Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Metabolic revitalization: exploring erythrocyte fatty acid profile following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Obesity is linked to metabolic disorders. Bariatric surgery offers a promising therapeutic approach, but its impact on fatty acid (FA) profiles within erythrocytes and the associated clinical implications remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess changes in erythrocytes' membranes FA after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) and to correlate these alterations with clinical parameters. Sixty-one patients with morbid obesity undergoing LSG and 32 healthy controls were enrolled. Erythrocytes' membranes FA were analyzed using gas chromatography. Clinical parameters were assessed, including BMI, blood pressure, and multiple biochemistry markers. Bariatric intervention reduced BMI (41.1 to 32.0) and fat mass (54.1 to 35.2kg). Also, other anthropometric parameters improved significantly. Favorable changes in FA metabolism post LSG, potentially leading to a reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, were observed. The OMEGA-3 Index (1.8 vs 3.0), and the eicosapentaenoic/arachidonic (0.1 vs 0.2) FA ratio increased after surgery. The dynamics of metabolism post-LSG, assessed by exploring the ratios of erythrocytes' FA concentration in baseline and 6 months after the surgery, with the corresponding ratios calculated for clinical parameters, evidenced the impact of linoleic (LA) on obesity reduction. The LA ratios increased along with the reduction of BMI (r=-0.32), fat mass (r=-0.39), and waist circumference (r=-0.33) proportions. The opposite relations of LA were held with Excess Weight Loss percentage (r=0.49), and Excess BMI Loss percentage (r=0.5). The study underscores distinct post-LSG changes in erythrocytes' FA profiles potentially associated with reduced weight and BMI, improved inflammatory status, and lowered CVD risk.

Effect of refrigeration and reheating on the lipid oxidation and volatile compounds in silver carp surimi gels.

As unsaturated and saturated aldehydes, ketones are known to be responsible for off-odors in surimi products, and they are mainly derived from lipid oxidation. Because surimi-based products are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, they are prone to producing off-odors during the refrigeration and reheating processes, which are common treatments for leftovers. The present study investigated the color, lipid oxidation productions, fatty acid profiles and volatile components in surimi gels during refrigeration at 4 °C for 3 days with multiple reheating. The results revealed that the accumulation rate of hydroperoxides was higher in the refrigeration stage, whereas the decomposition rate was higher during reheating in surimi gels. Both refrigeration and reheating treatments promoted conjugated diene values, acid values and carbonyl values. Nevertheless, reheating treatment decreased tohiobarbituric acid reactive substances and whiteness. The contents of unsaturated fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were reduced, whereas the contents of saturated fatty acids increased during refrigeration and multiple reheating. The unsaturated fatty acids were lost as a result of their oxidative deterioration. The volatile components profile showed that the accumulation of volatile components mainly occurred in the refrigeration stage. Multivariate data analysis was utilized to further clarify whether the off-odors in surimi gels were mainly generated in refrigeration. Refrigeration and reheating both contributed to lipid oxidation and the generation of volatile compounds in surimi gels, but the off-odors were mainly generated during refrigeration. This research provides a novel understanding of the formation of food odors in processing. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Potential uses of silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori L.) in food, feed, and other industries: a systematic review.

The increasing pressures imposed on ecosystems by the growing needs of the human population are stimulus for research into innovative and unconventional sources of raw materials for different industries. This systematic review was carried out to investigate the available literature on the possible industrial uses of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupae, a residue of silk production. The review was conducted using an adapted version of PRISMA. After a screening process, 105 articles were obtained and subjected to a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis. It was found that in the last decade there has been a significant increase in the number of papers devoted to the study of the potential use of silkworm pupae in different applications, with a significantly higher number in the last three years of the scope of this review, indicating a growing interest in the subject. From the analysis of the information collected, promising uses in human and animal food, such as fish, mammalian, poultry, swine and companion animals, as well as potential uses for the pharmaceutical industry, were identified. The evaluated research identified compounds with antioxidant activity and important contents of unsaturated fatty acids, which are related to beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, diabetes control, reduction of the risk of developing certain types of cancer and inflammatory activity, among other benefits. One of the most relevant findings is that many studies report a significant concentration of α-linolenic acid in silkworm pupae oil, which is attributed with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity and neuroprotective properties, among others.

Effect of Purified Resveratrol Butyrate Ester Monomers against Hypertension after Maternal High-Fructose Intake in Adult Offspring.

