Oil Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILLET GRAIN AND ITS CHANGES DURING STORAGE

The total fat content, the fatty acid composition of oil (11 fatty acids), and the total carotenoid content in grain of 8 millet varieties harvested in 2020–2021 have been investigated. The mean value of the total fat content in millet grain was 4.4±0.12%, and the varieties did not differ significantly in this parameter. The total carotenoid content averaged 6.7±0.94 mg/kg. The oil from modern millet varieties was notable for high contents of linoleic (62.4±1.32%) and oleic acids (25.1±1.67%), indicating their high nutritional value. The fatty acids in the millet grain were ranked in order of descending contents as follows: С18:2 > С18:1 > С16:0 > С18:0 > С18:2 > С24:0 > С20:0 > С16:1 > С22:0 > С20:1 > С14:1. A high content of linoleic acid in grain was recorded in the varieties Omriyane (63.6±0.07%), Sozh (62.7±0.34%), Yulin 1 (62.4±0.03%), Bila Altanka (62.8±0.04%), Kharkivske 57 (63.2±0.45%), and Zhodynske (63.3±0.31%). The varieties Sozh and Yulin 1 had an above-average content of oleic acid (26.1±0.19% and 26.0±0.01% respectively). The highest oleic acid content was observed in the variety Bohatyrske (28.5±0.15%). These data prove that high levels of linoleic and oleic acids can be combined in one genotype. The carotenoid content in the varieties Slobozhanske, Omriyane, Bila Altanka, and Yulin 1 was significantly higher than the mean value (by 0.6, 0.7, 1.1, and 0.5 mg/kg respectively). Correlation analysis has allowed determining genetic relationships between the total oils, carotenoids, and fatty acids of grain, and has shown weak to very weak correlations between their total contents. However, the oleic acid content was moderately and negatively correlated with the carotenoid content (r=-0.550) as well as with linoleic (r=-0.717), stearic (r=-0.574), eicosanoic (r=-0.590), and lignoceric (r=-0.533) acid contents. This means that breeding of high-quality millet cultivars is complicated. During long-term storage (5 years) of Kharkivske 57 grain, the total oil content decreased by 0.25%, but this change was not statistically significant. After the five-year storage, the carotenoid content decreased by 4.74 mg/kg. The acid value of oil in 2020 was 5.10 mg KOH/100 g of substance. After the five-year storage, it increased to 9.53 mg KOH/100 g of substance. No significant changes were observed in the quantity or quality of fatty acids in Kharkivske 57 oil. Nevertheless, the storage of millet grain was accompanied by a slight increase in palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosanoic, eicosenoic, behenic, and lignoceric acids.

Fatty acid composition of mayonnaise based on sunflower and linen oil

The study demonstrates the peculiarities of the fatty acid composition of oils and samples of mayonnaise prepared on the basis of these oils. The fatty acid profile of sunflower and linseed oil samples and control and experimental mayonnaise samples was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. It was established that the ratio between PUFAs of the ω-9/ω-6/ω-3 families in the investigated sunflower oil samples is 177 : 553 : 1. This is due to the high content of linoleic and oleic acids. In the studied samples of linseed oil, the content of α-linolenic acid is 52 %, and the content of oleic (ω-9) and linoleic (ω-6) acids is 22.3 and 16.2%, respectively. Therefore, the ratio between ω-9/ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs in the studied samples of linseed oil is 1.4 : 1 : 3.2. It was established that mayonnaise (Control – K), which was prepared on refined sunflower oil with its content of 71.78 %, was characterized by a high content of PUFAs of the ω-6 family and a low content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family. The ratio of PUFAs of the ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9 families in this sample of mayonnaise is 1:13:7.3. In the sample of mayonnaise (Experiment – E) with a content of 35.03 % of sunflower and linseed oils, the total content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family is 24.0 %, which is 20.3 % more than in K. Such an increase in the content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family is due to the high content of α-linolenic acid – 23.1 %. The total content of PUFAs of the ω-6 family in mayonnaise E is 33.6 %, which is 16.04 % less than in sample K. The content of PUFAs of the ω-9 family in sample E is not significantly different from that in sample L. The ratio between the content PUFA of the ω-3/ω-6/ω-9 families in sample E is 1:1.4:1.1. Sample E of mayonnaise has a lower total content of saturated fatty acids, which was 14.88 %, compared to 18.26 % in sample K. Thus, replacing 50 % of sunflower oil with linseed oil in the manufacturing process of mayonnaise sample E gives a number of positive advantages compared to sample K, which contains only sunflower oil in its composition. Thus, the total content of PUFAs of the ω-6 family decreases, the total content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family increases, the ratio between the content of PUFAs of the ω-3 / ω-6 / ω-9 families is balanced, the content of saturated fatty acids decreases and, accordingly, the content of unsaturated fatty acids increases. The results of the analysis of the fatty acid composition of mayonnaise sample E allow recommending this emulsion oil-fat product as a functional product due to the high content of PUFAs of the ω-3 family and the balanced ratio between the content of PUFAs of the ω-3 / ω-6 / ω-9 families.

