to cardiovascular diseases. The study was conducted among 90 adult males (aged 25–40 years) from three distinct income groups viz Low (LIG) (Rs. 10–20,000), Middle (MIG) (Rs. 20–40,000) and high income group (HIG) (>Rs. 40,000). All dietary and non dietary variables accounted for 51.9, 88.9 and 90.3 % of variation in the body mass index of LIG, MIG and HIG subjects respectively. The association between fatty acid fractions intake and total cholesterol (TC) in LIG group was very weak, accounting for <1 % of variance, whereas, the total fat intake accounted for 2.2 and 8.6 % of variation in the TC of MIG (R2 = 0.022) and HIG (R2 = 0.086) subjects respectively.

About the origin of asclepic acid derived from crude homo- and heterolipids during successive solvent extraction of rapeseeds

To improve oil yield at the final stage of process, relation among solvent extraction mechanism and the removal of homo- and heterolipid classes with different acyl chain domains was studied. Selected technological parameter was decreasing quality of crude oil in the last successively extracted fractions. The composition of fatty acids, originally linked as lipid building-blocks, indicated no differences up to 94 wt% of hexane extractable oil from the rapeseed material. During the same time interval, it was released 95.8 cumulative wt% of oleic acid and only 76.9 cumulative wt% of (Z)-11-octadecenoic (asclepic, cis-vaccenic) acid. Steep decrease of oleic acid content was correlated with the down-trend of total monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the simple glycerolipid fractions (from 57.0 –59.0 to 26.7 wt%) and free fatty acid fractions (from 59.0–60.0 to 40.1 wt%). On the other hand, we have observed 7.14-fold increase of asclepic acid concentration derived from the simple glycerolipids (mono-, di- and triacylglycerols), wax and sterol esters. The increment of asclepic acid was 4.78-fold in the fraction of the complex glycerolipids and acylate steryl glycosides. Lipidomic and proteomic analyses of isolated oil bodies, rapeseed hull and dehulled seeds proved an origin of (Z)-11-octadecenoic acid. Furthermore, we determined similar fatty acid composition of lipid fractions derived from pure oil bodies and from dehulled seeds. In both cases, the low content of total asclepic acid: 3.13–3.15 wt% in aleurone cells was observed. Low amount of (Z)-11-octadecenoic acid is novel finding, which indicated that (Z)-11-octadecenoic acid originated from seed coat species that are less accessible to the hexane. It was confirmed that the main portion of asclepic acid moieties were derived from wax and sterol esters, triacylglycerols and heterolipids originally present in rapeseed coat (epidermal layer, testa and aleurone layer). Therefore, increasing amounts of asclepic acid and its precursor, palmitoleic acid, released from seed coats was significant indicator of solvent extraction process efficiency.

Fate of palmitic, palmitoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids during anaerobic digestion of Phaeodactylum tricornutum at varying lipid concentration

The literature is showing an increasing trend in the use of microalgal biomass for the production of biofuel, with a recent keen interest for the conversion of microalgae into methane. The methane potential from Phaeodactylum tricornutum was similar for the whole algae, 362±5L/kg total volatile solid (TVS), compared with a sample from which the lipids were extracted, at 358±6L/kg TVS. The anaerobic digestion of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) representative of the dominant acids found in P. tricornutum during 22weeks of incubation demonstrated that the usual incubation time of typical anaerobic digesters (3–6weeks) is insufficient to hydrolyze the lipids and maximize the energy yield contained in the microalgae. The results from methane potential assays targeting the LCFAs that were found in significant concentrations in P. tricornutum, namely palmitic, palmitoleic and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids), at concentration of 2.5 and 1.25g/L, showed a slow but high yield with palmitic acid (802±16L/kg), inhibition from palmitoleic acid and fair degradation of EPA (442±67L/kg). There was a 27% increase in the methane yield from a reconstituted P. tricornutum containing 25% of LCFA compared to 10%, at 456±1 vs 363±5mLSTP/g TVS. Increasing the free fatty acid fraction to 50% in the microalgal biomass resulted in the inhibition of the digestion after production of methane during the first 11days of incubation.

Overexpression of a phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 leads to an increase in triacylglycerol production in oleaginous Rhodococcus strains.