Offspring hypertension arising from adverse maternal conditions can be mitigated through dietary nutritional supplementation, including resveratrol. Previously, we identified derivatives of resveratrol butyrate ester (RBE), specifically 3,4'-di-O-butanoylresveratrol (ED2) and 3-O-butanoylresveratrol (ED4), demonstrating their superior antioxidant capabilities compared to RBE itself. This study sought to assess the protective impact of maternal supplementation with ED2 or ED4 on offspring hypertension in a rat model subjected to a high-fructose (HF) diet during pregnancy and lactation. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into distinct dietary groups throughout pregnancy and lactation: (1) standard chow; (2) HF diet (60%); (3) HF diet supplemented with ED2 (25 mg/L); and (4) HF diet supplemented with ED4 (25 mg/L). Male offspring were euthanized at the age of 12 weeks. The maternal HF diet induced hypertension in the offspring, which was mitigated by perinatal supplementation with either ED2 or ED4. These protective effects were attributed to the antioxidant properties of ED2 and ED4, resulting in an increased availability of nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, supplementation with ED2 was connected to an increased abundance of Bifidobacterium and Clostridium genera, which was accompanied by a decrease in Angelakisella and Christensenella. On the other hand, ED4 supplementation shielded rat offspring from hypertension by elevating concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and their receptors while reducing trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels. These findings highlight the potential of purified RBE monomers, ED2 and ED4, as preventive measures against hypertension resulting from a maternal high-fructose diet. Further research is warranted to explore their clinical applications based on these promising results.

Gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolites responses to dietary cereal grains in an adult pig model.

Corn (C), wheat (W), and paddy rice (PR) are important energy sources and are commonly used in feed production for swine. This study mainly focuses on the variation and regularities of microbiota and metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs in response to C, W, and PR. A total of 18 pigs were allotted into three dietary groups with six replicated pigs and received diets containing C, W, or PR as the sole energy source, respectively. The results showed that digestive parts significantly affected the diversity of microbial communities. Cereal grain sources significantly influenced the β-diversity of microbial communities in the colon and rectum. Campylobacterota and Proteobacteria are mainly distributed in the duodenum, Lactobacillus in the jejunum, and Bacteroidota in the colon and rectum. The W diet increased the Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group abundances and showed the highest concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the hindgut. Fibrobacterota, Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Prevotella, and Treponema in the colon or rectum were positively correlated with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs. These findings suggested that aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes in the foregut will gradually be replaced by anaerobes in the hindgut. The W diet had the best fermentability and was beneficial to the colonization of microbial communities that mainly used carbohydrates. The hindgut flora of the PR diet group may be more balanced with fewer potential pathogenic bacteria. Many microbial communities have been identified to contribute positively to the SCFA production of the hindgut. Collectively, our study revealed the spatial variation regularities of GIT microbial communities in an adult pig model and provided new insights into GIT microbiota and responses of metabolites to cereal grain diets.

In vitro versus cryo-induced capacitation of bovine spermatozoa, part 3: Compositional and molecular changes to the plasma membrane

The aim of this study was to assess the level of membrane cryodamage through the levels of selected capacitation and apoptosis-associated proteins, together with compositional membrane changes in capacitated (CAP), cryopreserved (CRYO) and non-capacitated bovine spermatozoa (CRTL). Sperm kinetic parameters were analyzed by the computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) while the capacitation patterns were examined with the chlortetracycline (CTC) assay. In the case of DNA integrity, sperm chromatin structure assay and aniline blue staining were used. For the quantification of fatty acid content gas chromatography was performed. Using Western blotting the expression of capacitation (protein kinase C – PKC; phospholipases A2 and Cζ – PLA2, PLCζ; soluble adenylyl cyclase 10 – sAC10) and apoptosis-associated (apoptosis regulator Bax; B-cell lymphoma 2 – Bcl-2; caspase 3) proteins were evaluated. Data indicate a significant decline (p < 0.0001) of sperm kinetic parameters and higher occurrence (p < 0.0001) of DNA fragmentation in the CRYO group. CTC assay revealed a significant increase of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa in the CRYO group when compared to others. Compositional changes in the sperm membrane were visible as a notable decline of docosahexaenoic acid (p < 0.0001) associated with a significant decrease of membrane cholesterol (p < 0.05) and proteins (p < 0.0001) in the CRYO group while the amount of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid increased (p < 0.0001) significantly. Protein expression of all capacitation-associated proteins (PKC, PLA2, PLCζ, sAC10) was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001; p < 0.0001) in the CRYO group. Relative quantification of apoptosis-associated proteins revealed increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 levels in the CRYO group, except for caspase-3, which remained without significant changes.

Chitosan and its derivatives regulate lactic acid synthesis during milk fermentation.