Solar energy-assisted reactor for the sustainable biodiesel production from Butea monosperma oil: Optimization, kinetic, thermodynamic and assessment studies

In this study, a solar energy-assisted reactor is developed and utilized for biodiesel production from Butea monosperma oil. The power generated by the developed solar photovoltaic (PV) modules could be essentially a clean and safe energy source. From the optimized conditions, a maximum yield of 94.3% Butea monosperma methyl ester (BMME) is achieved with the parameters of 6:1 M ratio of methanol-to-oil, 1.2% of catalyst, 65 min of reaction duration, and reaction temperature of 60 °C, where these parameters are obtained through a computational modelling using the response surface methodology (RSM) algorithm equipped with central composite design (CCD) algorithm. Fatty-acid composition of oil is determined using gas-chromatographic analysis. Fuel properties of the produced BMME and its blends with diesel are evaluated according to the ASTM standards. Further, the BMME is characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR techniques. From the kinetic studies conducted, the activation-energy (Ea) and frequency-factor (A) are estimated to be 14.55 kJ/mol and 3.02 min−1, respectively. In addition, the thermodynamic analysis revealed that the enthalpy and entropy of the system is found to be 13.86 kJ/mol and −3.45 kJ/mol k−1, respectively. The assessment of sustainability indicators for BMME production is also evaluated through green chemistry metrics. The green metrics such as E-factor, atom economy, atom efficiency, reaction mass efficiency and atom utilization are found to be 0.17, 91.93%, 86.68%, 85.47% and 94.01%, respectively.

Genetic Improvement in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): Progress and Outlook: A Review

Sesame production and productivity are severely constrained by a lack of high-yielding and locally adapted varieties, susceptibility to capsule shattering and low seed retention, biotic and abiotic stresses, and a lack of modern production and pre- and post-harvest technologies. Unimproved landraces are widely cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. The landrace varieties are low yielders (<0.6 tons·ha−1), but they possess intrinsic seed oil quality characteristics, such as unique aroma and taste. Therefore, current and future sesame genetic improvement programs should integrate yield- and quality-promoting traits, local adaptation, amenability to machine harvesting, and other industrially essential food and feed attributes for multiple utilities. This can be achieved by integrating the conventional breeding methods, as well as genetic and genomic techniques such as mutation breeding and genomics-assisted breeding. Therefore, the objective of this review is to document the breeding progress, opportunities, and challenges of sesame with regard to genetic improvement, variety release, and deployment with enhanced seed yield and related agronomic traits, as well as oil content and fatty acid compositions. The review highlights sesame’s economic values, production status, major production constraints, conventional breeding methods, and genomics-assisted breeding, as well as their integration, for accelerated breeding and cultivar development with market-preferred traits.

Variation in Fruit Morphology and Seed Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Camellia oleifera Collected from Diverse Regions in Southern China

