Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Altered Semen Quality is Associated with Decreased Semen Docosahexaenoic Acid and Increased Oleic Acid Levels.

Fatty acids composition of the spermatozoa may be an important determinant of sperm quality and fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acids profile of seminal plasma and membrane spermatozoa and to study the association between fatty acids and sperm properties. Semen samples were collected by masturbation from 45 middle-aged men consulting for infertile couples. Semen cytomorphological analysis was performed after liquefaction. Semen was classified as normal or abnormal according to World Health Organization criteria 2010. Plasma seminal and spermatozoa membrane fatty acids composition were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. Docosahexaenoic acid level was decreased while oleic acid level and n-6:n-3 ratio were increased in spermatozoa membrane in men with abnormal sperm. However, no variation in seminal plasma fatty acid composition was found between men with normal and abnormal sperms. Spermatozoa docosahexaenoic acid was positively correlated with sperm concentration and progressive motility and inversely related to atypical spermatozoa number, while oleic acid showed the inverse correlations. Altered fatty acids composition in the spermatozoa membrane, especially a decreased docosahexaenoic acid content, is associated with poor sperm quality. Although a causal association could not be established, intervention that recovers normal spermatozoa fatty acid composition could contribute to improved sperm quality.

PSXIII-3 Maternal eicosapentaenoic acid feeding decreases placental and fetal lipid deposition and improves antioxidant capacity through a Sirtuin-1 independent

Abstract This research aimed to evaluate whether maternal dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation could decrease placental lipid deposition and improve placental antioxidant capacity through a SIRT1-dependent way. In the present study, male and female SIRT1+/- mice were mated overnight, then primiparous SIRT1+/- mice were fed a 60% kcal high-fat-diet (HFD) or equienergy EPA diet (4.4% EPA-ethyl ester) (n = 22/each group). At pregnant 18.5 d, retro-orbital blood samples were obtained then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Placentas and its corresponding fetuses were collected by caesarean section. We found that the EPA diet significantly changed maternal plasma, placenta and fetus fatty acid composition, and decreased placental and fetal lipid content. Meanwhile, EPA treatment significantly increased placental and fetal antioxidant capacity, however, lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde was also increased. Moreover, EPA treatment significantly activated placental UCP1 and PGC1α expression and alleviated mitochondrial swelling induced by HFD. SIRT1 knockout had no significant effect on placental lipid content, but notably decreased fetal triglyceride (TG) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) content. Meanwhile, SIRT1 knockout significantly decreased the ratio of n-3 PUFA in placenta. SIRT1 knockout also significantly decreased PGC1α mRNA and protein level and increased mitochondrial swelling. Both EPA treatment and SIRT1 deficiency had no effect on BODIPY-FL-C16 (a fluorescent labeled palmitic acid) uptake in placenta and fetus. No significant effect was observed between diet and genotype. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that maternal EPA feeding decreased placental and fetal lipid deposition and improved antioxidant capacity through a Sirtuin-1 independent mechanism.

346 Supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil to enhance carcass quality of beef cattle via metabolic imprinting events