The influence of chitosan's physicochemical characteristics on the functionality of lactic acid bacteria and the production of lactic acid remains very obscure and contradictory to date. While some studies have shown a stimulatory effect of oligochitosans on the growth of Lactobacillus spp, other studies declare a bactericidal effect of chitosan. The lack and contradiction of knowledge prompted us to study the effect of chitosan on the growth and productivity of L. bulgaricus in the presence of chitosan and its derivatives. We used high molecular weight chitosan (350 kDa) and oligochitosans (25.4 and 45.3 kDa). The experiment was carried out with commercial strain of L. bulgaricus and the low fat skim cow milk powder reconstituted with sterile distilled water. After fermentation, dynamic viscosity, titratable acidity, pH, content of lactic acid, colony forming units, chitosan and oligochitosans radii were measured in the samples. Fermented dairy products were also examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and light microscopy. The results of the study showed that when L. bulgaricus was cultured in the presence of 25.4 kDa oligochitosans at concentrations of 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.0075% and 0.01%, the average rate of LA synthesis over 24 hours was 11.0 × 10-3 mol/L/h, 8.7 × 10-3 mol/L/h, 6.8 × 10-3 mol/L/h, 5.8 × 10-3 mol/L/h, respectively. The 45.3 kDa oligochitosans had a similar effect, while the average rate of lactic acid synthesis in the control sample was only 3.5 × 10-3 mol/L/h. Notably, 350 kDa chitosan did not affect the rate of lactic acid synthesis compared with the control sample. Interestingly, interaction of chitosan with L. bulgaricus led to a slowdown in the synthesis of propanol, an increase in the content of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, and a change in the composition and content of other secondary metabolites. The quantity of L. bulgaricus in a sample with 0.01% chitosan exceeded their content in the control sample by more than 1,700 times. At the same chitosan concentration, the fermentation process was slowed down, increasing the shelf life of the fermented milk product from 5 to 17 days while maintaining a high content of L. bulgaricus (6.34 × 106 CFU/g).

Effect of coated-benzoic acid on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal functions in weaned pigs challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Benzoic acid (BA) could be added to the diets of weaned pigs to prevent diarrhea due to its antibacterial function. However, BA may be absorbed or decomposed before it can reach the hindgut. This study was conducted to explore the effect of a novel coated benzoic acid (CBA) on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal barrier functions in weaned pigs upon enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. In a 21d experiment, 32 piglets were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: (1) a basal diet (CON), (2) CON added with CBA at 3 g/kg (CBA); (3) CON and challenged by ETEC (ECON); (4) CON added with CBA at 3 g/kg and challenged by ETEC (ECON). On d 22, all piglets were euthanised to obtain samples. Dietary CBA supplementation elevated the average daily gain (ADG) of the ETEC-challenged pigs (p < 0.05). CBA also improved the digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and ash (p < 0.05). Moreover, CBA elevated the ratio of blood basophil and the serum concentration of total cholesterol of the ETEC challenged pigs (p < 0.05). Importantly, CBA increased the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM (p < 0.05). CBA not only decreased the crypt depth but also increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V:C) in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). Moreover, CBA increased the activities of jejunal and ileal sucrase, and the activities of duodenal and ileal maltase (p < 0.05). Importantly, CBA elevated the expression levels of critical functional genes such as the claudin-1, occluding, glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2), and sodium/glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT-1) in the jejunal epithelium upon ETEC challenge (p < 0.05). Additionally, CBA increased the abundances of total bacteria and Bacillus, and increased the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butyric acid) in cecum (p < 0.05). These results suggested a beneficial role for CBA in alleviating intestinal injury in weaned pigs following ETEC challenge. Such effects may be tightly associated with elevated immunity and improved intestinal epithelium functions and microbiota.

Structural characterization and prebiotic activity of oligo-galacturonic acids from Osmunda japonica Thunb

An oligosaccharide, WOJP-AOS-b, with a molecular size of 1.8 kDa, was obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of Osmunda japonica Thunb polysaccharides (WOJP-A). The structural characteristics of WOJP-AOS-b were elucidated using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Eelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Structural analysis revealed that galacturonic acid (GalpA) was the predominant monosaccharide component of WOJP-AOS-b, accounting for 90.91% of the total composition. FT-IR and NMR analyses confirmed that WOJP-AOS-b possesses a linear structure comprised of α-1,4-linked GalpA residues. MS/MS results indicated that WOJP-AOS-b consists of α-1,4-linked oligo-galacturonic acids with degrees of polymerization ranging from 2 to 6 (DP 2–6). Moreover, in vitro probiotic activity assays demonstrated that WOJP-AOS-b exerted beneficial effects on intestinal microbiota, particularly Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 and Bifidobacterium breve 689b. WOJP-AOS-b enhanced the optical density, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content, and lactic acid content in the culture medium. Furthermore, 16S rRNA analysis suggested that WOJP-AOS-b exhibits potential for treating obesity and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, indicating its promising applications as a prebiotic.

