Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Symbiodiniaceae‐Derived Fatty Acids Are Stored Differentially Across Giant Clam Species and Organs

ABSTRACTGiant clams are invertebrates that form mutualistic associations with Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates. Despite their ecological significance, gaps persist regarding our understanding of their trophic ecology. Specifically, it is unknown whether Symbiodiniaceae‐derived photosynthates are metabolized differently according to species and organ. Therefore, we maintained Tridacna derasa and T. noae for 3 months in a well‐lit recirculated system without food supply. Samples were taken from eight organs and underwent lipid extraction and fatty acid esterification before analysis of three symbiont‐derived fatty acids (stearidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid—SDA, DPA, and DHA, respectively) using gas chromatography. Results show considerable variation in fatty acids concentration among species and organs. SDA was found in higher concentrations in T. noae, especially in the adductor muscle. DPA was detected in low concentrations across T. noae organs and absent for T. derasa. DHA did not vary significantly among species and organs. Our findings indicate that Symbiodiniaceae supply clams with fatty acids, which are stored differentially according to species and organs. This demonstrates that these compounds are translocated to multiple organs throughout the complex giant clam anatomical system, in contrast to simpler hosts like corals. These results advance our understanding of the physiological dynamics of the mollusk‐algae association.

The disturbance of intestinal microbiome caused by the novel duck reovirus infection in Cherry Valley ducklings can induce intestinal damage

Novel duck reovirus disease is an infectious disease mainly caused by novel duck reovirus (NDRV), which is characterized by spleen necrosis and persistent diarrhea in ducks. However, the pathogenic mechanism of NDRV infection in Cherry Valley ducks remains unclear. To investigate the distribution of NDRV in the intestines of Cherry Valley ducks, intestinal morphogenesis, intestinal permeability, inflammatory cytokines, and the expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs), we introduced NDRV via intramuscular infection. The diversity and composition of ileum flora and content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The relationship between changes in the intestinal microbial community and intestinal damage in Cherry Valley ducks infected with NDRV was also assessed to offer new insights into the pathogenesis of NDRV and intestinal flora composition. The results showed that intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction occurred following NDRV infection. Additionally, a significant reduction in dominant bacterial species and a decrease in SCFA content within the intestinal microbiota led to weakened colonization resistance and the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens, exacerbating intestinal damage post-NDRV infection. Notably, TJPs and inflammatory cytokine disruptions were linked to a decline in SCFA-producing bacteria and an accumulation of pathogenic bacteria. In summary, changes in the ileum intestinal flora and disruptions to the intestinal barrier were associated with NDRV infection. Consequently, disturbances in intestinal flora caused by NDRV infection can lead to intestinal damage. These findings may offer us a new perspective, targeting the gut microbiota to better understand the progression of NDRV disease and investigate its underlying pathogenesis.

Metabolic profile of fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and methylxanthines of cocoa kernels (Theobroma cacao L.) from different cultivars produced in cabruca and full sun farming systems

The demand for high-quality cocoa beans has increased in line with the growing global demand for chocolate. The chemical composition of cocoa beans can vary according to their origin and growing conditions. In this context, this study evaluated the influence of the cultivar type (CCN51 and PS1319) and the cocoa management system (cabruca and full sun) on the chemical composition of unfermented cocoa kernels. The cultivation system influenced the fatty acid composition of cocoa kernels, with higher values of linoleic acid associated with the full sun system, although higher total lipid contents were obtained in the cabruca system. The cultivar influenced the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and the saturated/unsaturated ratio (S/U). Lower levels of total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins and antioxidant properties were found in the full sun system, especially in the PS1319 cultivar. Higher levels of epicatechin and catechin were found in the cocoa kernel of the CCN51 cultivar. Theobromine and caffeine were not influenced by the treatments. Neither the PCA of total lipids and fatty acids, nor the PCA of antioxidant properties, phenolic compounds and methylxanthines indicated an isolated clustering between cultivar and cultivation system. The results showed that the factors under study influenced the chemical composition of the unfermented cocoa kernel. Furthermore, they indicated that the migration from traditional systems, such as cabruca, to full sun systems can reduce the total lipids and phenolic compounds content of the cocoa beans. When planning new plantations, the choice of genetic material should also be carefully considered to produce higher-quality cocoa butter and beans with a higher phenolic compound content.

