Fatty Acid Content Of Oil Research Articles

Improving the biodiesel production in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana cultivated in nutrient deficiency and sewage water.

The use of microalgae as a feedstock in biofuel production is highly encouraging. The marine diatom in this study, Thalassiosira pseudonana, was used as a test organism to evaluate the impact of nitrogen or phosphorus limitation and sewage water on improving biodiesel production. The growth rate is more affected in cultures without phosphorus by 41.8% lower than in control and the highest dry weight estimated in control. The cellular dry weight significantly increased in cultures treated with mix1 and mix2 wastewater compared to the control cultures. Chlorophyll a content decreased in the absence of nitrogen and phosphorous and in sewage water cultures. Lipid content in algal cultures without nitrogen or phosphorus and in sewage water accumulated nearly twice as much lipid content in synthetic medium. T. pseudonana showed high FAME contents; the two most abundant fatty acids, stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1), in the algal extracts revealed that T. pseudonana was predominantly composed of these fatty acids. T. pseudonana grown in nitrogen or phosphorus-deficient conditions exhibited an extreme percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) by 87.38% and 85.47%, respectively, of the total fatty acids (TFAs). More importantly, the low polyunsaturated fatty acid content in oils indicates a high cetane number, low iodine value, and low corrosion for biodiesel quality indicators. Producing biodiesel that closely meets worldwide biodiesel requirements (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214) is the goal of this work, which shows that growing T. pseudonana under nutrient limitations leads to algal metabolism in that direction.

Validity of total polar compound and its three components in monitoring the evolution of epoxy fatty acids in frying oil: Fast food restaurant conditions

This study evaluated the validity of total polar compounds (TPC) and its three components in monitoring the evolution of epoxy fatty acids in frying oil under fast food restaurant conditions. The content of epoxy fatty acids can be predicted using the TPC rather than oxidized triglyceride monomer. When TPC content reached 24 g/100 g, 25 g/100 g, and 27 g/100 g, the epoxy fatty acid content in oil was found to be 1.47–3.63 mg/g, 1.58–4.06 mg/g, and 1.83–5.08 mg/g, respectively. More epoxy fatty acids were generated in high oleic sunflower oil than in canola and cottonseed oil during frying. At current discarding points of TPC 24–27 g/100 g, its epoxy fatty acid content was 3.63–5.08 mg/g, which was lower than the limit of 7 mg/g recommended by Max Rubner-Institut in Germany. Our results indicate that the risk of epoxy fatty acids can be monitored using the current TPC index.

Supplementary honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollination enhances fruit growth rate and fruit yield in Paeonia ostii (family: Paeoniaceae).

Insufficient pollination leads to low and unstable production of oil tree peony. Supplementary managed honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in agricultural ecosystems is a common practice for addressing the problem. At this study site (N 34°38′30″ and E 112°39′43″, with an altitude of 125.5 m), we set up four pollination areas (low-density bee pollination group (LDBP), high-density bee pollination group (HDBP), blank control group (CK1) and field control group (CK2)) to examine the pollination effectiveness of different densities of honeybee supplementation on oil tree peony (Paeonia ostii). Our work demonstrated that bee-pollination increased fruit size and growth rate. On average, bee-pollinated (LDBP) plants produced 63.16% more number of seeds per plant, showed also 53.47% more weight of seeds per plant than those in CK2. Also, seeds of LDBP contained, on average, 26.15% more oil content than CK2. Kernel percent and seed oil fatty acid content, however, were unaffected (F = 1.759, p = 0.074). Compared with LDBP, weight of seeds per plant and oil content with HDBP decreased by 21.89% and 2.63%, respectively. Following the same trend, compared with LDBP, HDBP slowed fruit growth and reduced fruit size. Our results showed that insufficient pollination limits fruit set in oil tree peony, while supplementary reasonable bee density in the field for pollination is an important strategy to maximize fruit yield.