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effects of supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) at 2 mo of age via creep-feeding, upon weaning at 6 months of age, or no CSSO supplementation on growth and carcass development of beef cattle. A total of 64 steers were enrolled in this study over 2 years (32 steers/year), with 4 phases per year: creep-feeding (d 0 to 60), pre-weaning (d 61 to 120), post-weaning (d 121 to 180) and feedlot (181 to slaughter). On d 0 steers were ranked by body weight (BW) and age (114 ± 2 kg; 66 ± 0.5 d) and randomly assigned, in a 2 x 2 factorial, to receive 80 g/steer daily (creep-feeding) or 150 g/steer daily (post-weaning) of CSSO. Non-supplemented steers (CON) were provided with equivalent saturated fat supplement. On d 0, 61, 120, 180, and 330 steers were evaluated for longissimus muscle depth, backfat thickness, and marbling via real time ultrasonography, blood was sampled for determination of plasma fatty acid composition, muscle samples were collected via needle biopsy, and BW was recorded. After the creep-feeding phase, CSSO steers had greater (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations of linoleic, omega-6, and total PUFA compared with CON. Steers that received CSSO during the postweaning phase had greater (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations of linoleic, omega·-6, and total FA compared with CON prior to feedlot entry. No treatment differences were detected for performance or body composition responses (P > 0.25) during any phase. However, mRNA expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes was greater (P < 0.03) prior to slaughter (d 330) in muscle of steers that had received CSSO during the creep-feeding phase. Results from this experiment suggest that supplementing CSSO to nursing beef steers via creep feeding stimulated metabolic imprinting effects through enhanced adipogenic gene expression, however did not alter phenotypic variables.

Effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on performance and fatty acid, antioxidative, and inflammatory status in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to test the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly α-linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on fatty acid (FA) composition, performance, and systemic and hepatic antioxidative and inflammatory responses in dairy cows. Four cows (126 ± 4 d in milk) were investigated in a 4 × 4 Latin square and were abomasally infused with 1 of the following for 6 wk: (1) coconut oil (control treatment, CTRL; 38.3 g/d; providing saturated FA), (2) linseed and safflower oil (EFA treatment; 39.1 and 1.6 g/d, respectively; providing mainly α-linolenic acid), (3) Lutalin (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany; CLA treatment; cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, 4.6 g/d each), (4) or EFA+CLA. The initial dosage was doubled every 2 wk, resulting in 3 dosages (dosage 1, 2, and 3). Cows were fed a corn silage-based total mixed ration with a high n-6/n-3 FA ratio. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily, and milk composition was measured weekly. The FA compositions of milk fat and blood plasma were analyzed at wk 0, 2, 4, and 6. The plasma concentration and hepatic mRNA abundance of parameters linked to the antioxidative and inflammatory response were analyzed at wk 0 and 6 of each treatment period. Infused FA increased in blood plasma and milk of the respective treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. The n-6/n-3 FA ratio in milk fat was higher in CTRL and CLA than in EFA and EFA+CLA. The sum of FA <C16 in milk fat decreased in CLA and EFA+CLA in a dosage-dependent manner. Energy-corrected milk and milk fat decreased in CLA and EFA+CLA in a dosage-dependent manner and were higher in EFA and CTRL than in CLA at dosages 2 and 3. Energy balance tended to be highest in CLA cows. Milk protein content was lower in CLA and EFA+CLA than in CTRL. Milk urea concentration decreased in CLA and EFA+CLA in a dosage-dependent manner and was lower in CLA and EFA+CLA than in EFA and CTRL at dosages 2 and 3. Milk citrate concentration increased in CLA in a dosage-dependent manner and was higher in CLA and EFA+CLA than in EFA and CTRL. Glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma was lower in CTRL than in EFA, and plasma concentration of β-carotene increased in EFA and EFA+CLA with dosage. Increased milk citrate pointed at reduced de novo FA synthesis and a better antioxidative status in milk due to CLA treatment. Supplementation with CLA may also affect milk protein synthesis, but EFA and CLA treatment did not influence the inflammatory status in a consistent manner in mid-lactating cows.

Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Status Fingerprint in Sarcopenic Elderly Patients: Role of Diet and Exercise.