Biopolymeric emulsions with added silicon as pork fat substitutes in the reformulation of healthy pâtés: Effect on technological, nutritional and sensory properties and on lipid digestibility after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Four different pork lard emulsions were elaborated in order to be used as pork backfat replacers in the reformulation of healthy pâtés: an emulsion stabilized with soy protein concentrate (SPC, E1), E1 with added silicon (Si) (E2), E1 with a mixture of methylcellulose (MC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (E3), and E3 with added Si (E4). These four emulsions were characterized in terms of texture, color and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) and were then used in the reformulation of four pork liver pâtés (PE1-PE4). These pâtés were compared to a control pâté elaborated with 100% pork backfat (PC). The technological, nutritional and sensory properties of the pâtés were assessed, along with lipid digestibility based on the content of free fatty acids (FFAs) released after in vitro GID. The reformulated pâtés had highly adequate physicochemical and sensory properties, comparable to those of the PC control. The addition of a mixture of MC/CMC and Si in the SPC-stabilized emulsion caused a slow down of in vitro GID and, consequently, lower lipid bioaccessibility (BA) of the main fatty acids when E3 and E4 were incorporated into the reformulated pâtés PE3 and PE4. Si BA was higher in the absence of cellulose ethers (14.6%) that in their presence (8.84%).

Concentrations and predictors of select nutrients in Canadian human milk samples from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals pregnancy cohort

BackgroundHuman milk (HM) composition data are widely used in clinical, regulatory, and public health initiatives. The existing HM profiles in United States and Canadian nutrient databanks are outdated and now considered inappropriate to estimate current nutrient intakes. Recent reviews have underscored the limited North American data available to generate a new profile. ObjectivesTo describe concentrations and sources of variability of nutrients in HM from a large cohort collected in Canada. MethodsThe Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study recruited participants in the first trimester of pregnancy from 10 Canadian cities between 2008 and 2011. HM samples (n = 559–835, depending on nutrient) were collected 3–10 wk postpartum and analyzed for minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium), vitamin D [vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3], folate vitamers (folic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, total folates), and fatty acids (panel). We examined associations between participant characteristics and log-transformed nutrient concentrations using linear regression. ResultsConcentrations of HM components in MIREC samples were within the range observed in literature except for manganese, which was >100-fold lower than the value in the existing Canadian nutrient databank profile [2.43 (standard deviation 2.84) compared with 260 ng/g]. In multivariable models, concentrations of folate vitamers, vitamin D, and fatty acids demonstrated greater variability with maternal and sample characteristics than minerals. Factors such as relevant supplement use, body mass index, and for vitamin D, skin color and season, had a larger impact on nutrient concentrations than characteristics typically standardized in HM research, such as maternal or infant health, and method of collection. ConclusionsHM mineral concentrations from this study meet the methodological inclusion criteria for updating nutrient databank values and dietary reference intakes. Consideration of factors such as diet, skin color, and BMI will be important for selecting studies for developing representative reference values based on HM.

