Fatty Acid Content Of Oil Research Articles

Degumming, Dewaxing and Deacidification of Rice Bran Oil‐Hexane Miscella Using Ceramic Membrane: Pilot Plant Study

AbstractAn indigenously developed low‐cost clay‐alumina‐based ceramic microfiltration membrane of 19‐channel configuration has been evaluated for degumming, dewaxing and deacidification of rice bran oil (RBO) miscella having different oil contents at pilot scale. Rice bran wax and soap particles in miscella will aggregate with changes in temperature. This suggests a technique for their effective separation. Low‐temperature cross‐flow membrane filtration was used for single‐stage degumming‐dewaxing and showed 70 % and 80 % removal of acetone insoluble residue from two RBO miscella samples, respectively. Color reduction was 50 %, and oryzanol retention was 70 %. NaOH was used for deacidification in a 10 % excess of that required based on the free fatty acid content in oil. This reduced free fatty acids to 0.2 %. Operating for 10 h with a 0.7 bar trans‐membrane pressure, permeate fluxes of 15 and 8 L/m2 hr were obtained for the degumming‐dewaxing and deacidification operations, respectively. The process has advantages, such as high micronutrient content (1.56 % oryzanol) and negligible oil loss (2.6 %). Moreover, ceramic membrane processing of RBO miscella could be an effective pre‐treatment step with respect to micronutrient enrichment, elimination of heating, neutral oil recovery and a viable option for solvent separation.

Comparison of biodiesel production from crude Jatropha oil and Krating oil by supercritical methanol transesterification

This work compared the production of biodiesel from two different non-edible oils with relatively high acid values (Jatropha oil and Krating oil). Using non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification, high methyl ester yield (85–90%) can be obtained in a very short time (5–10min). However, the dependence of fatty acid methyl ester yield on reaction conditions (i.e., temperature and pressure) and the optimum conditions were different by the source of oils and were correlated to the amount of free fatty acids (FFAs) and unsaturated fatty acid content in oils. Krating oil, which has higher FFAs and unsaturated fatty acid content, gave higher fatty acid methyl ester yield of 90.4% at 260°C, 16MPa, and 10min whereas biodiesel from Jatropha oil gave fatty acid methyl ester yield of 84.6% at 320°C, 15MPa and 5min using the same molar ratio of methanol to oil 40:1. The product quality from crude Krating oil met the biodiesel standard. Pre-processing steps such as degumming or oil purification are not necessary.

Screw pressing performance of whole and dehulled flaxseed and some physico-chemical characteristics of flaxseed oil.

Screw pressing performance of whole and dehulled flaxseed at different seed moisture (6.4 to 11.1% d.b.) and press head temperature (80-120°C) was investigated. Oil recovery, residual oil, press rate and sediment content and some important physico-chemical characteristics were determined at six different levels (50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) of dehulled flaxseed. Oil recovery decreased with increasing moisture content as well as press head temperature. Press rate was found maximum for 100% dehulled flaxseed while minimum for 50% dehulled flaxseed at 6.4% moisture content. Colour of oil samples was found affected both with the level of dehulled flaxseed and press head temperature. Free fatty acids content of oil ranged from 1.07% to 2.70% and lower at 80°C press head temperature. Oil and cake temperatures ranged from 53.10°C to 65.95°C and 69.15 to 103.75°C, respectively. The α-linolenic acid content of different oil samples obtained at 80°C was in the range of 53.34 ± 0.95 to 54.21 ± 1.04%. In view of maximum oil recovery (82.9% d.b.), lower FFA content, and oil and cake temperature, 7:3 ratio of dehulled and whole flaxseed having 6.4% d.b. moisture content and 80°C press head temperature may be considered for screw pressing of flaxseed.

Biomass and oil content of Chlorella sp., Haematococcus sp., Nannochloris sp. and Scenedesmus sp. under mixotrophic growth conditions in the presence of technical glycerol

The growth of algae strains Chlorella sp., Haematococcus sp., Nannochloris sp. and Scenedesmus sp. under mixotrophic conditions in the presence of different concentrations of technical glycerol was investigated with the aim of increasing biomass growth and algae oil content. The highest concentration of lipid obtained in media with 5 g L−1 glycerol for Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Nannochloris sp. and Haematococcus sp. was 17.77, 22.34, 27.55 and 34.22 % larger than during the autotrophic growth of these species. Increases in triacylglycerols of up to ten times was observed for Scenedesmus sp. under mixotrophic conditions (using 10 g L−1 glycerol), whereas an increase of 2.28 times was found for Haematococcus sp. The content of saturated fatty acids of Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Haematococcus and Nannochloris was 67.11, 34.63, 23.39 and 24.23 %, and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids was 32.9, 65.06, 79.61 and 75.78 % of total fatty acids, respectively. Growth on technical glycerol of these strains with light produced higher biomass concentrations and lipid content compared with autotrophic growth. The fatty acid content of oils from these species suggests their potential use as biodiesel feedstock.