Plasma fatty acids (FAs) and oxidant status contribute to the etiology of sarcopenia in the elderly concurring to age-related muscle loss and elderly frailty through several mechanisms including changes in FA composition within the sarcolemma, promotion of chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the FA profile and pro-antioxidant status in sarcopenic frail elderly patients enrolled in a nutritional and physical activity program and to evaluate their correlation with clinical markers. Moreover, the possible changes, produced after a short-term clinical protocol, were evaluated. Plasma and erythrocyte FA composition and pro-antioxidant status were analyzed in sarcopenic elderly subjects recruited for the randomized clinical study and treated with a placebo or dietary supplement, a personalized diet, and standardized physical activity. Subjects were tested before and after 30 days of treatment. Pearson correlations between biochemical parameters and patients’ characteristics at recruitment indicate interesting features of sarcopenic status such as negative correlation among the plasma FA profile, age, and physical characteristics. Physical activity and dietetic program alone for 30 days induced a decrease of saturated FA concentration with a significant increase of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid. Supplementation plus physical activity induced a significant decrease of linoleic acid, omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs, and an increase of stearic and oleic acid concentration. Moreover, glutathione reductase activity, which is an indicator of antioxidant status, significantly increased in erythrocytes. Changes over time between groups indicate significant differences for saturated FAs, which suggest that the amino acid supplementation restores FA levels that are consumed during physical activity. A relationship between FA and clinical/metabolic status revealed unique correlations and a specific metabolic and lipidomic fingerprint in sarcopenic elderly. The results indicate the positive beneficial role of supplementation and physical activity on plasma FA status and the antioxidant system as a co-adjuvant approach in sarcopenic, frail, elderly patients.

Adverse plasma fatty acid composition in patients with femoral neck fracture1

Our study aimed to examine the status of plasma fatty acids (FAs), inflammatory markers, and lipid peroxidation in patients with femoral neck fractures. The study included 20 patients (64-86 years) with femoral neck fractures indicated for surgery and a control group of 17 elderly subjects without fractures or serious chronic diseases. Plasma was obtained during the first 12 h postfracture and presurgery and 7 days postop. Compared to the control, patients had significantly higher saturated FA (SFA) and monounsaturated FA as well as increased TNF-α and IL-6. Opposite to that, levels of individual and total n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), individual and total n-3 PUFA, n-6/n-3 ratio, and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were markedly lower in the patient than in the controls. On the seventh day after the surgery, we showed a further rise in the SFA, oleic acid, and TNF-α and reductions of n-6 PUFA and IL-6. Taken together, our results suggest that altered FA status, especially reduced PUFA, may influence hip fracture repair and even contribute to femoral fracture susceptibility in the elderly. A potential benefit from nutritional intervention with PUFA in prevention and (or) fracture healing should be considered.

Maternal Eicosapentaenoic Acid Feeding Decreases Placental Lipid Deposition and Improves the Homeostasis of Oxidative Stress Through a Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) Independent Manner.

Maternal obesity has been associated with increased placental lipotoxicity and impaired mitochondrial function. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is an important regulator of both lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. The present study aims to determine whether supplementation of the maternal diet with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can decrease placental lipid deposition and improve antioxidant ability, in a SIRT1-dependent manner. Pregnant SIRT1+/- mice (mated with male SIRT1+/- ) are fed a high-fat diet consisting of 60% of the kcal from fat, or an equienergy EPA diet for 18.5 d. Supplementation with EPA significantly changes maternal plasma, placental and fetal fatty acid composition, and decreases placental and fetal lipid content. In addition, placental antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation products are increased, placental uncoupling protein1 (UCP1) and PPARγ coactivator-1 α (PGC1α) expression are activated, and mitochondrial swelling decreases. While SIRT1 deficiency has little effect on placental fatty acid composition and lipid content, decreased fetal lipid deposition is observed, placental PGC1α expression decreases, mitochondrial swelling increases, and placental total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity increases. Both EPA and SIRT1 have no effect on BODIPY-FL-C16 uptake. Interestingly, there is no significant interaction between diet and genotype. Maternal EPA feeding decreases placental lipid deposition and improves placental oxidative stress homeostasis independent of SIRT1.