Solvent‐free enzymatic esterification of free fatty acids with glycerol for biodiesel application: Optimized using the Taguchi experimental method

AbstractPresence of free fatty acids along with glycerides poses a technical difficulty for biodiesel production. This work used a Taguchi L9 design to optimize the solvent‐free enzymatic process to result in the esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. Under optimal conditions the esterification reaction temperature of 60°C, enzyme dose of 5 wt%, glycerol: oleic acid molar ratio of 5:1, and reaction time of 3 h, a 75.235 ± 2.19% conversion of oleic acid to esters was achieved. With the addition of molecular sieves, the conversion increased to 86.73% ± 1.09%. However, using the parameters predicted by Taguchi design (60°C, 5 wt%, 5:1, and 4.5 h), 88.5% ± 1.11% of oleic acid could be converted to esters derivative. Diglycerides were the major product, and the reaction equilibrium was attained after 4 h. The immobilized enzyme could be used up to seven times with only a 10% reduction in the conversion. Thus, the process can efficiently reduce the free fatty acid content of oil to make it suitable for biodiesel production.

Applications and Extraction of Watermelon Seed Oil – A Review

Oil content in the seeds is between 35 - 40 % and the unsaturated fatty acid content in oil is 78-86% predominantly linoleic acid (45-73 %). Watermelon seed oil is effective for skin care as it is light, easily absorbable and has humectants properties. Watermelon seed oil also known as Otenga oil or Kalahari oil suitable for cosmeceutical applications. High acid value in oil will produce soap during transesterification process. High acid value of Watermelon oil necessitated acid pretreatment of the oil before transesterification. Free fatty acids (FFA) are produced by the hydrolysis of oils and fats. The free fatty acid value measures extent to which glycerides in the oil have been decomposed by lipase action. Free fatty acids for Watermelon seed oil was 2.5-3 %. The unsaturated fatty acid content of 77.4% and the high content of 63.2% of PUFA. The time of extraction increased yield of oil also increase and up to maximum level. The extraction of date seed oil carried out 2-6 hrs. Ihe optimum time for extraction is 4 hrs. Crushed seed in powdered form gives large surface area for solid-liquid contact. Due to small size particles increase rate as well as yield of extraction of oil from watermelon seed. Extraction carried out at boiling temperature of solvent should be better for rate and yield of extraction. Temperature for extraction with petroleum ether, methanol and hexane up to 40-50 OC.

Genotyping and lipid profiling of 601 cultivated sunflower lines reveals novel genetic determinants of oil fatty acid content

BackgroundSunflower is an important oilseed crop domesticated in North America approximately 4000 years ago. During the last century, oil content in sunflower was under strong selection. Further improvement of oil properties achieved by modulating its fatty acid composition is one of the main directions in modern oilseed crop breeding.ResultsWe searched for the genetic basis of fatty acid content variation by genotyping 601 inbred sunflower lines and assessing their lipid and fatty acid composition. Our genome-wide association analysis based on the genotypes for 15,483 SNPs and the concentrations of 23 fatty acids, including minor fatty acids, revealed significant genetic associations for eleven of them.Identified genomic regions included the loci involved in rare fatty acids variation on chromosomes 3 and 14, explaining up to 34.5% of the total variation of docosanoic acid (22:0) in sunflower oil.ConclusionsThis is the first large scale implementation of high-throughput lipidomic profiling to sunflower germplasm characterization. This study contributes to the genetic characterization of Russian sunflower collections, which made a substantial contribution to the development of sunflower as the oilseed crop worldwide, and provides new insights into the genetic control of oil composition that can be implemented in future studies.