Investigating the availability of omega-3 fatty acid from different sources and its effect on table eggs

The impact of three different commercial omega-3 fortifying agents on the growth performance, egg weight, egg production, and omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of white table eggs in layers was investigated. The experiment involved 12,000-layer birds randomly divided into four groups, with each group replicated three times and consisting of 1000 birds per replicate. The three groups, namely LP, AG, and DD, were supplemented with omega-3 fortifying agents LinPro, All-G-Rich, and DHA-gold, respectively, while the fourth group NC served as a negative control without omega-3 fortifying agent supplementation. The experiment commenced after the 25th week of age and lasted for a period of four weeks in a completely randomized design. Egg weight and egg production were recorded weekly, while the omega-3 fatty acid content of the white eggs was determined at the end of the 30-day trial after the 25th week of age. The supplementation of different omega-3 fortifying agents significantly impacted feed intake, with notable differences observed among weekly and overall means. Birds supplemented with LinPro consumed less feed during the 2nd and 4th week of the trial compared to the control, resulting in an overall reduction of 1.1 g/chick in feed intake. However, supplementation did not significantly affect the body weight of layers throughout the trial, nor did it impact egg weight or production. Nevertheless, the omega-3 fortifying agents had a significant effect on the omega-3 fatty acid content of the white table eggs in layers. LinPro supplementation notably increased α-linolenic acid (18:3; ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5; EPA) levels, while DHA-Gold resulted in the highest docosahexaenoic acid (22:6; DHA) content. Total fatty acid content was highest in eggs from layers supplemented with LinPro, followed by DHA-Gold and All-G-Rich, with the lowest levels observed in the control group. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation of LinPro in layer diets post the 25th week of age could effectively enhance the omega-3 fatty acid content of white table eggs without compromising feed intake, body weight, egg weight, or egg production.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 improves insulin sensitivity by modulating the bile acid-gut microbiota axis in type Ⅱ diabetic mice

BackgroundFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important regulator of glycolipid metabolism. However, whether the gut microbiota is related to the anti-diabetic and obesity effects of FGF21 remains unclear. MethodsOur research used KO/KO db/db male mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced to simulate the construction of two type II diabetic mellitus (T2DM) models, and detected impaired glucose tolerance in the model by using the ipGTT and ITT assays, and collected feces from the model mice for sequencing of the intestinal flora and the content of short-chain fatty acids. H＆E staining was used to detect changes in intestinal tissue, the serum levels of LPS and GLP-1 were detected by ELISA. ResultsIn this study, we found that FGF21 significantly improved insulin sensitivity, attenuated intestinal lesions, and decreased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations in T2DM mice. Moreover, FGF21 reshaped the gut microbiota and altered their metabolic pathways in T2DM mice, promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Fecal transplantation experiments further confirmed that feces from FGF21-treated diabetic mice demonstrated similar effects as FGF21 in terms of anti-diabetic activity and regulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Additionally, the antibiotic depletion of gut microbiota abolished the beneficial effects of FGF21, including increased GLP-1 secretion and fecal SCFA concentration. Additionally, the FGF21 effects of ameliorating intestinal damage and suppressing plasma LPS secretion were suppressed. All these findings suggest that FGF21 prevents intestinal lesions by modifying the gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, FGF21 affected bile acid synthesis by inhibiting CYP7A1, the key enzyme of bile acid synthesis. ConclussionTherefore, FGF21 enriched beneficial bacteria by preventing bile acid synthesis and stimulating the secretion of the intestinal hormone GLP-1 via the increased production of gut microbiota metabolites, thereby exerting its anti-diabetic effects.

Effects of Supplementing Different Quantities of Moringa stenopetala Leaves on Plasma Metabolite and Acylcarnitine Profile, Body Condition Score and Milk Yield Performance in Zebu (Bos indicus) Cattle.