Reduction in FSH Throughout the Menstrual Cycle After Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Young Normal Weight but not Obese Women

Dietary fish oil restores ovarian function in subfertile rats, which is thought to be associated with decreased transcription of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) β-subunit. We have previously demonstrated a reduction in early follicular serum FSH levels in normal weight but not obese women after treatment with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Herein, we report the effect of supplementation with omega-3 PUFA on urinary reproductive hormones across the whole menstrual cycle. This interventional study included 17 eumenorrheic women, aged 24–41 years. One month of daily morning urine was collected before and after 1 month of omega-3 PUFA supplementation with 4 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid daily. Measurements included urinary FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogen and progesterone metabolites, plasma fatty acid composition, and markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Compliance with dietary supplementation was verified by significantly reduced ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA for all subjects after treatment (P <.01). After 1 month of omega-3 PUFA supplementation, urinary FSH was significantly decreased in normal weight, but not obese women, in both follicular and luteal phases (-28.4% and -12.6%, respectively, both P=.04). No significant changes were seen in LH or sex steroids for either weight group. The selective and specific decrease in FSH suggests that omega-3 PUFA supplementation merits further investigation in normal weight women with decreased fertility and/or diminished ovarian reserve.

Effect of nicotinic acid on the plasma membrane function and polyunsaturated fatty acids composition during cryopreservation in boar sperm.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nicotinic acid on plasma membrane integrity and fatty acid composition in frozen-thawed boar sperm. Boar semen was cryopreserved using freezing extender containing nicotinic acid (NA), then plasma membrane integrity, osmotic equilibration, lipid peroxidation and fatty acid were analysed. The plasma membrane integrity of frozen-thawed sperm was significantly higher in the 10mM NA than in the 0 and 20mM NA treatment groups (p<0.05). Additionally, the osmotic equilibration ability was not different in treatment groups, but lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased in the 10mM NA treatment group (p<0.05). The saturated fatty acids were significantly decreased in the 10mM NA treatment group, and C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6, C22:5n-6 and C22:6n-3, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were significantly increased in the 10mM NA treatment groups (p<0.05). In summary, 10mM NA improved plasma membrane integrity, inhibited lipid peroxidation and increased PUFAs in frozen-thawed boar sperm. These results suggest that NA may be useful to protect the plasma membrane and inhibit the loss of PUFAs for sperm cryopreservation in pigs.

Alcohol Consumption and Smoking During Pregnancy Alters Maternal Plasma Fatty Acid Composition: Association with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (P11-028-19)

ObjectivesPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are vital for optimal fetal neuronal development. This study examined the relationship between maternal alcohol consumption and smoking with plasma fatty acids measured in the third trimester and their association with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). MethodsIn the parent study, moderate to heavy alcohol-using and low/unexposed comparison women were recruited during mid-pregnancy from two prenatal clinics in Ukraine. The participants’ live-born infants underwent physical and neurobehavioral exams prior to one-year of age. Infants were classified as having FASD if their mothers reported moderate to heavy alcohol consumption and the infant had at least one standardized score below 85 on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BISD-II) with or without physical features of FASD. From the overall cohort, a subset of mother-child pairs was selected representing three groups of cases and controls: Alcohol-Exposed with FASD (n = 30), Alcohol-Exposed Normally Developing (n = 33), or low/unexposed Controls (n = 46). Third trimester maternal plasma samples were analyzed for fatty acids and levels were compared across groups. ResultsPlasma compositions of omega-6 fatty acids were altered in mothers with FASD infants compared to other groups. More specifically, the % of stearic acid (C18:0), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n6) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn6, C22:5n6) were significantly higher in mothers with FASD infants than low/unexposed controls or alcohol-exposed mothers with typically developing infants. Alcohol-exposed women who smoked had lower n3-docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn3, C22:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) and higher DPAn6 than women consuming alcohol alone or abstainers. ConclusionsAlterations in fatty acid profiles were observed in moderate to heavy alcohol-consuming mothers with infants classified with FASD compared to alcohol-exposed typically developing infants or controls. These results support the idea that maternal fatty acid status can play a role in the etiology of FASD. Funding SourcesThis research was funded by support from NIH Research Grant and conducted in conjunction with the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders(CIFASD).

Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Fatty Acid Composition and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 in Adult Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Pilot Study.

Metabolic changes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) impair vasodilation, and this leads to tissue hypoxia and microvascular pathology. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can significantly improve the outcome of ischemic conditions in T1DM patients and reduce vascular complications. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of HBOT on plasma fatty acid (FA) composition, and expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) in T1DM patients. Our study included 24 adult T1DM patients diagnosed with peripheral vascular complications. The patients were exposed to 10 sessions of 100% oxygen inhalation at 2.4atmosphere absolute for 1hour. Blood samples were collected at admission and after HBOT for measurement of metabolic parameters, FA composition and IGFBP-1. Measurement of plasma FA composition was determined by gas chromatography. Expression of IGFBP-1 in the serum was estimated by Western blot analysis. HBOT decreased blood levels of total cholesterol (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.05) and low-density lipoprotein (p<0.05). HBOT increased plasma levels of individual FAs: palmitic acid (p<0.05), palmitoleic acid (p<0.05), docosapentaenoic acid (p<0.05) and docosahexaenoic acid (p<0.01), and decreased levels of stearic acid (p<0.05), alpha linolenic acid (p<0.05) and linoleic acid (p<0.01). Expression of IGFBP-1 (p<0.01) was increased, whereas the level of insulin (p<0.001) was decreased in the serum after HBOT. Our results indicate that HBOT exerts beneficial effects in T1DM patients by improving the lipid profile and altering FA composition.

Effect of dietary supplementation with long-chain n-3 fatty acids during late gestation and early lactation on mare and foal plasma fatty acid composition, milk fatty acid composition, and mare reproductive variables

The effects of dietary marine-derived n-3 fatty acids (FA) on mare milk and mare and foal plasma FA, postpartum ovarian follicular growth and prostaglandin concentrations were evaluated. Sixty days prior to expected foaling dates, mares were assigned to one of three diets: corn oil (CORN, n = 6), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) diet (D; 12.64 g/d, n = 7), or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA (ED; 8.84 g EPA, 10.43 g DHA/d, n = 7). Milk and plasma were collected for FA analysis. Follicular data were recorded through the first postpartum ovulation. Post-ovulation serial blood samples were evaluated for prostaglandin F2α metabolite (PGFM). Supplementation with DHA, or DHA plus EPA resulted in lower linoleic acid and greater EPA and DHA in mare plasma (P < 0.05), greater arachidonic acid and DHA, or EPA and DHA in milk (P < 0.05), and greater DHA, or EPA and DHA in foal plasma (P < 0.05). Days to the first postpartum ovulation was greater (P < 0.01) in ED (22.5 ± 2.1) compared to CORN (12.5 ± 2.3) and D (13.3 ± 2.3) groups. Follicular retention (≥35 mm) prior to ovulation was longer (P < 0.05) for ED (12.7 ± 1.9 d) compared to CORN (6.3 ± 2.0 d) or D (6.0 ± 2.0 d) groups. Treatment did not affect PGFM concentrations. Maternal EPA and DHA supplementation beginning in late gestation altered the FA profile of milk and mare and foal plasma, and may result in delayed ovulation in the early postpartum period.