Caveolin 1 ameliorates nonesterified fatty acid-induced oxidative stress via the autophagy regulator Beclin 1 in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells

High blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) during ketosis enhance uptake by the mammary gland and impair autophagy while causing oxidative stress. Caveolin 1 (CAV1) is closely related to autophagy and plays a role in regulating oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to explore the potential role of CAV1 on oxidative stress and autophagy during a high NEFA challenge in the immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T. Mammary gland tissue biopsies and blood samples were collected from healthy (n = 15) and clinically ketotic (n = 15) Holstein cows at 3 to 10 (average = 6) days in milk. Compared with healthy cows, ketotic cows had lower dry matter intake (DMI), daily milk yield, serum glucose and greater serum NEFA and BHBA, accompanied by greater milk fat and lower milk protein. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was greater but activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) were lower in cows with clinical ketosis. A lower protein abundance of CAV1, Beclin 1, autophagy relative gene 5 (ATG5), and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) as well as greater protein abundance of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also called p62) were detected in mammary tissue of cows with clinical ketosis. In vitro, the MAC-T cells were treated with 0, 0.6 and 1.2 mM NEFA for 12 h or treated with 1.2 mM NEFA for various time points (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h). Compared with 0 mM NEFA, protein abundance of CAV1, Beclin 1, ATG5 and LC3 was greater in the MAC-T challenged with 0.6 mM NEFA, but lower in the 1.2 mM NEFA group. Protein abundance of p62 was lower with 0.6 mM NEFA, but higher with 1.2 mM NEFA. In response to increasing doses of NEFA, mRNA abundance of CAV1, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and SOD activity decreased while the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and content of MDA increased. The protein abundance of CAV1, Beclin 1, ATG5 and LC3 peaked at 0.5 h and 1 h, resulting in both linear and quadratic effects. The protein abundance of p62 decreased, reaching a nadir at 4 h in both a linear and quadratic manner. The silencing of CAV1 in MAC-T cells aggravated the 1.2 mM NEFA-induced decrease in Beclin 1 expression, impaired autophagy, and increase in oxidative stress, whereas the overexpression of CAV1 alleviated these effects. Pretreatment of MAC-T cells with Beclin 1 siRNA (si-Beclin 1) and overexpressing CAV1 followed by challenged with 1.2 mM NEFA reversed the CAV1 induced autophagy, thereby enhancing oxidative stress. Overall, these data suggest that CAV1 protects bovine mammary epithelial cells from NEFA-induced oxidative stress through enhancing the expression of Beclin 1 and activating autophagy.

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruit alleviates diarrhea via regulating intestinal microbiota and short chain fatty acids

Fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. have been used as Uyghur medicine due to the properties of treating spleen and stomach weakness, indigestion, enteritis, diarrhea, lung heat, and cough. However, the anti-diarrhea mechanism was still not clear. This study explored the mechanism of E. angustifolia fruit alleviated diarrhea from the perspective of gut microbiota. Diarrhea model was established with Folium sennae in mice. Then, the levels of diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of mice were evaluated. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was employed to detect pathological sections of colon tissue. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was researched to confirm the gut microbiota in mice. Diversity and differential analysis were adopted to analyze the intestinal microflora. Furthermore, Gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to detect the concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in intestine. The high-dose group (3.2 g/kg) of E. angustifolia fruit could significantly reduce the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of mice caused by Folium sennae (p < 0.01). We also found that E. angustifolia fruit enhanced the diversity of gut microbiota while ameliorating diarrhea. Alpha diversity revealed that the microbial composition of E. angustifolia fruit group tended to be more similar to that of the CON group (no significant difference at p < 0.05). E. angustifolia fruit also induced structural changes of gut microbiota in mice. In addition, the concentrations of SCFAs increased after administration of E. angustifolia fruit. This study demonstrated that E. angustifolia fruit could ameliorate diarrhea by regulating the composition and abundance of intestinal microbiota, together with the levels of SCFAs.