Response surface methodology guided adsorption and recovery of free fatty acids from oil using resin

AbstractThe presence of free fatty acids interferes with the conversion of plant oils to biodiesel. Four strong and weak base resins were evaluated for the removal of free fatty acids (FFA) from oil. Amberlite FPA 51 showed the highest adsorption capacity of FFA. A resin concentration above 3% could enable a higher percentage FFA adsorption. The adsorption process fitted a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model and achieved equilibrium in approximately 8 h. A full factorial design was used to optimize the resin and FFA concentrations at a fixed temperature (40 °C). A ratio of resin to fatty acid concentrations above 1.875 was sufficient for 70% adsorption and the amount adsorbed continued to increase with further added resin. A two‐step washing of resin using hexane and ethanol recovered approximately 67.55% ± 4.05% of the initially added fatty acid. The resin that was used was regenerated with 5% NaOH and re‐used for a minimum of three consecutive cycles. However, the adsorption capacity diminished to 75% of the initial cycle in cycles 2 and 3. Thus, the work presents a resin‐based process for deacidification of oil to reduce fatty acid content of oil for biodiesel production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Sekam Padi Terhadap Peningkatan Kualitas Minyak Mandar

Mandar coconut oil is one of the coconut processed products, which has become superior product in West Sulawesi especially in Majene regency. Unfortunately, the Mandar coconut oil can’t be used more than a month because the water content and free fatty acid content of the oil have exceeded the maximum standard of SNI, so it can adversely affect on health. On the other hand, the existence of rice husk in Indonesia itself especially in West Sulawesi has not received attention and is limited to a few needs such as for ash or livestock feed, and the rest is thrown away. This research aims to determine the effect of rice husk ash addition on the increasing of Mandar coconut oil quality. Completely randomized design was used in this research with 6 rice husk ash concentration variation levels i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The result shows that the addition of rice husk ash with 10% to 25% can reduce the water content of the oil until the quality standard of SNI is full filled. The highest reduction of water content was reached with 25% of rice husk ash concentration with 81% of reduction percentage. While, the addition of rice husk ash with 15% concentration can reduce the free fatty acid content of Mandar coconut oil until 32%.

Modern approach of structuring the variety diversity of the naked and covered forms of cultural oats (Avena sativa L.)

Structuring and phenotyping genetic diversity is an important aspect of the work with breeding sources and materials.
 In the Introduction, the authors pointed out the role of N.I. Vavilovs scientific foresight in defining the topical trend in researching the genetic diversity of a crop, particularly the analysis of its biochemical composition. As the target of their research, the authors chose biochemical characters identifiable in the process of metabolomic analysis conducted by means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.
 Materials and methods. The object was the grain of naked and covered forms of common oat (Avena sativa L.) from the collection held by the Oat, Rye and Barley Genetic Resources Department of VIR. The analysis of oil fatty acid content and metabolomic research were performed using the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on the chromatograph Agilent 6850 (USA).
 Results. The obtained metabolomic spectra which reflected the metabolomic status of genotypes of various ecogeographic origin were compared among themselves using statistical (principal component) analysis methods. The results of the comparison are discussed by referring to the most important groups of metabolites significant for forming the traits of resistance to stressors as well as the characters related to food qualities of grain products. Special attention has been paid to biologically active compounds determining the functional value of the products for human nutrition: the sum of phenolics in covered forms is five times higher than that in naked ones and the content of glycine in covered forms is five times higher than in naked grain, with a similar proportion in the content of organic acids, sugars, etc.
 Conclusion. Differences between metabolomic profiles of naked and covered forms have been detected and statistically verified. Accessions with the most optimal nutritional composition have been identified for food purposes and for the development of resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses.

The effect of heating on the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in unsaturated vegetable oils: Evaluation of oxidation indicators

The formation of 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in vegetable oils and model oil systems were quantitatively assessed by RP-HPLC. Regardless of heating temperature, HHE was only detected in rapeseed and linseed oil, while HNE was detected in all tested oils. Intrinsic tocopherols suppressed HHE/HNE formation, but with similar inhibition rates (10.49–16.04%). Linear correlations were observed between HHE/HNE contents and corresponding n-3/6 fatty acid content in oils (R2 = 0.989/0.971). Model oil system revealed that HHE/HNE formation was closely related to methyl linolenate (MLN) and methyl linoleate (ML) contents. Low levels of ML (<0.5%) and MLN (<1.0%) did not lead to HHE/HNE formation. Therefore, HHE/HNE was classified as the characteristic aldehydes of n-3 and n-6 type oils, respectively. Heat map evaluation and regression analysis indicated HHE could predict the n-3 type oils oxidation, while HNE was a good indicator to estimate the oxidative deterioration of n-6 and n-9 type oils.