Camellia oleifera is an important woody edible oil crop in China with high ecological and economical values. It is a traditional oilseed crop with high levels of desirable fatty acids. The fruits of C. oleifera were harvested from 18 geographic provenances in southern China. In this paper, we analyzed the key environmental factors of diverse geographic provenances that caused the variation in the fruit morphology and fatty acid composition (FAC). Our study indicated an average coefficient of variation of fruit width (FW) of 18.63%, and 15.81% for fruit length (FL). The most abundant fatty acids (FA) were oleic acid (C18:1; 70.21–85.23%), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0; 6.93–13.89%) and linoleic acid (C18:2; 5.02–14.26%). In addition, the fruit width had a negative correlation with the equivalent latitude (ELAT) and a positive correlation with the annual mean air temperature (MAT). The fruit length-to-width ratio and oleic acid level had a positive correlation with ELAT but a negative correlation with MAT, annual precipitation (AP), and precipitation of wettest quarter (PWQ). A positive correlation was observed between MAT, AP, and PWQ with palmitic acid. Meanwhile, a negative correlation was found between longitude (LON), maximum temperature of warmest month (MTW), and ELAT and palmitic acid. The cluster analysis indicated six groups for the selected 18 populations. Our results showed the most influential environmental factors for variation in fruit morphology and FAC are ELAT and MAT.

Comparative Study of the Fatty Acid Composition of the Acer truncatum Bunge from Different Producing Areas

Acer truncatum Bunge is a new type of economic forest tree species that produces nervonic acid. Since it was developed as a woody oil tree species, its oil value has attracted increasing attention. However, new germplasm resources with oil-type characteristics are still lacking. In this study, we studied the differences in the oil content and fatty acid composition of the seed kernel oil of A. truncatum from 11 natural forest-producing areas. The Kashi city of Xinjiang and Yangling city of Shaanxi Province can be used as the high-oil germplasm. The oil content of these two areas is more than 50%. The highest relative content of nervonic acid was 9.92% in the Chifeng city of Inner Mongolia, and Jianping city of Liaoning Province was the second, accounting for 9.84%. These two areas can be used as germplasm for the high nervonic acid. Finally, high-quality germplasms with a high oil content and high relative content of nervonic acid were selected from Yangling city of Shaanxi Province and Chifeng city of Inner Mongolia. The relative content of nervonic acid in the kernel oil content in fatty acids from 11 different producing areas of A. truncatum plants was negatively correlated with the content of each fatty acid, whereas the relative content of nervonic acid was extremely significantly positively correlated with the relative content of erucic acid. However, the correlations between the kernel oil content, relative nervonic acid content and environmental factors did not reach an extremely significant level, and only the oil content showed a significant positive correlation with the longitude and frost-free period. The high content of nervonic acid in this study is the first report of the highest relative content of nervonic acid in A. truncatum kernel oil. We believe that the A. truncatum double-high characteristic oil-type germplasm resources obtained by this screening provide a scientific basis for breeding, development and utilization in the A. truncatum.

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and season (year) on cactus pear seed oil content and fatty acid composition

ISHS X International Congress on Cactus Pear and Cochineal: Cactus – the New Green Revolution in Drylands Effect of nitrogen fertilization and season (year) on cactus pear seed oil content and fatty acid composition

Effect of Tillage and Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Oil Quality of Rice Fallow Sesame

A field experiment was conducted during year 2021-22 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on growth, yield and quality of sesame grown in rice fallows. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 18 treatments comprised of three main plot treatments i.e., A1: Reduced tillage (Cultivator once) , A2: Conventional tillage (Cultivator twice with rotavator once) and A3: Minimum tillage (tillage in the row zone/uprooting soil in the seed zone with hand held dibbler) with six sub-plot treatments i.e., B1: Control , B2: 25% RDF, B3: 50% RDF, B4 : 75% RDF, B5 : 100% RDF and B6 : 125 % RDF replicated three times. Results revealed that there was a significant improvement in growth and yield of rice fallow sesame with conventional tillage and application of 125% RDF. Significantly taller plants, higher drymatter production, seed yield and stalk yield was obtained with conventional tillage. While,125% RDF recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters when compared to lower fertilizer doses. There was no significant influence of tillage and nutrient management practices on oil content and fatty acid composition. However, with increase in fertilizer dose upto 125% RDF there was a slight change in oil content. Significant effect of tillage and nutrient management was observed in oil yield. Conventional tillage proved to be beneficial as it increased oil yield significantly. With increase in fertilizer doses there was appreciable increase in linoleic and oleic acid content. But stearic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid contents decreased at higher fertilizer doses.

Valorization of Tomato Seed By-Products as a Source of Fatty Acids and Bioactive Compounds by Using Advanced Extraction Techniques.