Screening Dietary Fat Sources and Concentrations Included in Low- and High-Forage Diets Using an In Vitro Gas Production System

Including dietary fat can increase the energy density of diets fed to ruminants, reducing dry matter intake (DMI). Effects of different fat sources on nutrient digestion and fermentation can vary depending on dietary fat concentration and the forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C). Therefore, this study’s objective was to screen the effects of fat sources supplemented at different concentrations to high- and low-forage diets on in vitro digestibility and fermentation. Treatments included either low forage (LF; 35%) or high forage (HF; 70%) with two fat levels (6 or 9% DM) using six different fat sources, plus control. The control diet (CON) had a basal level of fat in the diet (3% fat; 0% fat inclusion), and fat sources were added to attain 6% or 9% dietary fat and consisted of the following: Coconut oil, CO; Poultry fat, PF; Palm oil, PO; Palm kernel oil, PKO; Soybean oil, SOY; and Ca Salts, MEG. In vitro Gas Production (GP) modules were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 × 7 factorial design and were incubated for four 24 h runs. The CO-fed module had the highest dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility (AD) (p &lt; 0.01), followed by SOY and PF. The true DM digestibility (TDMD) and organic matter (OM) AD were the highest in CO (p &lt; 0.01) than the other fat types. The AD for DM, OM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher in LF (p &lt; 0.01). The 6% fat inclusion had a higher GP (109 vs. 103 mL ± 2.09; p &lt; 0.03). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was lower in different fat types than the CON and the acetate molar proportion (p &gt; 0.01). The propionate was the lowest for the CON, which increased the acetate to propionate (A:P) ratio (p &lt; 0.01). These results suggest that LF diets with high fat concentrations can be utilized, and different fat sources may improve DM and fiber digestibility.

LC-MS and GC-MS Analyses on Green Algae Penicillus Capitatus: Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Anticholinesterase Activity Screening Enhanced by Molecular Docking & Dynamics and ADME Studies.

In this comprehensive screening study, the chemical composition, and cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anticholinergic activities of the green algae Penicillus capitatus, collected from Antalya-Türkiye, were determined as in vitro and in silico. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed a high content of fatty acids, with hexadecanoic acid constituting half of the total fatty acid content. LC-HRMS analysis of the DCM:MeOH extract identified ascorbic acid as the most abundant compound, followed by (-)-epigallocatechin and salicylic acid. The DCM:MeOH extract exhibited potent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines, outperforming doxorubicin with lower IC50 values and a higher selectivity index. Additionally, the extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, along with selective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE). Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that apigenin-7-O-glucoside and epigallocatechin form stable interactions with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and hAChE, suggesting their potential as inhibitors. In silico ADME studies indicated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for the detected compounds, supporting their potential as drug candidates. The promising cytotoxic activity of the P. capitatus extracts, coupled with significant antimicrobial properties and selective hAChE inhibition, highlights their therapeutic potential for breast cancer treatment, infection management, and neurodegenerative disease intervention.

Cholic acid-based inhibition of SVCV replication by modulating polyunsaturated fatty acid content

Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV) is a highly pathogenic pathogen that infects carp fish, and SVCV infection frequently causes a severe inflammatory response in the affected fish. The viral infection is extremely lethal in carp larvae, often leading to heavy economic losses. Cholic acid (CA) is a primary bile acid synthesized directly from cholesterol in the liver and has been found to have an inhibitory effect on viral infections. To substantiate this antiviral potential, 500 μM CA was tested against SVCV replication in vitro and showed a significant inhibitory effect on viral replication. Further experimental tests demonstrated that CA exerted antiviral effects during its replication phase but not at viral adsorption and entry stages. In vivo experiments demonstrated that CA increased the survival rate of SVCV-infected zebrafish by 40 %, reduced viral load in tissues and reduced histopathological lesions. Comparison of the liver transcriptome of zebrafish between CA treatment and control (NC) groups revealed that CA treatment was able to promote the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the most significant changes in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Inhibition assay on fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2), the first rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid, showed that the antiviral effect of CA on SVCV disappeared. These new findings suggest that CA may exert its antiviral effects by regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid. In addition, this study also verified that DHA has antiviral activity against SVCV. In conclusion, CA shows promise as a potential anti-SVCV drug or feed additive that could help mitigate SVCV outbreaks in aquaculture.