The Comparison of Oil Quality from Different Processes

In this study, different oil extraction processes, such as extrusion pretreatment, ultrasound-ethanol assisted demulsification and traditional hexane extraction of oil, were employed to extract oil from soybean in order to compare their different effects on oil quality, fatty acid distribution and VE content of oil. The result shows that the quality of oil from extrusion pretreatment aqueous enzyme extraction (EAEP) of oil and ultrasound-ethanol assisted demulsification aqueous enzyme extraction of oil were same. The raw oil quality from the above two processes was better than the hexane extraction of oil. The fatty acid contents of oil were similar in different oil extraction processes. The VE content of oil from ultrasound-ethanol assisted demulsification process was decreased, while the extrusion pretreatment aqueous enzyme extraction of oil had no influence on VE concentration.

Effect of tall oil fatty acids content on the properties of novel hyperbranched alkyd resins

AbstractHyperbranched alkyd resins (HBRA) were synthesized by modification of hydroxylated hyperbranched polyester (HBP1‐4) with tall oil fatty acids (TOFA). The core is a hydroxylated hyperbranched polyester of fourth generation with OH groups in the periphery (18), which is endcapped with tall oil fatty acids. The occurrence of these reactions, HBP1‐4 and TOFA, was determined by making use of acid value, nuclear magnetic resonance, and hydroxyl values. The effects of TOFA and HBP1‐4 on properties of the HBRA resins were investigated by vapor pressure osmometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, friction resistance, and hardness. The resins with higher modification percentage (HBRA4) presented the best thermal and hydrolytic stability, but lower friction resistance and hardness. All HBRA resins presented amorphous characteristics, OH groups, and double bonds in the periphery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Simultaneous Conversion of Triglyceride/Free Fatty Acid Mixtures into Biodiesel Using Sulfated Zirconia

Simultaneous transesterification and esterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in the presence of myristic acid was investigated. The effect of reaction temperature (120, 150 and 170 °C) and the effect of initial free fatty acid content in oil (0, 10 and 20 wt%) on reaction rate were studied. The catalysts were found to increase the rate of all reactions. Sulfated zirconia prepared by a solvent-free method exhibited higher activity in simultaneous reaction than the conventional method. The presence of 10 wt% free fatty acids in the triglyceride increased the reaction rate and the final total fatty acid methyl esters content, and suggests that a “non-catalytic” reaction may be feasible.

A new hypothesis about continuous distillation with striping gas and its application the physical refining of edible oils

The influence of the free fatty acid concentration in the gas inside the continuous deodorizer in continuous physical refining was studied and a hypothesis was formed to explain the results: In a continuous process of deacidification by distillation of free fatty acids at low pressure (2 - 3 mbar), high temperature (180 – 260 oC), with stripping gas, initial free fatty acid content of oil ≤ 7.4% w/w and similar temperature for both the gas distillate inside the continuous deodorizer and the oil, in the equilibrium the ratio between the free fatty acid content of the deacidified oil and the concentration of free fatty acids in the gas inside the continuous deodorizer is constant. This hypothesis is submitted to discussion.

Estimation of Free Fatty Acid Content in Oils, Fats, and Biodiesel by 1H NMR Spectroscopy

A novel 1H NMR method for the quantification of free fatty acid (FFA) content in vegetable oils, animal fats, and biodiesel is reported. Nonedible oils and animal fats, which are increasingly being explored as cheaper, renewable feed stocks for biodiesel production by transesterification with methanol, contain a significant amount of FFA along with other acidic impurities. The 1H NMR spectroscopic method is found to be more accurate than the conventional titrimetric analysis for the estimation of FFA content especially in those cases where acidic entities other than the FFA are also present in the feedstock. The titrimetric methods provide a gross acid value which corresponds to that of FFA and other acidic impurities. Our NMR method provides the FFA content exclusively. In the case of refined edible oils (wherein the other acidic impurities are negligible), the results obtained from the 1H NMR method are comparable with those from the titrimetic analysis.