In this work, lipids and bioactive compounds from tomato seed by-products were extracted and compared by using advanced extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The influence of different extraction parameters, including extraction temperature (T), time (t) and solvent volume (V) for MAE as well as extraction temperature (T), pressure (P) and flow rate (F) for SFE-CO2, was evaluated on tomato seed oil (TSO) yield and fatty acids composition using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum extraction conditions for MAE were 56.2 °C, 29.0 min, and 67.6 mL, whereas conditions of 60.2 °C, 400.0 bar, and 64.6 g min−1 were found for SFE-CO2. Under these conditions, higher TSO extraction yields were obtained by MAE compared to SFE-CO2 (25.3 wt% and 16.9 wt%, respectively), while similar fatty acids profiles were found by GC in terms of FAMEs composition: methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate, accounting for around 80 wt% of unsaturated fatty acids. TSO MAE extracts showed high DPPH• radical scavenging activity which was related to the presence of tocopherols; in particular γ-tocopherol, which was found as the dominant homologue (260.3 ± 0.6 mg kgTS−1) followed by a lower amount of α-tocopherol (6.53 ± 0.12 mg kgTS−1) by HPLC-DAD. The obtained results suggested that tomato seeds are an interesting source of bioactive compounds with potential use in a wide range of nutritional and food applications, increasing the added value of this by-product, which is currently underexploited.

Nutritional quality evaluation of oil and fatty acid profile in various genotypes/varieties of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea Czern & Coss (L.)

Brassicas are one of the most agronomically eminent oilseeds that are employed as a variety of oilseed, vegetable, and fodder crops. The experiment was conducted with thirty-four genotypes/varieties seeds of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea Czern & Coss (L.)] for oil content, Iodine value, oil stability index and fatty acid composition during 2018-2019. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. The range of variability of contents of oil, palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, ecosenate, doecosenate, iodine value and oil stability index varied from 33.52 to 42.15%, 1.53 to 4.98%, 0.16 to 2.71%, 5.06 to 17.78%, 17.88 to 32.15%, 11.82 to 19.85%, 5.44 to 11.89%, 28.82 to 47.66%, 114.43 to 131.71 and 1.08 to 1.99, respectively. The Brassica juncea genotype-KMR-15-6 followed by genotype- KMR-17-6 had the higher oil content, oleic acid content and low value of erucic acid which indicates that seed oil this B. juncea species genotype is possibly suitable for both human consumption and industrial purposes.

Effects of Seed Roasting Temperature on Sesame Oil Fatty Acid Composition, Lignan, Sterol and Tocopherol Contents, Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Potential for Food Applications.

Roasting is a key step for preparing sesame oil that leads to important changes in its organoleptic properties and quality. In this study, white sesame seeds were roasted for 20 min in an electric oven at different temperatures (120, 150, 180, 210, 250 and 300 °C). The oils extracted from unroasted and roasted seeds were compared for their chemical composition: fatty acids (including trans isomers), phytosterols, lignans (sesamin and sesamolin), tocopherols and total phenolic compounds, as well as their oxidative stability and antiradical capacity. There were no obvious differences in the oil densities, refractive indexes or iodine values, but the saponification values were affected by temperature. Relevant primary and secondary lipid oxidation were observed at T > 250 °C, resulting in a higher p-anisidine value and K232 as well as K268 values. Roasting improved oil yield (from 33.5 to 62.6%), increased its induction period (from 5.5 to 10.5 h) and enhanced the total phenolic content (from 152 to 194 mg/100 g) and antiradical activity of the extracted oil. Depending on roasting temperature, a gradual decline was recorded in total amounts of phytosterols (up to 17.4%), γ-tocopherol (up to 10.6%), sesamolin (maximum of 27.5%) and sesamin (maximum of 12.5%). All the investigated oils presented a low quantity in triglyceride polymers, clearly below the maximum tolerated quantity according to the European regulation. The optimal roasting temperature for obtaining high nutritional grade oil within the permissible values was 210 °C. The unsaponifiable components (including lignans and sterols) extracted from roasted seeds have been shown to be natural additives to fresh meatball products to extend shelf life. The results of this study may help to boost the nutritional content of plant-based diets by allowing for the use of roasted sesame seed oil and its components.