Tissue-specific distribution and fatty acid content of PFAS in the northern Bohai Sea fish: risk-benefit assessment of legacy PFAS and emerging alternatives

This study aimed to examine the distribution of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in 15 marine fish species from the northern Bohai Sea, investigate their sources of contamination, and evaluate the benefits-risks associated with the concurrent consumption of fish fatty acids and PFAS. The ∑PFAS concentrations in fish ranged from 9.38 to 262.92ng·g-1 (dry weight). The highest PFAS levels were found in the viscera and gills, while the lowest levels were found in the muscles. Industrial effluents and sewage treatment plant discharges were the primary sources of PFAS contamination. The individual PFAS concentrations in fish were insignificantly correlated with their trophic levels (p > 0.05). However, the concentrations of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) or long-chain PFAS (C > 8) significantly increased with fish size (e.g., total length, weight) and lipid content (p < 0.001). The benefit-risk analysis suggests that HPFO-DA poses a higher health risk than perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in fish (p<0.05). Long-term consumption of contaminated fish may significantly increase human serum PFOA concentration and kidney cancer risk (p<0.05). Daily consumption of 5g (wet weight) muscle from Ditrema temmincki and Konosirus punctatus is recommended to meet the requirements for fatty acid supplementation without posing health risks.

Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Some Apiaceae Plants Using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)

Background/aim: The Apiaceae family, also referred to as the parsley or carrot family, comprises a diverse group of plants with significant ecological and economic importance. The fundamental building blocks of plant lipids, fatty acids are involved in a number of critical biological functions. Flame ionization detection in gas chromatography (GC-FID) is a potent analytical method widely used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of fatty acid composition in plant samples. Materials and methods: In this study, we investigated the fatty acid profiles of several Apiaceae plants using GC-FID to elucidate their lipid composition and potential applications. Results: A wide spectrum of fatty acids was confirmed, ranging from C6:0 to C22:6. Astrodaucus orientalis leaf and fruit were found rich in palmitic acid (C16:0; 35.96% and 37.65%, respectively). Ferulago asparagifolia was determined as the richest sample in terms of poly-unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (C18:2 cis, 25.65%), alpha linoleic acid (C18:3n3, 7.42%) and eicosadienoic acid (C20:2, 32.66%). Ferulago syriaca ethanol and hexane extracts contained considerable amount of oleic acid (C 18:1 n9, 40. 37% and 49.19%, respectively). Conclusion: Our review of the literature revealed that no prior reports have been made about the fatty acid compositions of Astrodaucus orientalis, Ferulago asparagifolia and Ferulago syriaca. As a result, the information provided here may be the first to describe the fatty acid contents of these species. Exploring the lipid profiles of these plants can enhance their potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Impact of Feeding Artemia franciscana Enriched with Various Oil Resources on Growth, Blood Biochemical and Behavioral Indices, and Survival of Oreochromis Niloticus

Abstract The main objective of the present trial was to examine the efficacy of feeding tilapia fry fish on Artemia franciscana diets supplemented with various oil emulsion resources in terms of performance, behavior indices, survival rate, blood biochemical parameters, and immunological response. Four hundred Nile tilapia fry (weighing 0.15±0.05 g and measuring 2.17±0.08 cm) were randomly allocated into four equal groups (each with five repetitions) and acclimatized for fifteen days. The first group served as the control and received unenriched Artemia franciscana (G0), while the remaining three groups were fed Artemia franciscana diets enriched with different oil resources (0.5 mL oil per liter for 6 hours): soybean oil (G1), sesame oil (G2), and rice bran oil (G3). Behavioral observations were recorded during the 45-day experimental period. At the end of the feeding trial, the chemical composition and fatty acid content of both Artemia and fingerlings were analyzed. Furthermore, the growth performance, survival, and immune response of the fingerlings were evaluated. The results indicated noticeable improvements in behavioral measurements (feeding, foraging and schooling), performance (final length, final weight, net weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate), survival, and immune response among fry fish supplemented with enriched Artemia, particularly those enriched with soybean oil. Additionally, the chemical composition and fatty acid content of both Artemia and fish fry were significantly enhanced when oil emulsions are applied, with soybean oil demonstrating the most prominent improvements. Whereas, supplementing fry fish Artemia diets with oil resulted in lower liver enzyme activity and higher protein component levels in plasma in comparison to the control group. In brief, feeding Nile tilapia fry fish Artemia diets enriched with a soybean oil emulsion (0.5 mL/L) is recommended for promoting high performance, immunological activity, and survival throughout the early stage till fingerlings phase.