Rhizopus oryzae IFO 4697 whole cell catalyzed methanolysis of crude and acidified rapeseed oils for biodiesel production in tert-butanol system

Whole cell Rhizopus oryzae ( R. oryzae) IFO4697 immobilized within biomass support particles (BSPs) was used as catalyst for biodiesel production in tert-butanol, in which the stability of the catalyst could be enhanced significantly. Different feedstocks (refined, crude and acidified rapeseed oils) were adopted further for biodiesel production in tert-butanol system and it was found that when acidified rapeseed oil was used as feedstocks, the reaction rate and final methyl ester (ME) yield were significantly higher than that of refined and crude rapeseed oil. Major differences among the aforementioned oils were found to be the contents of free fatty acid (FFA), water and phospholipids, which showed varied influences on whole cell mediated methanolysis for biodiesel production. The reaction rate increased with the increase of free fatty acid content in oils; water content had varied influence on reaction rate and biodiesel yield; using adsorbent to remove excessive water could increase biodiesel yield significantly (from 73 to 84%); it was also found interestingly that phospholipids contained in oils could increase the reaction rate to a certain extent.

The implications of recent research on trans fatty acids

AbstractThe link between the intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been reviewed recently. The authors concluded that elimination of industrially produced trans fatty acids from the USA diet might avert 22% of the 1.2 million CHD events in the USA every year. Denmark has introduced legislation which limits the trans fatty acid content of oils and fats destined for human consumption to 2% of total fatty acids. This has reduced trans fatty acid intake in Denmark to insignificant levels and it will be interesting to see what effects this has on risk of CHD. By contrast in the USA the FDA has chosen the labelling option which puts the onus on the consumer to make the right food choices although New York City has adopted a more interventionist approach in its restaurants and food outlets. The Danish approach is far more effective as can be seen from the amounts of trans fatty acids present in French fries and chicken nuggets purchased from McDonalds and KFC in the two countries.

Estimation of Fatty Acid Content in Intact Seeds of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Lines Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Based on NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) measurements carried out in a collection of 262 samples of winter oilseed rape with a different content of fatty acids (FA) in oil, calibration equations for the laboratory instrument Foss-NIRSystem 6500 were developed. Calibration was focused on the possibility of screening seed samples of different composition of oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) using NIRS analysis. The reference method was gas chromatography (GC). The content of FA in segregating F<sub>2</sub> generations after crossing between lines with different contents of FA and lines with standard content of FA in oil ranged from 32.3 to 82.0% for C18:1, 10.2–26.8% for C18:2 and 3.3–11.8% for C18:3. The verification of a validation equation in 50 randomly selected samples of F<sub>2</sub> generation in the year 2006 proved high correlation coefficients (r) between NIRS analysis and GC values, r = 0.86 for C18:1, r = 0.82 for C18:2 and r = 0.85 for C18:3. Non-destructive NIRS analysis enables rapid and reliable selection of materials with different composition of FA in the seed of oilseed rape (lines with desirable high content of C18:1 and low content of C18:3).  

The effects of oils and frying temperatures on the texture and fat content of potato crisps

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of oils and frying temperatures on fat content and texture of potato crisps. The material used for the study consisted of eight kinds of vegetable oils: sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, olive, peanut, palm, partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil (modified oil I) and a mixture of hydrogenated rapeseed oil with palm oil (modified oil II). Potato crisps were fried in oils heated to 150, 170 and 190 °C. The measurements included: fat content of crisps determined by the Soxhlet method and texture of crisps measured using an Instron 5544. Fatty acid content of oils was determined by gas chromatography. The results of the study showed that the amount of fat absorbed by the crisps, as well as their texture, depended on the kind of oil used for frying. A relationship between oleic acid content of oil and the texture of crisps fried in refined vegetable oils was found. Fat content and texture of crisps were also influenced by frying temperatures. Crisps absorbed less fat and their hardness was reduced by increasing frying temperatures.

Inheritance of Reduced Stearic and Palmitic Acid Content in Sunflower Seed Oil

Reducing the saturated fatty acid content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil would benefit the sunflower industry through increased consumer preference for a low saturated sunflower product. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of low stearic and low palmitic acid content found in three sunflower mutant lines treated with two mutagens, N‐nitroso‐N‐methylurea (NMU) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) at rates of 1 and 2 g kg−1. The fatty acid content of approximately 6800 M5 lines was analyzed by gas chromatography. Two M5 lines, HA 821 LS‐1 and RHA 274 LS‐2, had lower stearic acid content (41 and 20 g kg−1), and one M5 line, RHA 274 LP‐1, had lower palmitic acid content (47 g kg−1) than their respective parental lines. Segregation ratios of F2 and testcross progeny indicated that the low stearic acid content in HA 821 LS‐1 was controlled by one gene, designated fas1, with additive gene action. The low stearic acid content in RHA 274 LS‐2 was controlled by two genes with additive gene action. The first gene was designated fas2, and the second gene was temporarily designated fasx. The allele fap1 was identified in RHA 274 LP‐1 to control low palmitic acid content with additive gene action. The combination of the alleles for low stearic and low palmitic acid content identified in this study could reduce the total saturated fatty acid content of oil in sunflower from 130 g kg−1 to less than 80 g kg−1.