Intra-population variability of oil content and fatty acid composition in modern hemp cultivars

Purpose and objectives. To identify new promising material with high seed productivity, oil content and optimal fatty acid composition
 Results and discussion. It was found that the variability ranges of the oil content and seed weight increased under the influence of selections. Use of distant genotypes in hybridization contributed to the generation of high-oil lines, which later become donors of this trait. High oil content was recorded in hybrids derived from crossing cultivars and self-pollinated lines of the Central European eco-geographical type with cultivars and self-pollinated lines of the southern type. In this case, cultivar-line and line-cultivar hybrids (oil content of 36−39%), rather than inter-line ones, turned out to be the most successful results.
 Family-group selection is a basis for increasing and further stabilizing the oil content in seeds. The oil content was revealed to gradually increase during the breeding for increased oil content. It was found that the population variability of the seed oil content was from 33.99% to 46.98%.
 Continuous breeding selection gradually widens the expression range of the “oil content” trait from medium to maximum. In order to increase the practical value of cultivars via breeding techniques the seed productivity was also increased. The cultivars of different genetic origins, Hlesiia and Mykolaiychyk, as well as the cultivars of hybrid origin, Artemida and Harmoniia, were considered the most promising ones. In Mykolaichyk populations, the oil content gradually increased and stabilized at a level of 33, 35, or 37.8% without changes in the fatty acid composition of oil.
 The selections stabilized the oil content in cultivar populations. This proves the high efficiency of the developed breeding methods to create cultivars with high seed productivity and of targeted selection to increase the oil content in hemp seeds. Thus, the importance of a cultivar combining high seed yield and high oil output rises. The modern cultivars were ranked in order of decreasing oil levels in seeds as follows: Mykolaichyk, Artemida, Harmoniia, Hlesiia.
 Oil of all cultivars had an optimal ratio of omega-3 to omega 6 fatty acids of 1:3.1−1:3.9 (2016−2017). In 2018−2019, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was 4.0:1− 4.8:1. The linoleic acid content ranged from 55% to 58% and the linolenic acid content – from 12.58% to 18.23%. Mykolaichyk and Artemida were noticeable for gamma-linolenic acid. These results allow us to assert that the fatty acid composition of hemp seeds is unique and immutable during the breeding for increased oil content.
 Conclusions. We believe that the Central European type is a source and donor of high oil content, while the southern type – of a longer seed formation and, accordingly, of high oil accumulation.
 The heterosis phenomenon resulted from combining distant genotypes in one organism was observed. In this case, cultivar-line and line-cultivar hybrids, but not inter-line hybrids, turned out to be the most successful ones (oil content of 36−39%).
 The new hemp cultivars, Mykolaichyk, Artemida and Harmoniia, which combine high seed productivity with high seed oil content and unique fatty acid composition, have been created.

COMPARISON OF OIL CONTENT AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) VARIETIES GROWN AS MAIN AND DOUBLE CROP IN MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT IN TURKEY

This study was conducted during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons at the Experimental This study was conducted during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons at the Experimental area of Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture as a main and double crop in Mediterranean region (Adana, Turkey). The objective of the study was to compare of oil conten and fatty acids composition of sesame varieties grown as a main and double crop. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block with three replications. Arslanbey, Batem-Aksu, Batem-Uzun, Baydar-2001, Boydak, Cumhuriyet-99, Gölmarmara, Hatipoglu, Kapsut-99, Muganlı-57, Orhangazi-57, Osmanlı-99, Özberk-82, Sarısu, Tan-99, Tanas and Sarı Susam were used as a plant material in this study. These varieties were registered by the different Research Institutes and Faculties in Turkey. Oil content and fatty acids composition (oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearik acid and palmitic acid) of sesame varieties were investigated and compared in main and double crop growing seasons. The results showed that the considerable variation was found in oil content and fatty acids composition among the sesame varieties grown in main and double crop growing seasons. Oil content, palmitic and oleic acid percentage of the sesame varieties were higher in main crop than in double crop growing season whereas, stearic and linoleic acid percentage of the sesame varieties were found higher in double crop than in main crop growing season.