The formulation of multi-nutrient blocks based on low-cost and locally available browse feed resources can be a valid feeding strategy in Sub-Saharan Africa, where inadequate feed supply, both in quality and quantity, is a major constraint. We evaluated the four different inclusion percentages (M-0%, M-25%, M-35% and M-45%) of Moringa stenopetala leaf powder to multi-nutrient blocks on their change on blood metabolite of dairy cows under practical, ranging conditions. Multi-nutrient blocks with four inclusion rates of M. stenopetala leaves were applied as complementary feed for free ranging dairy cows. The study was performed on 24 free ranging dairy cows reared around Arba Minch town in the Southern Ethiopian Rift Valley. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of dairy cows both before and after supplementation. Plasma glucose, beta hydroxy butyrate (BHB), urea, creatinine, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration was quantified spectrophotometrically. Dried serum spots were subject to quantitative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to estimate changes in nutrient metabolism based on selected carnitines. Based on these measurements, the milk yield and body condition score were increased during the period of multi-nutrient block supplementation. During the supplementation period, the cows got higher plasma glucose, triglyceride and urea concentrations and lower concentrations of BHB, NEFA and creatinine. From the metabolite profiles, a more efficient nutrient use could be concluded. Although no clear dose-response relationship was observed, the highest inclusion of the M. stenopetala leaves in the multi-nutrient blocks gave the best performance. This outcome supports the idea of implementing M. stenopetala based multi-nutrient blocks on tropical smallholder farms that are not easily accessible to conventional extension services.

PSXI-24 Comparative analysis of the chemical composition and methane production from different total mixed fermentation (TMF) diets fed to Hanwoo cattle

Abstract Total mixed fermentation (TMF) feed is a mixture of forage, concentrate, and useful microorganisms utilized to enhance nutrient availability and livestock well-being. Recognized for its potential benefits, TMF has been noted to decrease acetate production while increasing propionate production in the rumen. However, a comprehensive understanding of its composition and potential impact on methane production remains lacking. Thus, this study investigated the chemical composition and in vitro methane production associated with different TMF diets designed for different Hanwoo cattle groups. A comparative analysis of 26 TMF diets, including 3 designed for calves, 7 for growing, 6 for early fattening, 6 for late fattening, and 4 for breeding, was conducted to examine their chemical composition. The TMF samples were submitted to Cumberland Valley Analysis Service (CVAS) for chemical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to visualize the TMF according to the Hanwoo feed-type groups and the chemical compositions to estimate the optimal parameters among different TMFs. An in vitro gas production trial was conducted to determine the effects of different TMFs on methane production. Gas samples were collected at 12 and 24 h of incubation and methane (CH4) concentration was measured using a gas chromatograph. All data were analyzed using the SAS 9.4, with P &amp;lt; 0.05 being considered significant. Analysis of the chemical composition of different TMFs, including crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ethanol-soluble CHO, and total digestible nutrients, showed no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between the TMFs according to each Hanwoo category (calf, growing, early fattening, late fattening, and breeding). PCA revealed that digestibility-related parameters and fatty acid content were the main factors discriminating among the TMFs, with the TMFs for calves having the least fat content and those for the late fattening period having the greatest digestibility. Moreover, optimal TMFs were identified for each category of Hanwoo based on their chemical compositions. Among the TMFs tailored for each category of Hanwoo, TMF16, TMF23, TMF24, TMF25, and TMF26 were shown to have an optimal chemical composition for calves, growing, early fattening, late fattening, and breeding, respectively. A minimal reduction in CH4 production at 24 h incubation was observed in specific TMFs across different Hanwoo categories. Notably, TMF14 (7.21%) and TMF22 (8.52%) for calves, TMF05 (4.74%) for early fattening, TMF01 (3.76%) and TMF11 (3.76%) for late fattening exhibited reduced CH4 production. Additionally, CH4 production at 24 h incubation was significantly reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by 23.06% and 10.90% in TMF15 and TMF26, respectively, both categorized for breeding TMF. Overall, while the chemical compositions of various TMFs did not significantly differ, TMF showed the potential to mitigate methane production in Hanwoo cattle.

PSIX-25 Sums and relationships of fatty acids of lamb meat fed with marine microalgae meal (Schizochytrium sp.) and vitamin E

