Muscle Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Sustainable utilization of unsaleable walnut kernel in substitution for corn grain in the diet of fattening lambs improves growth performance and meat quality.

As a cost-effective typical co-product of walnut processing; this study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding poor quality, unsaleable walnut kernel, also known as wasted walnut (WW) kernel, on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid (FA) composition of fattening lambs. The experiment was conducted using 24 fattening lambs (27 ±1.07 kg initial BW) assigned to two total mixed concentrate-based diets, over a 80-day experimental period on a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were: 1) WW (10% WW), and 2) CON (without WW). Average daily and total gain, and final weight increased with WW inclusion (P < 0.05). Also, a significant enhancement in feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) and carcass cooler shrink loss (P = 0.03) were observed by feeding WW. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not influenced by feeding WW as did carcass prime cuts, meat, bone and fat-tail; however, the backfat thickness was increased (P = 0.01). WW inclusion reduced cholesterol and increased protein load in muscle tissue (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, this inclusion led to higher concentration of vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C20 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA), total n3 and n6 PUFA in muscle and fat-tail (P ≤ 0.05). Due to enhanced animal performance, also chemical and FA composition of muscle and adipose tissue, WW can be included in fattening lamb diets as a rich source of protein and PUFA.

Genome-wide association study reveals candidate genes for traits related to meat quality in Colombian Creole hair sheep

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow identifying genomic regions related to traits of economic importance in animals of zootechnical interest. The objective of this research was to conduct a genome-wide association study on meat quality traits using the Illumina OvineSNPs50 BeadChip array. The animals were sampled in the departments of Córdoba, Cesar, and Valle del Cauca. The genotypes obtained with the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip microarray were analyzed SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) data to conduct a GWAS for pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) traits measured after 7 days of maturation, in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, in 167 Creole hair sheep of 12 months old belonging to Pelibuey (CHSP, n = 60), Ethiopian (CHSE, n = 44), and Sudan (CHSS, n = 63) breeds. The GWAS was done using a mixed linear model (MLMA) and based on the Ovis aries v3.1 genome. The CHSE showed the lowest meat juice release and, consequently, the highest water-holding capacity (WHC = 30.6 ± 0.1), suggesting that this breed has better performance in the meat industry compared with CHSS (WHC = 41.7 ± 0.1) and CHSP (WHC = 36.8 ± 0.1), since there is a relationship between WHC and juiciness. For the character pH, it was not possible to annotate genes related to meat quality, while, for the WHC, they have obtained 11 candidate genes associated (ELOVL2, ARAP2, LOC101102527, SHOC2, AIPL1, CSRNP3, IFRD, KDM8, NANS, DAPK1, IBN2, TPM2). Particularly, ELOVL2, ARAP2, IBN2, and TPM2 genes are involved in muscle contraction and fatty acid composition in sheep. In this study, we generated a baseline for GWAS related to meat quality traits in Colombian Creole hair sheep that can be used for future genomic selection plans.

Seasonal effect on fatty acid composition in phospholipid classes and triacylglycerols of male Capoeta umbla

The seasonal changes in muscle tissue, total lipids and fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TAG), and phospholipid classes of male Capoeta umbla were investigated in this study. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) were identified as the major phospholipids (PLs) in the muscle tissue (PS). Triacylglycerols showed high contents of MUFA, 14:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3; while phospholipids presented high contents of AA, DHA, and 18:0. Myristic acid, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were shown to be present in larger concentrations in TAG than in PL classes. In PL classes, 16:0, 18:0, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA) were higher than the TAG fraction. The fatty acid composition of total lipid and lipid classes (TAG and PL) were affected by the seasonal variations and lipid fraction.