Oleaginous Rhodococcus strains are able to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG). Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzyme catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid (PA) to yield diacylglycerol (DAG), a key precursor for TAG biosynthesis. Studies to establish its role in lipid metabolism have been mainly focused in eukaryotes but not in bacteria. In this work, we identified and characterized a putative PAP type 2 (PAP2) encoded by the ro00075 gene in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Heterologous expression of ro00075 in Escherichia coli resulted in a fourfold increase in PAP activity and twofold in DAG content. The conditional deletion of ro00075 in RHA1 led to a decrease in the content of DAG and TAG, whereas its overexpression in both RHA1 and Rhodococcus opacus PD630 promoted an increase up to 10 to 15% by cellular dry weight in TAG content. On the other hand, expression of ro00075 in the non-oleaginous strain Rhodococcus fascians F7 promoted an increase in total fatty acid content up to 7% at the expense of free fatty acid (FFA), DAG, and TAG fractions. Moreover, co-expression of ro00075/atf2 genes resulted in a fourfold increase in total fatty acid content by a further increase of the FFA and TAG fractions. The results of this study suggest that ro00075 encodes for a PAP2 enzyme actively involved in TAG biosynthesis. Overexpression of this gene, as single one or with an atf gene, provides an alternative approach to increase the biosynthesis and accumulation of bacterial oils as a potential source of raw material for biofuel production.

Comparison of total lipids and fatty acids from liver, heart and abdominal muscle of scalloped (Sphyrna lewini) and smooth (Sphyrna zygaena) hammerhead sharks.

Liver, heart and abdominal muscle samples from scalloped (Sphyrna lewini) and smooth (Sphyrna zygaena) hammerhead sharks were analysed to characterise their lipid and fatty acid profiles. Samples were compared both between and within species, but there were no significant differences in total lipids for either comparison, although much greater total amounts were found in the liver samples. Within the individual fatty acids, the only significant differences were greater amounts of 22:6n-3, total n-3 polyunsaturates and total polyunsaturates in smooth, when compared to scalloped, hammerhead liver. This may reflect the more wide spread distribution of this species into cooler waters. Within both species the liver levels of the same fatty acid fractions decreased from spring to summer, which may correlate with changes in fatty acid profile to adapt to any differences in amount or species of prey consumed, or other considerations, eg. buoyancy, however there was no data to clarify this.

Nonpolar Compounds and Free Fatty Acids from Several Marine Isolates of Fungus Aspergillus ustus and Actinobacterium Nocardiopsis umidischolae

In continuation of research on secondary metabolites of marine fungi and actinobacteria [1, 2], hexane fractions and fractions of free fatty acids and the sterol fraction of actinobacterium were obtained and analyzed from cultures of marine isolates of the fungus Aspergillus ustus KMM 4642 and KMM 4664 isolated from sediment (Okhotsk Shelf, Sakhalin Island, 26.5 m depth) and the actinobacterium Nocardiopsis umidischolae KMM 7036 isolated from Mycale sp. of sponge (Deryugin Basin, Okhotsk Sea). Strain KMM 4642 was cultivated in malt-agar medium prepared with sea water for 14 d [3] and on rice medium prepared with seawater for 21 d [4]. Strain KMM 4664 was cultivated only on rice medium prepared with seawater. Actinobacterium was cultivated in a special medium containing peptone (5.0 g/L), meat extract (3.0), starch (20.0), agar (16.0) and seawater at pH 7.5 and 23°C for 23 d. Cultures were extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were evaporated to dryness. The resulting residues were dissolved in EtOH (10%) and extracted successively with hexane, EtOAc, and BuOH. The hexane fractions were evaporated at reduced pressure and analyzed by GC-MS. The data were compared with the mass spectrometric fragmentation of standards using the NIST98 database. The hexane fraction of A. ustus KMM 4642 consisted of 96.88% diethylhexylphthalate. The remainder consisted of fatty acid ethyl esters and pentadecane. The hexane fraction of A. ustus KMM 4664 contained fatty acid ethyl esters, squalene, octadecane, and sterols such as 24-cholest-4-en-3-one, 24-ethylcholest-7-en-3 -ol, 24-ethylcholesta-3,5-diene, and 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3 -ol at concentrations of 1–2% of the studied mixture. These results differed from those obtained earlier for marine isolates of A. ustus [1]. The hexane fraction of actinobacterium N. umidischolae contained hydrocarbons at concentrations of 1.5–3% that included linear C15, C16, C17, C18, C20, and C22; C18, C19, C20, C22, and C24 with an iso-carbon chain; C18, C19, and C22 with a terminal double bond; and dibutylphthalate (5%) and diethylhexylphthalate (45%). The EtOAc fraction of each culture was chromatographed over a column of silica gel using a hexane–EtOAc gradient (100:0 90:10) to afford fractions of free fatty acids. The obtained total acids were analyzed as the methyl esters (methylated by diazomethane in Et2O) and pyrrolides [5] using GC-MS. Derivatives were identified by comparing their mass spectra with those of standards using the NIST98 database. The composition and content of A. ustus acid esters are given below (mass%):