Abstract The meat production chain, while seeking to reduce production costs, has been demanding in terms of quality, with growing consumer concern regarding the benefits and harms that meat can bring to health. In this sense, the composition of ruminant fat has been a concern for the community in general, due to it being mostly composed of saturated fatty acids (SFA), Supplementary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet of ruminants are being researched, especially long-chain ones, such as those present in some species of marine microalgae; however, these fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation, and the use of an antioxidant is recommended, like vitamin E. Given the above, the objective of this work was to evaluate the concentrations and relationships of fatty acids in the meat of Ile de France lambs fed with marine microalgae meal (Schizochytrium sp.) and vitamin E. Newly weaned (n = 32), 60-d-old, intact Ile de France breed lambs, with body weight (BW) = 20.0 kg were randomly distributed into four treatments: CO: control diet; FA: diet with 4% seaweed meal; VE: diet with 1,000 mg of vitamin E; or FAVE: diet with 4% seaweed meal and 1,000 mg of vitamin E. The lambs were slaughtered at 35 kg BW and their meat was evaluated regarding the fatty acid profile, to then obtain concentration and relationships of fatty acids in lamb meat. The data were evaluated in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and eight replications, with the means of the analysis of variance compared using the Tukey test, with 5% significance. A greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) AGS and decreased AGI concentration were observed in the VE diet (51.47 and 48.53%, respectively), the greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.01) AGI and monounsaturated (AGMI) concentrations, were observed in the CO diet, with 53.63 and 45.14%, respectively. The concentration of PUFA in the FA treatment was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in relation to the VE treatment and like the others (Table 1). The Σn–6 was greater in the CO treatment (7.44%) and less in the VE (4.22%), whereas the Σn–3 was 9.6 times greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in the FA treatment (4. 04%) in relation to CO (0.42%), the AVEF treatment exhibited the second greatest values (2.63%), followed by VE (0.49%). The n-6:n-3 ratio was 14 times less (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in the FA treatment (1.24) compared with CO (17.71), the second least value was in the FAVE (1.64), in the VE treatment, a ratio of 8.61 was observed. Seaweed flour from the genus Schizochytrium potentially increases concentration of n-3 in lamb meat and greatly reduces the n-6:n-3 ratio, resulting in a healthier food. Vitamin E, combined or not with a source of PUFA, does not bring benefits in terms of the fatty acid profile.

Gastrointestinal-inert prebiotic micro-composites improve the growth and community diversity of mucosal-associated bacteria.

The process of microencapsulation and the development of microparticle-based drug formulations have gained increased pharmaceutical interest, particularly for drug delivery and bacterial-encapsulation purposes for probiotic delivery. Existing studies have examined microcomposite (MC) responses to gastrointestinal (GI) conditions with the aim of controlling disintegration, and thus release, across the small and large bowel. However, the delivery of MCs which remain intact, without degrading, could act as bacterial growth scaffolds or materials providing a prebiotic support, conferring potentially beneficial GI health properties. This present study employs prilling as a method to produce a portfolio of MCs using a variety of biopolymers (alginate, chitosan, pectin and gellan gum) with a range of MC diameters and density compositions. Fluorescent probes are co-encapsulated within each MC to enable flow-cytometry directed release profile assessments following exposure to chemical simulated gastric and intestinal digestion conditions. We observe that MC size, gel-strength, density, and biopolymer material all influence response to gastric and intestinal conditions. Gellan gum (GG) MCs demonstrated complete resistance to disintegration throughout GI-simulation in the stomach and small intestine. Considering these MCs could reach the colon intact, we then examined how such MCs, doped with prebiotic growth supporting Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymers, could impact microbial communities using a bioreactor model of the colonic microbiome. Following supplementation with GGCMC MCs, mucosal bacterial diversity (using 16 s rRNA sequencing and Shannon entropy and observed feature diversity metrics) and taxonomic composition changes were observed. Concentrations of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites were also found to be altered. This is the first study to comprehensibly examine how MC physicochemistry can be manipulated to tailor MCs to have the desired GI release performance and subsequently, how GI-resistant MCs could have influential microbial altering properties and could be adopted in novel prebiotic strategies.

PSIX-12 Influence of obesity on satiety hormones, serum metabolome, and fecal microbiome in adult dogs

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the difference between lean and obese dogs in terms of their satiety hormones, serum metabolome, and fecal microbiome. Mixed-breed lean (n = 30; 17 male and 13 female; 4.0 ± 2.5 yr of age; 24.6 ± 6.3% body fat) and obese (n = 30; 19 male and 11 female; 7.3 ± 2.1 yr of age; 46.9 ± 3.9% body fat) adult dogs were used in this study. Blood samples were collected to measure satiety hormones and serum metabolome, and fresh fecal samples were collected for microbiome analysis. It was hypothesized that obese dogs had altered metabolism and gut microbiome compared with lean dogs. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, using body type as the fixed effect and dog as the random effect. Results showed that obese dogs had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) serum leptin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations, but reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) than lean dogs. Serum concentrations of all essential amino acids except for threonine in obese dogs were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in lean dogs. Obese dogs also had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentrations of serum N-Lactoyl amino acids and dipeptides except for prolylglycine than their lean counterparts. Additionally, concentrations of serum long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05; only for myristate, pentadecanoate, and non-adecanoate) or similar in obese dogs compared with lean dogs. Serum oxidative stress makers, such as oxidized glutathione, cysteine-glutathione, and 4-hydroxynonenal, were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in obese dogs than lean dogs. Furthermore, obese dogs had less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) fecal Firmicutes, but greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) fecal Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, compared with lean dogs. There were no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in fecal microbiome alpha diversity, such as Chao1 and Shannon index, between lean and obese dogs. In conclusion, obese dogs had differential body metabolism and gut microbiome compared with lean dogs.