Retarding autoxidation in raw peanut oil by addition of water

AbstractAddition of water at levels of 0.25 to 1.00% (wt/vol) to raw peanut oil inhibited the formation of peroxides in the oil. The free fatty acid content of oils to which water had been added also did not increase appreciably compared to a control oil. To improve the stability of the oil, a moisture content of 0.2%, which is about ten times higher than the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller monomolecular moisture content of the oil, has been suggested.

Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Field Mold Damaged Soybeans in the Midwest.

Abnormally warm, humid weather from 18 September to 7 October 1986 resulted in a delayed soybean harvest throughout the northern half of Illinois and portions of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Twenty-four soybean samples from Illinois, Iowa, and Michigan from soybean seed either refused or heavily discounted by grain elevators were analyzed for percent damage, fungal infection and germination, and oil and protein content; free fatty acid content in oil; and mycotoxins including diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin, T-2 toxin, zearalenone, zearalenol, and aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 . The percent damage ranged from 4.7 to 25.8%, and germination ranged from 7.5 to 39.0%. Seeds were heavily infected with Alternaria alternata (6.3-63.0%), Fusarium graminearum (13.0-51.3%), and Phomopsis spp. (12.5-49.0%). Other fungi, including Cercospora kikuchii and Aspergillus spp., were identified in 2.0-15.5% of the seeds. Protein, oil, and free fatty acid content were in expected ranges. Zearalenone was detected in whole soybeans, hulls, meal, and oil. Zearalenol was detectable in hulls and meal. DON was detected in whole soybeans, hulls, meal, and oil. DAS was detected in whole soybeans, hulls, and meal. T-2 (primarily HT-2) was detected in whole soybeans, hulls, meal, and oil. Ochratoxin was not detected and aflatoxin B 1 was found in hulls of only three of 24 samples, with the greatest amount detected being 5.8 ηg/g

Long-Term Storage of Fish Oil Fatty Acids in the Liver, Not Adipose Tissue, in Humans.

This study examined fish oil storage using samples from 7 autopsied patients. Four of these seven patients had been under intravenous alimentation for more than 2 months without supplementation of fish oils. Both subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues were rich in n-9 and n-6 fatty acids but poor in the n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. In contrast, fish oil fatty acids were abundant in liver lipids, especially in phospholipids. The absolute amounts of EPA and DHA in total lipids were calculated based on the actual weighed liver and on the estimated total adipose tissue mass. The mean liver EPA and DHA contents were 2.59 and 9.65g, respectively, whereas mean adipose tissue EPA was 0.89g and DHA 2.90g. Thus the absolute fish oil fatty acid content in liver was about 3 times greater than that in the adipose tissue mass. Gas liquid chromatographic chemical-ionization mass spectrometry clearly identified the fish oil fatty acids from the autopsied patients as being the same as authentic standards purified from fish. These findings provide evidence that ingested fish oils are stored in the human liver for more than 2 months.

Continuous deep-frying operation for food — with free fatty acid content of oil being held down by continuous filtration and treatment with free fatty acid adsorbent : Peregrine Int Assoc US 4913-922; 3 April 1990

Continuous deep-frying operation for food — with free fatty acid content of oil being held down by continuous filtration and treatment with free fatty acid adsorbent : Peregrine Int Assoc US 4913-922; 3 April 1990

Cyclopropenoid Acid and Fatty Acid Content of Ten Varieties of Hybrid Cotton Seed Oils

AbstractThe cyclopropenoid (Malvalic acid) fatty acid content of oils from ten varieties of cotton seeds has been determined range (0.7 to 1.3). Iodine values varied from 32.9 to 114.0. The fatty acid composition was in the following range: Myristic, 0.9‐3.0; palmitic, 18.3‐34.1; stearic, 2.2‐4.5; arachidic, 0.8‐1.4; behenic, 0.9‐1.2; oleic, 9.7‐22.1; linoleic, 42.4‐52.5. The oil content varied from 22.5% to 24.5%.

Seed germination as an index of potential free fatty acid content of sesame oil

SummaryDamage to sesame seed by mechanical threshing equipment resulted in loss of seed viability immediately. FFA content of oil in damaged seed increased gradually after harvest. High correlation coefficients were obtained between viability immediately following harvest and free fatty acid content of oil in sesame seed at various dates after harvest. The results of the analyses of the data indicate that viability of the seed at harvest may be of value in estimating the free fatty acid content of oil for various storage periods.