Mass spectrometry unveils heat-induced changes in yolk oxylipins and key lipid molecules during home cooking

IntroductionOxylipins, as a widespread class of metabolic markers following oxidative stress, and several studies have reported dietary regulation of lipid metabolism. However, there is a lack of investigation of dietary oxylipins, especially cooking-induced changes in food lipid oxidation. ObjectivesInvestigated the effects of cooking methods and lipid profiles on polyunsaturated fatty acids derived oxylipins generation within egg yolks. MethodsThe lipid profile of egg yolk was determined by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, oxylipins were detected by HPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS, while the total fatty acid content was quantified by GC-FID. Random Forest (RF) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models were employed to explore the association between oxidized lipids and key lipid species. ResultsHeating reduced egg yolk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content, and no consistent trends for arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid (LA), and linolenic acid (ALA). Yolk lipid composition affected triacylglycerol (TG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and LA-monoepoxide contents after cooking. 9- and 13-HODE (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid), 9,10,13-TriHOME (trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid), 9,10- and 12,13-EpOME (epoxyoctadecenoic acid), 9,10- and 12,13-DiHOME (dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid), 5-HETE (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), and 4-HDHA (hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid) were the prevalent oxylipins with high concentrations, accounting for 1.08 %–29.58 % of the total content of 29 oxylipins. Steaming resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in oxylipin concentrations in yolks compared to raw yolks, and boiling with or without shells (poaching) resulted in a 1.30- to 1.76-fold increase in oxylipin concentrations. In contrast, pan-fried yolks exhibited the lowest and least variable levels of total oxylipins, while still retaining some epoxides, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) and EpOME. Utilizing big data analysis, we mapped the oxylipin network in both ordinary and DHA-enriched egg yolks, revealing a strong correlation between cooking-induced oxylipin production and variations in 24 lipid species. ConclusionRevealed the potential mechanisms and key lipid molecules for heating-induced oxylipin production of yolk through lipidomics and big data analysis.

Effects of imeglimin on fasting blood free fatty acids concentration

Effects of imeglimin on fasting blood free fatty acids concentration

Serum Free Fatty Acid Concentration Predicts ARDS after Off-Pump CABG: A Prospective Observational Study.

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are established risk factors for various cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Elevated FFAs can trigger inflammatory response, which may be associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in cardiac surgery. In this prospective study, we aimed to investigate the association between circulating FFA and the incidence of ARDS, as well as the length of ICU stay, in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We conducted a single-center, prospective, observational study among patients undergoing off-pump CABG. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of ARDS within 6days after off-pump CABG. Serum FFA were measured at baseline and 24h post-procedure, and the difference (Δ-FFA) was calculated. A total of 180 patients were included in the primary analysis. The median FFA was 2.3mmol/L (quartile 1 [Q1]-Q3, 1.4-3.2) at baseline and 1.5mmol/L (Q1-Q3, 0.9-2.3) 24h after CABG, with a Δ-FFA of 0.6mmol/L (Q1-Q3, -0.1 to 1.6). Patients with elevated Δ-FFA levels had a significantly higher ARDS occurrence (55.6% vs. 22.2%; P < 0.001). Elevated Δ-FFA after off-pump CABG correlated with a significantly lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and extended length of ICU stay. The area under the curve (AUC) of Δ-FFA for predicting ARDS (AUC, 0.758; 95% confidence interval, 0.686-0.831) significantly exceeded the AUC of postoperative FFA (AUC, 0.708; 95% CI 0.628-0.788; P < 0.001). Elevated Δ-FFA levels correlated with ARDS following off-pump CABG. Monitoring FFA may assist in identifying high-risk patients for ARDS, facilitating timely interventions to improve clinical outcomes.

Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated With Immune-Modulating Chemotherapy: Potential Mitigating Role of Intravenous Omega-3 Fatty Acid Triglycerides.

Patient susceptibility to cytokine release syndrome (CRS) resulting from immune-modulating chemotherapy has profound implications for clinical outcome. This is particularly true for patients receiving CAR T-cell therapy. First-line pharmacotherapy for CRS includes the administration of the IL-6 receptor-binding monoclonal antibody tocilizumab, or tocilizumab and corticosteroids. Other agents, such as siltuximab, anakinra, and dasatinab are also being explored for refractory cases of CRS. This review summarizes the potential role of omega-3 fatty acids, that is, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at ameliorating CRS in cancer patients receiving immune-modulating chemotherapy, and is compared with current treatment strategies to reduce the severity of the inflammatory response. Selective blockade of specific proinflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-6) is effective, but carries a significant risk of serious opportunistic infections. In contrast, omega-3 fatty acids affect multiple triggers underlying the inflammatory response (i.e., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, transcription factors, and specialized proresolving molecules), and its major limitation is avoidance of hypertriglyceridemia, which can be managed by reducing the rate of intravenous administration. This discussion proposes a novel approach by continuous infusion of omega-3 fatty acids to modulate the intensity of the severe systemic inflammatory response from CRS. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential clinical benefits of a specialized omega-3 fatty acids dosage form to mitigate the severity of CRS as a hypothetical alternative to current treatment. Optimizing the formulation, for example, enriched fish oil that meets drug concentration standards for EPA and DHA, a continuous infusion rate, reductions in long-chain saturated fatty acids concentrations, and addition of medium-chain triglycerides to improve EPA + DHA utilization and physical stability are key pharmaceutical factors. This may result in a safer and more effective option than targeted abrogation of cytokines and consequent risks of adverse drug reactions, but will require formal study in randomized control trials in humans.

Protective effects of phenylethanol glycosides from Cistanche tubulosa against ALD through modulating gut microbiota homeostasis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight, a Chinese herbal medicine (Rou Cong Rong) with Xinjiang characteristics, was recorded in many medical books in ancient China and often used as a tonic medicine. Supported by the traditional Chinese medicine theory of “homology of liver and kidney,” C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight has many clinical applications in tonifying the kidney and protecting the liver. Modern pharmacological studies have also found that the protective effects of phenylethanol glycosides from C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight (CPhGs) play an important role in ameliorating alcoholic liver injury. Aim of the studyWe aimed to investigate whether CPhGs can enhance the therapeutic outcome of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by targeting the “gut–liver axis,” thus contributing to the knowledge of how Chinese herbs alleviate disease by influencing the gut microbiota. Materials and methodsAn ALD mouse model was established using the Lieber–DeCarli alcohol liquid diet, and the effects of CPhGs on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota of ALD mice were investigated in a pseudo-sterile mouse model and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) mouse model. We fed female C57BL/6N mice with Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet, according to the NIAAA model. Animal experiment of long-term, ethanol diet intervention for 6W, and short-term for 11d. The FMT experiments were also performed. ResultsCPhGs significantly improved ALD manifestations. ALD mice demonstrated significant gut microbiota dysbiosis and significantly abnormal proliferation of Allobaculum compared with the control diet group in long-term NIAAA mouse model (L-Pair). In mice that received the long-term intervention, the improvement in gut barrier function in the CPhGs-treated group was accompanied by a significant decrease in the abundance of Allobaculum and a significant increase in the abundance of Akkermansia. Furthermore, compared with the mouse were gavaged fecal microbiota from the long-term NIAAA mouse donors (FMT-EtOH), the number of goblet cells, abundance of Akkermansia, and the intestinal short-chain fatty acid concentrations were significantly increased in the mouse were gavaged fecal microbiota from high (700 mg/kg) doses of CPhGs orally in long-term NIAAA model donors (FMT-EtOH-H). Network analysis and species distribution results demonstrated that Akkermansia and Allobaculum were the genera with the highest abundances in the gut microbiota and that their interaction was related to propionic acid metabolism. ConclusionsThe results suggest that CPhGs exert a protective effect against ALD by modulating the abundance and composition of Akkermansia and Allobaculum in the intestine, maintaining the intestinal mucus balance, and safeguarding intestinal barrier integrity.