Effect of Extraction Method on Organoleptic, Physicochemical Properties and Some Biological Activities of Olive Oil from the Algerian Chemlal Variety

Objective: The production of olive oil in Algeria is of great importance. The choice of the extraction method is crucial in order to achieve the best yields of high quality oil. This work aims to study the effect of the extraction method on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three types of olive oil derived from the same sample of olive fruits (Chemlal variety). Materials and Methods: Several physicochemical and sensory parameters of olive oil samples were evaluated by referenced methods (ISO, IOC, AFNOR, etc.). The fatty acid composition of oils was determined by gas chromatography. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and FRAP test, respectively. Antimicrobial activity analysis was performed using the agar diffusion technique against five strains. Results: The analyses revealed that olive oil obtained by manual extraction is classified in the extra virgin category, according to the International Olive Oil Council. The two other oils, traditional and industrial, were of virgin class. Fatty acid composition shows significant differences between the three oils which are characterized by a remarkable richness of phenolic compounds (447-528 mg GAE/kg oil). The best antioxidant activity was noted in the manual olive oil (PR0.5=78.60 µg/mL). Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 were more sensitive to action of the manual oil compared to other bacterial and fungal strains tested, with inhibition zones of 15.84±0.07 and 15.31±0.20 mm, respectively. This activity was significantly decreased by evaluating antimicrobial effect of the other oils. Conclusion: The method of extraction significantly affects the properties of olive oil, where the manual method preserves the best quality of oil.

INFLUENCE OF SULFUR-CONTAINING FERTILIZERS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF OIL IN WINTER AND SPRING RAPESEED WHEN CULTIVATED ON SOD-PODZOLIC LOAMY SAND SOIL

The paper contained the results of the data on the impact of various forms of sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers on productivity of winter and spring rapeseed and fatty acid composition of oil. It has been etstablished that sulfur-containing fertilizers application resulted in the increase of oil yield and improvement of production quality (fatty acid composition).

Physicochemical Analysis and Characterization of the Lipid Fraction of the Tubers of Cyperus esculentus L. var. Sativus from Côte d’Ivoire

Aims: this work consists in determining the physical, physico-chemical parameters, the composition in fatty acids and unsaponifiables of the oil of tuber of Cyperus esculentus of Côte d'Ivoire.Methodology: After extraction of the fat by the Soxhlet method with hexane, the physico-chemical parameters were determined by colorimetric assay. The analysis of the fatty acid and unsaponifiable acid composition was carried out by GC-MS.Results: The fat content ranged from 23.64 to 27.66%, those of fatty and unsaponifiable acids were from 90.41 to 95.20% and 1.59 to 1.60%, respectively. As for the values of the acid, peroxide, saponification, iodine, ester, refraction and density indices, they varied respectively from 2.81 to 10.95 mg KOH/g, 1 to 2 meq of O2/Kg oil, 198.72 to 216.78 mg KOH/g, 54.64 to 73.86 g I2/100g oil, 193.11 to 205.83 mg KOH/g, 1.453 to 1.461, and 0.76 to 0.83. In the fatty acid compositionof oils, the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids (70.7-92.14%) was revealed, mainly oleic acid prevails (51.04-82.83%). Additionally, petroselinic (0.23-10.15%,) and 2,6-di-O-palmitoyl-L- ascorbic (8.58-8.84%) acids known for their medicinal properties (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidants), were first discovered in the oil of Cyperus esculentus. As for the unsaponifiables, they are mainly dominated by phytosterols (22.30-44.03%) and hydrocarbons (27.70-50.8%).Conclusion: These results suggest that oil from Cyperus esculentus tubers from Côte d'Ivoire can be used as an excellent source of edible and medicinal oil.

Carbon supply and water status regulate fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis at transcriptional level in the olive mesocarp.

The relative contribution of carbon sources generated from leaves and fruits photosynthesis for triacylglycerol biosynthesis in the olive mesocarp and their interaction with water stress was investigated. With this aim, altered carbon source treatments were combined with different irrigation conditions. A higher decrease in mesocarp oil content was observed in fruits under girdled and defoliated shoot treatment compared to darkened fruit conditions, indicating that both leaf and fruit photosynthesis participate in carbon supply for oil biosynthesis being leaves the main source. The carbon supply and water status affected oil synthesis in the mesocarp, regulating the expression of DGAT and PDAT genes and implicating DGAT1‐1, DGAT2, PDAT1‐1, and PDAT1‐2 as the principal genes responsible for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. A major role was indicated for DGAT2 and PDAT1‐2 in well‐watered conditions. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acid content together with FAD2‐1, FAD2‐2 and FAD7‐1 expression levels were augmented in response to modified carbon supply in the olive mesocarp. Furthermore, water stress caused an increase in DGAT1‐1, DGAT1‐2, PDAT1‐1, and FAD2‐5 gene transcript levels. Overall, these data indicate that oil content and fatty acid composition in olive fruit mesocarp are regulated by carbon supply and water status, affecting the transcription of key genes in both metabolic pathways.