Enrichment of DHA from Tuna Oil in a Packed Bed Reactor via Lipase‐Catalyzed Esterification

AbstractA packed‐bed reactor (length 6.5 cm; id 4.65 mm) has been used to enrich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) via the lipase‐catalyzed esterification of the fatty acid from tuna oil with ethanol. Lipozyme RM IM (from Rhizomucor miehei) was used for the esterification reaction because of its ability to discriminate between different fatty acids, and several reaction parameters, including the temperature, molar ratio of substrates, and water content were explored as a function of residence time. In this way, the optimum conditions for the enrichment process were determined to be a temperature of 20 °C, a molar ratio of 1:5 (i.e., fatty acid to ethanol), and a water content of 1.0 % (based on the total substrate weight). Under these conditions, a residence time of 90 min gave a DHA concentration of 70 wt% and a DHA recovery yield of 87 wt% in the residual fatty acid fraction.

An evaluation of Moringa peregrina seeds as a source for bio-fuel

Moringa peregrina leaves and pods are known for their medicinal and nutritional values. In this paper, M. peregrina seeds had been investigated for the first time as a potential source for bio-fuel. Physical characterization revealed that M. peregrina seed is composed of about 59% kernel and 41% husk. The kernel was found to contain about 38% of oil. Higher heating values of 18.21, 20.65 and 39.99MJ/kg were obtained for M. peregrina seed husk, M. peregrina seed oil cake and M. peregrina seed oil respectively. Thermochemical characteristics and thermal behavior of M. peregrina seed husk and M. peregrina seed oil cake in an inert atmosphere of N2 were studied. The initial results showed that M. peregrina seed husk and M. peregrina seed oil cake could potentially produce energy through thermochemical conversion processes. Low iodine value (67.73gI2/100g oil) and high saponification value (187.53mgKOH/g oil) were reported for M. peregrina seed oil. Thus, a high cetane number (60.16) was reported for M. peregrina seed-oil-based biodiesel. M. peregrina seed oil was found to contain very low free fatty acids (0.35%), rendering its conversion into biodiesel possible in one step by alkaline catalyst. A high fraction of unsaturated fatty acids was observed in M. peregrina seed oil (81.24%) while 76.92% of M. peregrina seed oil was contributed by monounsaturated fatty acids with oleic acid as the major component (72.19%). Therefore, high thermo-oxidative stability was observed in M. peregrina seed oil. However, its significant fraction of long-chain fatty acids (C20:0+C20:1+C22:0) (6.76%) may affect the cold flow properties of the derived biodiesel. We concluded from this study that M. peregrina is a potential source for both bio-fuel and food.

Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition on fatty acid molecular and isotope composition of above‐ and belowground tree biomass and forest soil fractions

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and reactive nitrogen (N) concentrations have been increasing due to human activities and impact the global carbon (C) cycle by affecting plant photosynthesis and decomposition processes in soil. Large amounts of C are stored in plants and soils, but the mechanisms behind the stabilization of plant- and microbial-derived organic matter (OM) in soils are still under debate and it is not clear how N deposition affects soil OM dynamics. Here, we studied the effects of 4 years of elevated (13C-depleted) CO2 and N deposition in forest ecosystems established in open-top chambers on composition and turnover of fatty acids (FAs) in plants and soils. FAs served as biomarkers for plant- and microbial-derived OM in soil density fractions. We analyzed above- and belowground plant biomass of beech and spruce trees as well as soil density fractions for the total organic C and FA molecular and isotope (δ13C) composition. FAs did not accumulate relative to total organic C in fine mineral fractions, showing that FAs are not effectively stabilized by association with soil minerals. The δ13C values of FAs in plant biomass increased under high N deposition. However, the N effect was only apparent under elevated CO2 suggesting a N limitation of the system. In soil fractions, only isotope compositions of short-chain FAs (C16+18) were affected. Fractions of 'new' (experimental-derived) FAs were calculated using isotope depletion in elevated CO2 plots and decreased from free light to fine mineral fractions. 'New' FAs were higher in short-chain compared to long-chain FAs (C20-30), indicating a faster turnover of short-chain compared to long-chain FAs. Increased N deposition did not significantly affect the quantity of 'new' FAs in soil fractions, but showed a tendency of increased amounts of 'old' (pre-experimental) C suggesting that decomposition of 'old' C is retarded by high N inputs.