Increased α-Linolenic Acid Intake during Pregnancy is Associated with Higher Offspring Birth Weight

BackgroundThe amount and type of fat in the maternal diet during pregnancy are important contributors to fetal growth. The importance of plant-based omega-3 fatty acid (α-linolenic acid, ALA) intake in fetal growth has not been previously examined. ObjectiveWe sought to determine the association of maternal ALA intake during pregnancy with birth weight and body composition of the offspring. MethodsMothers and their newborn infants (n = 224) were recruited from the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Plasma fatty acid composition was analyzed in a subset of mothers (n = 41). Newborn body composition was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. All analyses were adjusted for gestational age, sex, physical activity, and total energy intake. ResultsDietary fatty acid intakes were positively associated with plasma phospholipid fatty acids for total omega-3 fatty acids (β = 0.452, P = 0.003), ALA (β = 0.339, P = 0.03), linoleic acid (β = 0.353, P = 0.03), eicosapentaenoic acid (β = 0.407, P = 0.009), and docosahexaenoic acid (β = 0.388, P = 0.01). Higher maternal intake of ALA (% total fat) was associated with higher offspring birth weight [189.7-g increase per 1% higher ALA (95% CI: 14, 365 g); P = .04], although individually neither newborn fat mass nor fat-free mass was significant. Birth weight increased across tertiles of maternal ALA intake (PANOVA = 0.05), with birth weight being 221 g (95% CI: 12, 429 g) higher in those with the highest maternal ALA intake compared with those with the lowest intake (P = 0.04). Mothers of infants born small for gestational age (n = 32) had a lower ALA intake than those born appropriate for gestational age (n = 162) or large for gestational age [(n = 21); P = 0.05]. ConclusionsIn otherwise healthy women giving birth at a major tertiary hospital in Australia, intake of ALA during pregnancy is associated with higher offspring birth weight. This may have implications for dietary strategies aimed at optimizing fetal growth via modification of maternal diet.

Correction to: Different effects of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) supplementation on plasma and red blood cell phospholipid fatty acid composition and calcium oxalate kidney stone risk factors in healthy subjects from two race groups with different risk profiles pose questions about the GLA-arachidonic acid-oxaluria metabolic pathway: pilot study.

The authors would like to add the following paragraph in the acknowledgement section of the original version of the paper.

Effects of lycopene and tomato paste on oxidative stability and fatty acid composition of fresh belly meat in finishing pigs

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary lycopene and tomato paste on plasma lipids, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and fatty acid composition of fresh belly meats from finishing pigs. In addition, lycopene concentrations in fresh belly meat were measured. A total of 60, 18-week-old crossbred pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were fed four dietary treatments for four weeks. The diets included a base diet of maize and soybean meal (control treatment) and the base diet mixed with lycopene (20 mg/kg of diet); or tomato paste (3.4 g/100 g diet); or both (10 mg/kg lycopene and 1.7 g tomato paste/100 g diet). Supplementing pigs with lycopene and/or tomato paste did not affect production traits, plasma lipids including total lipids, total cholesterol, high-density and low-density cholesterols, and triglycerides. The dietary lycopene or tomato paste resulted in significantly lower (p < .05) MDA concentrations in fresh pork bellies compared with the control group. Lycopene was not detected in fresh belly meat of pigs fed the control diet, but the lycopene concentration was significantly higher (p < .05) in lycopene- or tomato paste-fed pigs. The fatty acid composition of fresh belly meat was not affected by dietary treatment. We conclude that the dietary lycopene or tomato paste failed to affect growth performance and lipid parameters in late finishing pigs but resulted in lower MDA concentrations in fresh pork belly meats. It is likely that enhanced oxidative stability in pork belly meats is mediated via the incorporation of diet-origin lycopene in the analysed tissues.HighlightsDietary lycopene improves oxidative stability of fresh belly meats from pigs.Dietary lycopene is incorporated into fresh belly meats from pigs.