Walnut oil deacidification by liquid–liquid extraction with ethanol in a single- and multistage crossflow process

Liquid–liquid extraction of vegetable oil with ethanol predominantly removes the components having the greatest affinity for ethanol, such as free fatty acids responsible for the acidity of oil, but also some contaminants such as phthalates. The aim of this work is to study the effect of several operating parameters on the deacidification process: the initial free fatty acid content in oil (3.1, 5.8, 7.6 and 11.7% OA eq.), the ethanol-water content in solvent (70.0/30.0, 80.0/20.0, 87.8/12.2 and 95.6/4.4 g/g), and the oil/solvent ratio (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g/g). The economic assessment of the deacidification based on the costs of distilling solvent and neutral oil loss showed that the use of solvents containing 82 to 90 wt.% of ethanol enables to achieve a trade-off between efficiency of the extraction of free fatty acid and the neutral oil losses. A three-stage crosscurrent extraction using a solvent at 88.6 wt.% of ethanol (global solvent/oil ratio: 8.0 g/g) reduced the free fatty acid content from 5.8% OA eq. (in crude walnut oil) to 0.3–0.4% OA eq. with a loss of 4.0% of neutral oil mass. Regarding the extraction of phthalates, our results showed that the lower the water content in the hydroethanolic solvent, the more efficient the extraction of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). Moreover, extraction with ethanol has successfully reduced the BBP content below the current regulatory limit.

Functional approach and agro-climatic information to improve the estimation of olive oil fatty acid content from near-infrared data.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is very appreciated by its taste, flavor, and benefits for health, and so, it has a high price of commercialization. This fact makes it necessary to provide reliable and cost‐effective analytical procedures, such as near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, to analyze its traceability and purity, in combination with chemometrics. Fatty acids profile of EVOO, considered as a quality parameter, is estimated, firstly, from NIR data and, secondly, by adding agro‐climatic information. NIR and agro‐climatic data sets are summarized by using principal component analysis (PCA) and treated by both scalar and functional approaches. The corresponding PCA and FPCA are progressively introduced in regression models, whose goodness of fit is evaluated by the dimensionless root‐mean‐square error. In general, SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs (and disaggregated fatty acids) estimations are improved by adding agro‐climatic besides NIR information (mainly, temperature or evapotranspiration) and considering a functional point of view for both NIR and agro‐climatic data.

Determination of the Physicochemical Changes in the Different Vegetable Oils after Fat-Product Interaction During Frying Process

Determination of changes in physicochemical properties of different vegetable oils (sunflower, corn, hazelnut, palm, and olive oils) was aimed after the frying process with different frying material used (potato and pepper). The increase in free fatty acid content, peroxide value, viscosity and polar compound formation of oils was observed, while the reduction of the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of oils was detected with the increase of frying time. The minimum increase of free fatty acid content was determined in sunflower oil (for fried pepper %0.23; for fried potato %0.22), while the best result of peroxide values for both of frying samples was found in olive oil (for fried pepper 2.49 meq O2/kg; for fried potato 4.11 meq O2/kg oil). The highest increase of total polar compound was also ascertained in sunflower oil (for fried pepper%4.50; for fried potato %5.00). The increase of frying time caused a decrease of L* and a* values of oils except for olive oil and increase of b* values. The effect of frying oil or material and frying process time on physicochemical properties of oils was found statistically significant (p<0.01).

Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Predict Oil Fatty Acid Content and the Kind of Research to Identify Oil Species

Research on the use of Near-infrared Spectroscopy for rapid predict oil fatty acid content, proposed a method based on fatty acid content to identify the oil species. Collect five kinds of 133 parts of edible oil data samples by Near-infrared spectroscopy. The original spectroscopy were pretreated by using standard normal variable variation and De-trending(SNV-DT), and using support vector machine regression (SVR) build quantitative models of fatty acids, using Support Vector Classification (SVC) to establish the type of oil qualitative model. Results show, Using palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic three kinds of fatty acids it is feasible. Three kinds of fatty acid quantitative model prediction set correlation coefficients were 95.0876%,99.8592% and 98.5951%. Quantitative - Qualitative model prediction accuracy rate of 100% set. Studies shows that Near-infrared spectroscopy can quickly predict oil fatty acid content, and discriminating oil species. This research has a strong practical and popularization value. In order to develop a kind of rapid method which predict fatty acid content and use it to identify the oil species to provide technical support.

Biodiesel production from microalgae oil through conventional and ultrasonic methods

ABSTRACTIn the present study, the oil extracted from the microalga Neochloris oleoabundans was used for producing biodiesel. The viscosity of microalgal oil was very high so transesterification was done by an ultrasonic method and a simple basic method. Free fatty acid content in oil was found high so a two-step transesterification reaction was used. Maximum yield of algal oil methyl ester was acquired by the ultrasonic method (98%) with improved physicochemical characteristics, whereas the biodiesel yield obtained by simple transesterification process was low (91%). The maximum oil content in N. oleoabundans was found to be 42% and major fatty acids include palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Finally, it was conferred that the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method is the best technique for biodiesel production from microalgal oil.

Lipid Composition of Oil Extracted from Wasted Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) Heads and Comparison with Oil Extracted from Antarctic Krill (Euphasia superba).

In the UK, the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) supports its most important shellfish fishery. Nephrops are sold either whole, or as “tails-only” for the scampi trade. In the “tailing” process, the “head” (cephalothorax) is discarded as waste. A smaller crustacean species, the Antarctic krill Euphasia superba, represents an economically valuable industry, as its extractable oil is sold as a human dietary supplement. The aim of this study was to determine the amount and composition of the oil contained in discarded Nephrops heads and to compare its composition to the oil extracted from krill. Differences due to Geographical variation and seasonal patterns in the amount and composition of lipid were also noted. Results indicated that Nephrops head waste samples collected from more southern locations in Scotland (Clyde Sea area) contained higher levels of oil when compared to samples collected from northern locations in Iceland. Moreover, seasonal differences within the Clyde Sea area in Scotland were also observed, with oil extracted from Nephrops head waste peaking at around 11.5% during the summer months when larger and more mature females were caught by trawl. At this time of the year, the valuable fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accounted for around 23% of the total fatty acid content in oil extracted from Nephrops head waste. A seasonal effect on EPA content was found, with higher levels obtained in the summer, while no trend was found in DHA percentages. Finally, oil from Nephrops head waste contained a higher proportion of EPA and DHA than krill oil but these fatty acids were more abundantly linked to the neutral lipids rather to than polar lipids. The characterization of lipid that could be extracted from Nephrops head waste should be seen as a first step for the commercial use of a valuable resource currently wasted. This approach is extremely relevant given the current limited supply of EPA and DHA and changes in the Common Fisheries Policy.