Peripheral fatty acids and outcome of assisted reproduction

IntroductionThe present study investigates the relationship between the fatty acid levels in whole blood, in women undergoing IVF and four successive ART outcomes. Material and methodsA cross-sectional study was performed on data from a prospective cohort study conducted between 2014 and 2016. ResultsParticipants were 238 women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and participating in a study on the role of lifestyle habits and diet on ART outcomes. Blood PUFAs were measured by gas chromatography. Overall, higher blood levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, higher n6/n3 ratio and arachidonic/docosahexaenoic acid ratio were associated with more favorable ART outcomes. On the contrary, higher concentrations of long-chain PUFAs tended to be negatively associated with the considered outcomes. ConclusionsFurther prospective studies are needed to determine the ranges of fatty acid concentrations that are optimal for women with sub-fertility.

Effects of single-dose ruminal infusions of high or low short-chain fatty acid concentrations and high or low pH on apparent total tract digestibility and hindgut fermentation of pre-weaned dairy calves

While the importance of pH and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on rumen development are well-known, their impact on the small and large intestine are unclear. This study investigated how single-dose ruminal infusions with high or low short-chain fatty acid concentrations and high or low pH affect calves' productivity as well as physiological parameters associated with hindgut acidosis at 3-time points in 49 d. Holstein bull calves (n = 32) were individually housed and fed milk replacer (900 g/d) twice daily and calf starter and water ad libitum. At d 10 ± 3 of life, the rumens were fistulated and cannulated. At d 14 of life, calves were grouped by body weight and assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: high or low SCFA concentration (285 vs. 10 mM) and high or low pH (6.2 vs. 5.2), creating 4 treatment groups: high SCFA concentration, high pH (HS-HP); high SCFA concentration, low pH (HS-LP); low SCFA concentration, high pH (LS-HP); and low SCFA concentration, low pH (LS-LP). On d 21, 35, 49, feces were sampled to calculate apparent total-tract digestibility, determinate organic acid concentrations (i.e., SCFA, BCFA and lactic acid), and pH. Afterward, the rumen was evacuated and underwent a single-dose infusion for 4 h with one of 4 treatment buffers. After completion of rumen infusion on d 49, calves were harvested, and the tissue weight and length, and digesta pH of the rumen, cecum, colon, and rectum were recorded along with the digesta pH of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum only at d 49 after dissection. Data were analyzed with main factors as fixed effects and repeated measures for weekly measurements. Treatments did not affect performance parameters such as feed intake, ADG, apparent total-tract digestibility and gut measurements. In the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, HS-HP had a greater digesta pH than LS-HP, while the hindgut digesta pH was only affected by the SCFA concentration. High SCFA concentration increased the concentration of colonic isovaleric acid and fecal BCFA, while only colonic acetic acid and fecal lactic acid concentrations were affected by treatment. Fecal SCFA and BCFA concentrations increased mainly on d 35. In summary, 4 h of physiological buffer infusion in the rumen does not change apparent total-tract digestibility and gut measurements but does affect hindgut fermentation parameters (i.e., organic acid concentrations and digesta pH). In addition, calves can experience increased risks of hindgut acidosis around 35 d of life.