Four-oil intravenous lipid emulsion effect on plasma fatty acid composition, inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in acutely ill patients: A randomised control trial (Foil fact)

Data in critically ill patients on the effect of intravenous lipid emulsions (LEs), containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in parenteral nutrition (PN) are scarce and conflicting. This study compared the effects of a four-oil LE (30% soybean oil, 30% medium-chain triglycerides, 25% olive oil and 15% fish oil (FO)) (SMOFlipid®) to those of a 100% soybean oil-based LE in critically ill adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In this double-blind, randomised study, patients (n=75) predicted to need PN for more than 5 days were randomised to receive either a four-oil LE (Study Group (SG)) or a 100% soybean oil LE (Control Group (CG)). Isocaloric, isonitrogenous PN was administered continuously for 5 days. FO was provided at a dose of 0.09-0.22g/kg body weight. Measurements included biochemical parameters and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score daily and plasma total phospholipid fatty acids (FAs) and cytokine levels on days 1, 3, 6. Days on mechanical ventilation, length of stay and mortality were also recorded. ANOVA was used to compare response variables between the two groups over the time and Pearson correlation was used to measure relationships between continuous variables. 68 patients completed the study (n=35 SG, n=33 CG), with male predominance (66% SG, 56% CG). Average age was 60.8±13.9 years (SG) versus 55.7±14.8 (CG) (p=0.143). The majority were surgical admissions (85% SG versus 91% CG) followed by medical. Plasma phospholipid oleic acid (p=0.022) and alpha-linolenic acid (p<0.0005) increased in both groups. In the SG, plasma phospholipid EPA and DHA increased (both p<0.001), whereas the omega-6:omega-3 PUFA (n-6:n-3 PUFA) ratio decreased (p<0.001). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin decreased in both treatment groups. Considering only the change from day 1 to day 6 there was a bigger decrease in AST, ALT and bilirubin levels in the SG. Concentrations of TNF-α decreased from day 1 to day 6 in the SG, whereas they increased in the CG, but the change was not statistically significant (p=0.112). A significant negative correlation was found between EPA provision on day 3 and the SOFA score (r=-0.4047, p=0.018). Days on mechanical ventilation (1.24±0.83 days in SG versus 0.88±1.63 days in CG, p=0.385) and ICU LOS (9.5±7.09 days in SG versus 10.7±7.6 days in CG, p=0.490) were not different between groups. PN containing a four-oil LE increased plasma EPA and DHA, decreased n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, and was safe and well tolerated. The negative relationship between day 3 EPA and SOFA score seems promising, but EPA intake and effects may have been diluted by enteral nutrition which was started in more than half of patients on day 4. There was no significant difference in terms of other biochemical measurements, SOFA score, length of ICU stay and mortality. More research is needed in this patient population, particularly regarding dose, duration and timing of FO and the effects on clinical outcomes.

Genes and Dietary Fatty Acids in Regulation of Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma and Erythrocyte Membranes.

The fatty acid compositions of plasma lipids and cell membranes of certain tissues are modified by dietary fatty acid composition. Furthermore, many other factors (age, sex, ethnicity, health status, genes, and gene × diet interactions) affect the fatty acid composition of cell membranes or plasma lipid compartments. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the complexity of mechanisms that may modify fatty acid compositions of plasma or tissues. We carried out an extensive literature survey of gene × diet interaction in the regulation of fatty acid compositions. Most of the related studies have been observational studies, but there are also a few intervention trials that tend to confirm that true interactions exist. Most of the studies deal with the desaturase enzyme cluster (FADS1, FADS2) in chromosome 11 and elongase enzymes. We expect that new genetic variants are being found that are linked with the genetic regulation of plasma or tissue fatty acid composition. This information is of great help to understanding the contribution of dietary fatty acids and their endogenic metabolism to the development of some chronic diseases.