Effects of enzymatic extraction on the simultaneous extraction of oil and protein from full-fat almond flour, insoluble microstructure, emulsion stability and functionality

Lipid and protein extractability from food matrices has been challenged by the use of several sequential unit operations and flammable solvents to produce defatted flours. The effects of enzymatic extraction on the simultaneous extraction of lipids and proteins from full-fat almond flour, insoluble microstructure, and oil recovery from two different emulsion destabilization strategies (enzymatic and pH-shift) were evaluated. The physicochemical and functional properties of emulsion proteins were evaluated to elucidate the impact of both demulsification strategies on oil recovery and composition. Enzymatic extraction achieved 67% of oil and 77% of protein extractability while generating smaller protein fragments and a more porous insoluble structure. Enzymatic destabilization increased the degree of hydrolysis of the emulsion proteins from 8 to 22% while reducing their hydrophobicity from 1205 to 688. Moreover, it increased emulsion protein solubility from 33 to 50% (pH 5) while reducing its emulsification capacity from 731 to 324 g oil/ g. The changes observed in the physicochemical and functional properties of the emulsion proteins led to a 93% recovery of the extracted oil, highlighting the potential mechanisms involved during the emulsion breakdown. The almond oil fatty acid composition was not affected by the destabilization strategies evaluated, evidencing that enzymatic extraction followed by enzymatic destabilization of the emulsion is an effective and green strategy to maximize the extractability and recovery of oil and proteins from full-fat almond flour.

Analyses of genetic diversity and population structure of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm collections through seed oil and fatty acid compositions and SSR markers

Knowledge of the genetic profiles of diverse germplasm collections of sesame using seed oil, fatty acid contents, and molecular markers is a prerequisite to develop market-preferred cultivars with quantity and quality oil. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and relationships among Ethiopia’s sesame germplasm collections using seed oil content and fatty acid compositions and diagnostic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to select genetically complementary and promising parental lines for breeding. The contents of the seed oil and fatty acids of 100 lines grown under field conditions were determined using the near-infrared reflectance spectrometry. Twenty-seven polymorphic SSR markers were used to assess the genetic profile of the test lines and complement the seed oil and fatty acid data. The SSR markers revealed that the mean gene diversity and polymorphic information content were 0.30 and 0.25, respectively. Population structure analysis identified four major heterotic groups. Based on higher oil content and desirable fatty acid compositions and SSR markers the following superior and complementary lines such as: Hirhir Kebabo Hairless Sel-6 (from sub-cluster I-b), Hirhir Humera Sel-8 and NN0058–2 (sub-cluster II-a) and Bawnji Fiyel Kolet (sub-cluster II-b) are identified for sesame breeding programs or production globally.

Biochemical Characterization of Seed Oil of Tunisian Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Accessions with Special Reference to Its Fatty Acid Composition and Oil Content

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a major oilseed crop, cultivated throughout the world, and the nutritional quality of its edible oil ranks among the best vegetable oils in agricultural product. In Tunisia, there is a lack of study on biochemical characterization of sunflower germplasm oil. The present study was conducted to analyze oil content and fatty acid composition of 22 local and introduced sunflower accessions. Results revealed significant variation among studied accessions for all measured biochemical traits. The average oil content of the H. annuus accessions was 53.2%, ranging from 35.33% to 59.67%. The results of this study also indicated that unsaturated acids, particularly oleic acid and linoleic acid, were the most abundant fatty acids in oils. Fatty acid compositions of sunflower oils showed diversity depending on the accession. The first two components of the principal component analysis (PCA) contributed 45.7% of the total variability. Cluster analysis based on PCA separated the accessions into four clear groups, which were not grouped according to their geographical origin. Moreover, the classification of the evaluated sunflower accessions using clustering by Euclidean distance revealed four main groups. Linoleic acid had significant and negative correlations with some saturated acids (palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids). These data can be useful for selecting sunflower accessions and the development of varieties with improved oil quality.