The use of sesame oil in sea bream feeds and its effects on growth and body chemical composition

As fish oil availability declines worldwide and its price rises, there is a growing need to engage in scientific investigations into alternative oil sources for incorporation into fish feeds. This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary sesame oil on the growth performance, feed utilization, and nutritional composition of sea bream (Sparus aurata). Twenty-five individual fish (initial mean weight: 32.38±0.27 g) were placed in each tank in triplicate. Four experimental fish meal-based (iso-proteic 49% and iso-lipidic 20%) diets were formulated; the control (C) group contains 100% of fish oil (FO) and varying amounts (20, 40, 60%) of sesame oil (SO). During the 75-day experiment, the fish were fed 3 times a day, and the mean ambient temperature and dissolved oxygen values were measured as 22.5±0.5°C and 6.8±0.3 mg/L, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, 20 fish were sampled to determine their nutrient composition and somatic indexes. In the end, 4 fish were collected for the same procedures and 4 for each tank’s muscle and liver fatty acid compositions. At the end of the study, the S60 group exhibited the lowest final weight (FW) and feed utilization parameters. On the other hand, there were no statistical differences between FO, SO20, and SO40 in terms of FW. In addition, the SO40 group had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the groups (P&lt;0.05). The whole-body lipid compositions of the groups were different. The highest lipid level was found in SO40 with 15.83±0.36%. Muscle and liver fatty acid composition was significantly affected by the fatty acid profile of experimental feeds. While total ω-6 fatty acids were higher in the SO groups than in group C, total ω-3 fatty acids were higher in the C group compared to the SO groups (P&lt;0.05). The ω-3/ω-6 ratios in the SO20 and SO40 groups showed similarity, while the highest ratio was observed in the control group (P&lt;0.05). As a result, according to data obtained from our study, it is predicted that 40% SO could be added to sea bream feed instead of FO in terms of growth performance, feed utilization, and nutritional composition.

Multi-omics analysis reveals the toxic mechanism of ammonia-enhanced Microcystis aeruginosa exposure causing liver fat deposition and muscle nutrient loss in zebrafish

Microcystis aeruginosa and ammonia pollution are two important environmental stress factors in water eutrophication. Herein, we simulated environmental conditions to investigate the effects of chronic exposure (single and combined) to M. aeruginosa and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) on lipid metabolism and muscle quality in zebrafish. Our results showed that M. aeruginosa and TAN significantly induced lipid deposition and tissue damage in the liver of zebrafish. Liver transcriptomic analysis revealed that M. aeruginosa and TAN disrupted the balance in lipid synthesis, decomposition, and transport, ultimately leading to hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, exposure to M. aeruginosa or TAN alone resulted in decreased crude protein content and increased lipid content in muscle, as well as disrupted muscle fatty acid composition. Metabolomic analysis of muscle revealed significant alterations in metabolites such as glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids. The co-exposure of M. aeruginosa and TAN had a more significant effect on liver lipid dysfunction and muscle quality deterioration in zebrafish. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential risks and hazards of M. aeruginosa and TAN in eutrophic water bodies subject to Microcystis blooms, and can help inform effective strategies for monitoring and managing these toxins in aquatic ecosystems.

The Effects of Olive Cake Supplementation on Feedlot Performance and Longissimus Muscle Fatty Acid Composition of American Wagyu Steers and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics

Wagyu cattle are well known for their greater intramuscular fat content which improves eating quality for consumers. These experiments were designed to investigate the impact of olive cake supplementation on Wagyu steer growth performance, longissimus muscle fatty acid composition, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. We hypothesized that feeding with olive cake would improve animal performance and increase oleic acid (C18:1cis9) composition in the longissimus muscle. Experiment 1: Eighty-three American Wagyu steers (725 ± 10.7 kg) were used in this experiment. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within blocks to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of (1) control (basal ration with no olive cake) or (2) control diet + 5% supplemental olive. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (n = 4 steers/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) and fed a finishing diet typical for Wagyu cattle. Steers were individually weighed every 28 d throughout the 177 d experiment. Longissimus muscle samples were obtained for fatty acid analysis at the time of slaughter. Experiment 2: Rumen fluid from three beef steers (480 ± 10 kg) fitted with rumen canulae was used to investigate the impact of olive cake on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Treatments consisted of (1) control (no olive cake) or (2) 5% olive cake. Results: Experiment 1: Steers receiving olive cake had a lower (p &lt; 0.05) final BW and DM intake when compared to steers receiving the control diet. Longissimus muscle C18:2 and C22:6 n-3 were greater (p &lt; 0.05) and C18:1cis9 tended (p &lt; 0.06) to be greater in steers receiving olive cake when compared to controls. Experiment 2: Dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber disappearance and molar proportions of short chain fatty acids were similar across treatments. The weight percentage of C14:1 was greater in in vitro rumen fluid fermented with olive cake when compared to controls. All other long chain fatty acids were similar across treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, feeding olive cake at 5% of the diet DM reduced live animal performance and had minimal impacts on longissimus muscle fatty acid composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics.