Gender and age features of fatty acid composition of blood plasma in mountain dwellers of transcarpathian region

The aim of the work is to identify the age and gender characteristics of the fatty acid plasma spectrum in the inhabitants of the mountain settlements of the Transcarpathian region, depending on the body mass index. The object of the study is the lipid and fatty acid plasma spectrum. The subject of the study is the relationship between the state of the fatty acid composition of the plasma and the age and sex of the subjects.Materials and methods 54 inhabitants of the mountain village Vydrychka of Rakhiv district of Transcarpathian region (average altitude 797 m above sea level) were surveyed. The analysis of the fatty acid plasma spectrum was done, using the method of gas chromatography method, and also lipid spectrum was analyses and evaluation of the body mass index and abdominal circumference was done.Results: Inhabitants of mountain settlements over 40 years have significantly higher BMI, larger abdominal circumference, higher total cholesterol, higher levels of pentadecanoic, palmitic and stearic, oleic and linoleic acids, higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), first of all because of a higher level of ώ6 PUFA. Similar deviations were also found among highlanders with overweight and 1st degree obesity, although they have a higher level of not only total but also individual ώ6 PUFAs, in particular, linoleic, Y-linolenic, ώ6-digomo-γ-linolenic, ώ6-arachidonic and ώ6-andrenic PUFA.Conclusions. People living in mountain settlements over 40 years old, overweight or obese have a higher level of total cholesterol and a more prognostically unfavorable profile of fatty acids due to higher levels of saturated fatty acids (pentadecane, palmitic and stearic fatty acids) and a higher level of total ώ6 PUFA. Favorable lipid and fatty acid profiles were found in persons younger than 40 years old and in subjects with normal weight. Significant differences in the composition of fatty acids among men and women were not found

Effects of dietary protein levels and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids on nitrogen mobilization, rumen microbiota and plasma fatty acid composition in Holstein bulls

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary crude protein (CP) levels and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CSFA) on the nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen deposition, rumen fermentation characteristic and microbiota, plasma biochemical indexes and fatty acid composition in the Holstein bulls. Eight Holstein bulls was used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design with 2 × 2 factorial diets, including two levels of CP (133 or 112 g/kg dry matter), and with or without 2.32 g/kg CSFA. The high CP level diets increased the CP intake and the CP apparent digestibility and the urinary nitrogen excretion (P = 0.001). Dietary supplementation with CSFA promoted the apparent digestibility of organic matter (P = 0.012). The diets of CSFA and high CP level raised the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration (P = 0.009), and enhanced the isovalerate and valerate concentrations, respectively. The high CP diets improved the abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P = 0.037) and Megasphaera elsdenii (P = 0.023), while the CSFA reduced the abundance of methanogens (P = 0.047). High CP increased urea concentration (P = 0.008). Dietary supplementation with CSFA increased the cholesterol and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in the plasma, and the proportion of C16:0, C18:1n9c and Δ9 desaturase C18, while it reduced the ratio of C21:1 and C22:0. The low CP diets reduced the protein waste and environmental pollution in the final stage of fattening Holstein bulls. Further study needs to be done to investigate the effect of CSFA on the CH4 emission in terms of microbial mechanism in the rumen.

Decreased Oleic Acid and Marine n − 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Tunisian Patients with Urothelial Bladder Cancer

Fatty acids (FAs) are thought to impact carcinogenesis by affecting cell signaling. A case-control study including 250 patients with urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) and 250 controls was conducted. Plasma FAs composition was assessed using capillary gas chromatography. Associations of individual and classes of FAs with UBC were controlled for the main risk factors for UBC. Plasma FAs profile was different in patients compared to controls. Higher levels (third tertile vs. first tertile) in palmitic acid (PA) [multi-adjusted OR (95% CI), 1.83 (1.14–2.92)], and n − 6:n − 3 FA ratio [4.13 (2.38–7.16)] were associated with increased risk for UBC [multi-adjusted OR (95% CI), 1.83 (1.14–2.92)]. In contrast, higher levels (third tertile vs. first tertile) in oleic [0.54 (0.34–0.86)], dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA) [0.47 (0.29–0.74)], eicosapentaenoic (EPA) [0.32 (0.19–0.52)], and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids [0.33 (0.20–0.53)] were associated with lower risk for UBC. Although the study design does not allow proving causality, the findings suggest a possible protective role of oleic acid and marine n − 3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) against bladder carcinogenesis.