Acinar inflammatory response to lipid derivatives generated in necrotic fat during acute pancreatitis

Lipids play a role in acute pancreatitis (AP) progression. We investigate the ability of pancreatic acinar cells to trigger inflammatory response in the presence of lipid compounds generated in necrotic areas of peripancreatic adipose tissue (AT) during AP induced in rats by 5% sodium taurocholate. Lipid composition of AT was analyzed by HPLC–mass spectrometry. Acinar inflammatory response to total lipids as well as to either the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction or their chlorinated products (Cl-FFAs) was evaluated. For this, mRNA expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and P-selectin as well as the activation of MAPKs, NF-κB and STAT-3 were analyzed in pancreatic acini. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as an inducer of Cl-FFA generation, was also analyzed in AT. MPO activity significantly increased in necrotic (AT-N) induced changes in lipid composition of necrotic fat, such as increase in FFA and phospholipid (PL) content, generation of Cl-FFAs and increases in saturated FFAs and in the poly-:mono-unsaturated FFA ratio. Total lipids from AT-N induced overexpression of CCL2 and P-selectin in pancreatic acini as well as MAPKs phosphorylation and activation of NF-κB and STAT3. FFAs, but not Cl-FFAs, up-regulated CCL2 and P-selectin in acinar cells. We conclude that FFAs are capable of up-regulating inflammatory mediators in pancreatic acini and given that they are highly produced during AP, mainly may contribute to the inflammatory response triggered in acinar cells by fat necrosis. No role is played by Cl-FFAs generated as a result of neutrophil infiltration.

Effect of DHA on plasma fatty acid availability and oxidative stress during training season and football exercise.

The aim was to determine the effects of a diet supplemented with 1.14 g per day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for eight weeks on the plasma oxidative balance and anti-inflammatory markers after training and acute exercise. Fifteen volunteer male football players were randomly assigned to placebo or experimental and supplemented groups. Blood samples were taken under resting conditions at the beginning and after eight weeks of training under resting and post-exercise conditions. The experimental beverage increased the plasma DHA availability in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and triglyceride fatty acids (TGFAs) and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) fraction of NEFAs but had no effects on the biomarkers for oxidative balance in plasma. During training, plasma protein markers of oxidative damage, the haemolysis degree and the antioxidant enzyme activities increased, but did not affect lipid oxidative damage. Training season and DHA influenced the circulating levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Acute exercise did not alter the basal levels of plasma markers for oxidative and nitrosative damage of proteins and lipids, and the antioxidant enzyme activities, although DHA-diet supplementation significantly increased the PGE2 in plasma after acute exercise. In conclusion, the training season and acute exercise, but not the DHA diet supplementation, altered the pattern of plasma oxidative damage, as the antioxidant system proved sufficient to prevent the oxidative damage induced by the acute exercise in well-trained footballers. The DHA-diet supplementation increased the prostaglandin PGE2 plasma evidencing anti-inflammatory effects of DHA to control inflammation after acute exercise.

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Air-Dried Wood, Bark, and Leaves of Brachychiton diversifolius R. Br: Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities

The composition of methylated fatty acids from wood, bark, and leaves of Brachychiton diversifolius was analyzed for the first time using gas chromatography (GC). The results indicated that the major methyl ester of fatty acids found in wood, bark, and leaves were: myristic acid (8.32%), palmitic acid (15.66%), and palmitic acid (9.95%), respectively. In accordance to the biological effects of fatty acid fraction, they were moderately effective against Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina lutea, but they did not show any effect against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pectobacterium carotovorum at a concentration of 2000 μg/mL. The maximum percentages of inhibition of fungal mycelial growth against Penicillium selerotigenum (60.35%), Paecilomyces variotii (70.80%), and Aspergillus niger (70.50%) were shown by the fatty acids from leaves, bark, and bark, respectively. The total antioxidant activity (TAA %) of fatty acids from wood, bark, and leaves, were 40±3.13%, 80±5.14%, and 60±4.50%, respectively. In accordance to the results, the different parts of B. diversifolius could provide important components, such as fatty acids with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities for future studies or uses.

Characterization of the liposoluble fraction of common wheat (Triticum aestivum ) and spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta ) flours using multivariate analysis

In the present paper, a special method for derivatization of liposoluble extract of common wheat and spelt flours was employed which enables simultaneous detection of fatty acid and non-saponifiable lipid fractions. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analytical data for both fractions were separately analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques to model classes of different common wheat and spelt cultivars. Cluster analysis was used, and the results obtained revealed that better discrimination of samples was achieved by analyzing the peak area after 16 min retention time (non-saponifiable lipids), rather than commonly used peak area between 12 and 16 min (fatty acid fraction), due to more distinctive positions of points in factor space, even though the distances between points for fatty acid fraction (12-16 min) were greater. Similar results were obtained by principal components analysis, where all wheat points almost coincided whereas spelt showed good discrimination. Comparison of chromatogram areas for non-saponifiable lipid fraction between common and spelt wheat showed a statistically high difference and hence has a potential for use in authenticity control.