PSIII-10 Flaxseed oil-based supplement alters water consumption and plasma fatty acid profile of beef heifers

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a flaxseed oil-based supplement (FlaxLic, New Generations, SD) on reproductive parameters, feeding behavior, and lipid profile in beef heifers. Crossbred Angus heifers [n = 60 body weight (BW) = 397kg ± 5.2 kg) were blocked by BW and antral follicle count and randomly assigned to two supplementation treatments: free-choice commercial lose mineral supplement (CON; n = 30) or free-choice flaxseed oil-based supplement (FLAX; n = 30) for 7 wk. Heifers were individually fed via the Insentec feeding system (Insentec RIC, Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands), where basal diet (TMR) and supplements were provided in separate feeders to measure supplement intake and feeding behavior. Further, water intake and behavior were measured via Insentec water system. Individual intake was compiled over 24 h for each animal. Body weight, transrectal ultrasonography, and blood samples were collected weekly. On wk 5, heifers were enrolled in a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) commercial protocol. Largest follicle diameter (LF) and corpus luteum (CL) presence were recorded weekly and on d of the FTAI protocol (d 0, d 7, and d 0). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 d and 60 d following AI. Blood samples were analyzed for progesterone (P4) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) to determine puberty attainment before wk 5, and fatty acid profile was determined via gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Heifers with a CL or P4 ≤ 1.0 ng/mL were considered pubertal. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. ADG was similar between groups (P = 0.90) but was affected by week (P &amp;lt; 0.01). TMR intake was similar in duration and quantity (P &amp;gt; 0.18) between groups. Supplement intake was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for FLAX (0.73 ± 0.03 kg/d) compared with CON (0.18 ± 0.02 kg/d) and from wk 2 to wk 8 (P = 0.01). Time spent consuming the supplements was greater for FLAX compared with CON heifers (62.65 ± 2.11 vs 0.10 ± 0.11 min/d, respectively) over the entire trial (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Further, FLAX heifers consumed less water than CON heifers (32.2 ± 0.39 vs 33.93 ± 0.35 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.03) and from wk 2 to wk 7 (P = 0.03). LF was not different between groups on any of the days of the protocol (d 0, d 7, d 0; P &amp;gt; 0.20). Additionally, P4 (P ≤ 0.20), puberty attainment by wk 5 (P = 0.24), and pregnancy rates (P &amp;gt; 0.48) were similar between groups. Concentrations of arachidonic acid (3.00 ± 0.24 vs 2.32 ± 0.19 mg/mL; P = 0.04), linoleic (60.11 ± 4.34 vs 40.35 ± 4.04 mg/mL; P = 0.002), αLinolenic (16.73 ± 0.26 vs 15.86 ± 0.23 mg/mL; P = 0.02), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 130.52 ± 5.97 vs 111.19 ± 5.56 mg/mL; P = 0.02) were greater on wk 8 for FLAX compared with CON heifers. Collectively, these findings did not show evidence that the flaxseed oil-based supplement affects variables that impact reproductive performance. However, it altered the plasma lipid profile, increasing omega-3, arachidonic, and linoleic fatty acids, as well as total PUFA.

Growth performance, fatty acid profile, antioxidant capacity, liver and gut histopathology in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fed various levels of oxidized fish oil and vitamin E