DEGRADATION OF OIL DURING FRYING AND ITS EFFECT ON BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

The effects of frying unripe plantain and sweet potato (separately) in soyabean oil on the properties of the oil were investigated. Also, the effect of the degradation of the oil on biodiesel yield obtained from the oil was considered. Physico-chemical properties of soyabean oil (acid value, saponification value, viscosity, density, colour) were measured daily after being used for frying for days. The fatty acid profile of the oil was analysed daily using GC/MS and biodiesel was produced daily from the oil sample. The results of the frying process showed increase in oil Acid values in the two cases; sweet potato (1.10 – 1.16mgKOH/g) and unripe plantain (1.12 – 1.71mgKOH/g). And increase in oil saponification values (146 – 271mgKOH/g for sweet potato and 175 – 340mgKOH/g for unripe plantain). The oil became less dense, less viscous and darker in colour for both batches during repeated frying. Five day Frying process reduced the percentage unsaturated fatty acid contents of oil (for unripe plantain from 81.94% to 36.80% and for sweet potato from 82.46% to 40.10%) and increased the percentage saturated fatty acid composition of the oil (unripe plantain from 12.18% to 34.70% and sweet potato from 12.24% to 27.50%). As frying progress, there was reduction in biodiesel yield, though insignificant difference in yield was observed between the biodiesel obtained from unripe plantain frying process and that obtained from the sweet potato frying process

Assessing the experimental investigation of milk thistle oil for biodiesel production using base catalyzed transesterification

In the present research work, non edible oil source milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaert) plant was investigated for biodiesel production. The extracted crude oil was 26.14% of the total seed dry weight. The free fatty acid content of oil was reduced from 0.56 mg KOH/g to 0.06 mg KOH/g by esterification before the synthesis of biodiesel. The highest conversion percentage of biodiesel was achieved 89.51% and 87.42% using solid base catalyst sodium hydroxide (0.75%) and potassium hydroxide (1.0%), respectively. The protocol for experiment was adjusted as follow: temperature (60 °C); time of reaction (2 h), steering (600 rpm) and the oil molar ratio was fixed 1:6. Qualitatively, the prepared biodiesel was quantified by GC chromatography, 13C &1H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), AAS and FT-IR spectroscopy. The fuel properties of biodiesel were tested and compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Probing the effects of fish oil on the delivery and inflammation-inducing potential of imiquimod

Imiquimod is a chemotherapeutic agent for many skin-associated diseases, but it has also been associated with inflammatory side effects. The aim of this study was to prevent the inflammatory effect of commercial imiquimod (Aldara®) by controlled release of imiquimod through a hydrogel/oleogel colloidal mixture (CA bigel) containing fish oil as an anti-inflammatory agent. Imiquimod permeability from Aldara® cream and bigel through mice skin was evaluated, and the drug content residing in the skin via the tape stripping technique was quantified. The fish oil fatty acid content in skin along with its lipophilic environment was also determined. An inflammation study was conducted using animal models, and Aldara® cream was found to potentially cause psoriasis-like inflammation, which could be owing to prolonged application and excessive drug permeation. Controlled release of imiquimod along with fish oil through CA bigel may have caused reduced imiquimod inflammation. NMR studies and computerized molecular modeling were also conducted to observe whether the fish oil and imiquimod formed a complex that was responsible for improving imiquimod transport and reducing its side effects. NMR spectra showed dose-dependent chemical shifts and molecular modeling revealed π–σ interaction between EPA and imiquimod, which could help reduce imiquimod inflammation.

Composición de ácidos grasos en algunos alimentos fritos y aceites de fritura y factores relacionados, en un sector universitario de Medellín-Colombia

Background: Frying conditions affect fatty acids proportion in fried foods. Objective: To determine the effect of frying conditions on fatty acid composition: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acid in fried food and frying oils. Materials and methods: 22 food samples and their frying oils were collected in 4 restaurants, 4 coffee shops, and 3 street stalls placed at universities in Medellin, Colombia. Fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography after the frying. Oil composition was associated with frying conditions. Results: Palm oil was used in 7 places, soya oil in 2 and a mixture of vegetable oils was used in another 2 places. In fried potatoes, palm oil increased saturated fatty acid content and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid content (p<0,05). Soya oil had a greater polyunsaturated and trans fatty acid content, and a lower saturated content (p=0,05), in all cases. In oils, saturated fatty acid were associated with present solids (p=0,03) and TFA were associated with hours/usage/day (p=0,02) and presences of solids (p=0,04). Frying conditions were inappropriate. Conclusion: Fatty acid distribution in fried potatoes depends of oil used for frying. Poor frying conditions affect saturated and trans fatty acid content in oil.