Lipase‐Catalysed Enrichment of γ‐Linolenic Acid from Evening Primrose Oil in a Solvent‐Free System

AbstractThe enrichment of γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was carried out in a solvent‐free system by lipase‐catalysed esterification of free fatty acids from evening primrose oil (EPO‐FA) and 1‐butanol (BtOH). The lipase employed to conduct this study was a free preparation of Candida rugosa. Variables evaluated were: substrate molar ratio (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10 and 1:12, EPO‐FA:BtOH), temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C), and enzyme loading (5, 10, 15 and 20 %, based on the total weight of substrates). GLA was highly enriched in the non‐esterified fatty acid fraction since C. rugosa showed very low selectivity for this fatty acid. We were able to increase the content of GLA to ca. 70 wt.% under the following optimal conditions: 30 °C, 10 % enzyme loading and a 1:10 molar ratio (EPO‐FA:BtOH), after 24 h. An additional set of experiments was conducted whereby the amount of water was controlled by addition of molecular sieves to the reaction mixture. The latter experiments produced a higher GLA concentrate (83.74 wt.%), under the optimal conditions described above and by adding 10 % molecular sieves (based on the total weight of substrates) after 36 h.

Comparison of Stability between Kaso (Tetracarpidium conophorum) and Safou Pulp (Dacryodes edulis) Oils Encapsulated in Maltodextrins 6DE

Safou pulp and Kaso oils have a good nutritional value and olive oil's properties are well known. Totox value and the content of thiobarbituric reactive species were measured over a period of 2 months, at 50°C, to evaluate oxidation of free and maltodextrin-encapsulated oils. Freeze-dried particles were more efficient against oil oxidation than spray-dried particles. The comparison between Safou and Kaso using olive oil as reference demonstrates the best oxidative stability of this first one at 50°C. These oils stored over 3 years at 20°C showed the high amount of Peroxide value and modifications of the fatty acid fraction and composition.

Maternal high fat feeding alters bone lipid content at weaning without long‐lasting effects on bone lipid content and bone strength in male offspring at young adulthood (1033.7)

High fat (HF) feeding after weaning results in elevated bone fatty acid content and reduced bone strength in growing rats and mice. However, the effect of a maternal HF diet to offspring in utero and during suckling is less characterized. Our study objective was to determine if maternal HF feeding altered male offspring bone lipid composition at weaning and 3 months of age, and if this was accompanied by lower bone strength. Female Wistar rats were fed either control (CON, 7% soybean oil by weight (TD.94045); n = 9) or HF (20% lard by weight (TD.02016); n = 9) diet for 10 weeks. Rats were bred and consumed their respective diets throughout pregnancy and lactation. All offspring were weaned to CON diet. At weaning, but not 3 months of age, percent mole fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower and monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in femur of offspring from dams fed HF diet than offspring of dams fed CON diet (P &lt;0.05). Peak load, the maximum force a bone withstands before fracture, was not different between groups at the femur (midpoint and neck) and 3rd lumbar vertebra at 3 months of age. In conclusion, in utero and suckling exposure to a HF diet does not have long‐lasting effects on bone health in this rat model. Moreover, at 3 months of age, lipid composition of femurs no longer reflects maternal HF feeding and may explain why bone strength is similar between groups.

High saturated fat diet alters skeletal muscle phospholipid composition and increases SERCA activity (895.2)

Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) is a transmembrane protein whose activity is, in part, dependent on its lipid environment. Past studies using synthetic membranes have demonstrated that 20‐22 carbon long monounsaturated fatty acids are associated with maximal SERCA activity. However, this association has not been examined in biological membranes. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine this association in a biological system and the response to high saturated fat (HSF) diet‐mediated membrane alterations in skeletal muscle. Female Wistar rats (28 days old) were fed control (CON; AIN93G, 7% soybean oil by weight) or HSF (AIN93G, 20% lard by weight) diet for 16 weeks. Mixed hind limb muscle phospholipids from rats fed a HSF diet had lower percent mole fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids, unsaturation index (UI), and average chain length (ACL); and higher saturated fatty acids and SERCA activity compared to CON (p&lt;0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated ACL (R2= 0.83, p &lt; 0.05) and UI (R2=0.53, p = 0.062) were negatively correlated with SERCA activity. These results suggest that SERCA activity may be influenced by phospholipid composition in biological membranes differently than in synthetic membranes. Future studies will examine the lipid annulus closely associated with SERCA.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)