A 60-day research was carried out to investigate interactive effects of dietary oxidized fish oil (OXFO) and vitamin E (Vit E) interaction effects on the growth, body composition and health indices in Asian seabass juveniles (Lates calcarifer, 21.9 ± 0.1 g). Fresh fish oil (FFO) and two levels of OXFO (50 and 100 % dietary inclusion level) along with three levels of Vit E (125, 250 and 500 mg) were used to design a 3 × 3 factorial research trial. Accordingly, nine experimental diets were formulated, including FFO+125 (FFO + 125 mg Vit E), FFO+250 (FFO + 250 mg Vit E), FFO+500 (FFO + 500 mg Vit E), 50 %OXFO+125 (blends (1:1) of FFO + OXFO +125 mg Vit E), 50 %OXFO+250 (blends (1:1) of FFO + OXFO +250 mg Vit E), 50 %OXFO+500 (blends (1:1) of FFO + OXFO +500 mg Vit E), 100 %OXFO+125 (OXFO +125 mg Vit E), 100 %OXFO+250 (OXFO +250 mg Vit E) and 100 %OXFO+500 (OXFO +500 mg Vit E). Four hundred five L. calcarifer juveniles were stocked into twenty-seven 300-L circular tanks (15 fish/tank), in a flow through system. The greatest and least final weights were recorded in fish fed 50 %OXFO+250 and 100 %OXFO+125 diets (129.4 vs. 114.8 g final weight) diets, respectively. Whole body lipid content in fish fed FFO+125 increased compared to the other treatments. Fish oil oxidation significantly reduced Vit E concentration in the liver, meanwhile supplementing diet with 500 mg Vit E enhanced Vit E contents of the liver and muscle (P < 0.05). Eicosapentaenoic acid and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) contents of fillet increased with increasing dietary OXFO content to 50 %, and supplementing diet with 250 mg Vit E enhanced LC-PUFA content of fillet. Hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities reduced by supplementing diets with Vit E. Sever pathological alterations occurred in liver and gut of L. calcarifer by dietary inclusion of OXFO or high Vit E concentration (500 mg). In summary, supplementing OXFO containing diets with moderate levels of Vit E (250 mg) could improve growth performance and feed utilization by ameliorating oxidative stress indices, improving antioxidant capacity, and increasing body LC-PUFA content in L. calcarifer.

PSXI-29 Effects of Vitamin B6 supplementation on rumen fermentation and branched chain fatty acids content in vitro

Abstract Vitamin B6 promotes branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases in branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) synthesis pathways. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Vitamin B6 supplementation in total mixed ration on rumen fermentation characteristics and the rumen BCFA content in vitro. Treatments were set as dose response with 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg dry matter (DM) Vitamin B6. Each incubated with 75 mL of buffered rumen fluid and 0.5 g of fermentation substrate for 24 h at 39°C. Five replicate parallel fermentation flasks were prepared by each level of supplemented Vitamin B6, and incubation was repeated twice. Filtered fluid with Nylon bags were collected from each fermentation flask. The contents of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and BCFA were determined using an Agilent 6890N GC equipped with a flame ionization detector. All data were analyzed using the linear mixed model of nlme Package in R (version 4.3.1). Compared with the control group, the concentration of total branched chain volatile fatty acids, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid at 3 mg/kg DM Vitamin B6 significantly decreased, while the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid was significantly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01). As the dose of Vitamin B6 increased, the concentrations of iso-C14:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0 changed quadratically with greatest at 3 mg/kg DM Vitamin B6 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of iso-C13:0, iso-C14:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso, anteiso and BCFA at 3 mg/kg DM Vitamin B6 significantly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The contents of total iso, anteiso and BCFA increased by 18.80 %, 35.37 % and 22.58 %, respectively, compared with the control. In summary, the results of this study indicated that 3 mg/kg DM Vitamin B6 had beneficial effects on increasing BCFA content than other groups.

Comparative Study of Nutritional Composition, Physiological Indicators, and Genetic Diversity in Litopenaeus vannamei from Different Aquaculture Populations.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality and genetic diversity of farmed Litopenaeus vannamei across three distinct populations from Maoming City (MM), Zhanjiang City (ZJ), and Yangjiang City (YJ) in Guangdong Province. Muscle tissues from L. vannamei were analyzed for phenotypic traits, conventional nutrients, amino acids, and fatty acids, while genetic diversity was assessed using whole genome sequencing techniques. The analysis revealed that the crude protein content in shrimp across the three populations ranged from 20.87 to 21.95 g/100 g, crude fat content ranged from 0.90 to 1.50 g/100 g, essential amino acid content ranged from 5.55 to 5.86 g/100 g, total amino acid content ranged from 14.73 to 15.27 g/100 g, total fatty acid content ranged from 682.73 to 793.97 mg/100 g, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) ranged from 2.68 to 2.72 μmol/g, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity ranged from 1021.97 to 1057.21 U/g, and catalase (CAT) activity ranged from 78.65 to 81.33 μmoL/min. No significant differences were observed in ash and crude fat levels among conventional nutrients, nor in the biochemical indexes T-AOC, CAT, and SOD. Genetic analysis showed that the single nucleotide polymorphism density (SNP/Kb) ranged from 15.323 to 17.461, nucleotide diversity (π) ranged from 2.98 × 10-5 to 15.84 × 10-5, polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.300 to 0.317, heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.033 to 0.048, and inbreeding coefficients (FIS) ranged from 0.834 to 0.887. The genetic differentiation index (FST) values among the three populations ranged from 0.056 to 0.106. This study provides an evaluation of the germplasm resources and genetic diversity of farmed L. vannamei, offering insights for the efficient management and sustainable utilization of this species' germplasm resources.