Growth performance and fatty acids profile of common carp fed with raw black soldier fly larvae and honey bee drone brood

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the growth performance and liver and muscle fatty acid (FA) profile of juvenile common carp fed with raw black soldier fly (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) and honey bee drone brood (BDB; Apis mellifera), a novel insect in aquaculture, with a commercial carp diet (CCF). After 6 weeks, the weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher in fish fed with CCF, followed by the BDB-fed and BSFL-fed fish, with significant differences among groups. The essential FA contents in feeds were disproportionally mirrored in fish livers and muscles, suggesting feed-dependant biosynthesis ability in common carp. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary FAs affect the muscle FA composition of common carp. Yet, the composition of dietary essential FAs content did not mirror the essential FA content in muscle, confirming the biosynthesis of essential FAs. The BDB appeared to be a viable alternative or supplement to CCF compliant with circular bioeconomy without compromising the FA profile of common carp muscles. Despite the low growth performance of fish fed with BSFL, this diet indicated good nutritional qualities regarding the FA profiles.

Genetic architecture and key regulatory genes of fatty acid composition in Gushi chicken breast muscle determined by GWAS and WGCNA

BackgroundFatty acids composition in poultry muscle is directly related to its tenderness, flavour, and juiciness, whereas its genetic mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, the genetic structure and key regulatory genes of the breast muscle fatty acid composition of local Chinese chicken, Gushi-Anka F2 resource population by integrating genome-wide association study (GWAS) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) strategies. GWAS was performed based on 323,306 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained by genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method and 721 chickens from the Gushi-Anka F2 resource population with highly variable fatty acid composition traits in the breast muscle. And then, according to the transcriptome data of the candidate genes that were obtained and phenotypic data of fatty acid composition traits in breast muscle of Gushi chickens at 14, 22, and 30 weeks of age, we conducted a WGCNA.ResultsA total of 128 suggestive significantly associated SNPs for 11 fatty acid composition traits were identified and mapped on chromosomes (Chr) 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 17, 21, and 27. Of these, the two most significant SNPs were Chr13:5,100,140 (P = 4.56423e-10) and Chr13:5,100,173 (P = 4.56423e-10), which explained 5.6% of the phenotypic variation in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In addition, six fatty acid composition traits, including C20:1, C22:6, saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), PUFA, and average chain length (ACL), were located in the same QTL intervals on Chr13. We obtained 505 genes by scanning the linkage disequilibrium (LD) regions of all significant SNPs and performed a WGCNA based on the transcriptome data of the above 505 genes. Combining two strategies, 9 hub genes (ENO1, ADH1, ASAH1, ADH1C, PIK3CD, WISP1, AKT1, PANK3, and C1QTNF2) were finally identified, which could be the potential candidate genes regulating fatty acid composition traits in chicken breast muscle.ConclusionThe results of this study deepen our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the regulation of fatty acid composition traits, which is helpful in the design of breeding strategies for the subsequent improvement of fatty acid composition in poultry muscle.

Effects of different forage proportions in fermented total mixed ration on muscle fatty acid profile and rumen microbiota in lambs.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of different forage proportions in the fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) on growth performance, muscle fatty acid profile, and rumen microbiota of lambs. Thirty 6-month-old small tail Han sheep × Ujumqin lambs with initial body weight (BW) of 27.8 ± 0.90 kg were selected for the test and divided into two groups of 15 sheep in each treatment (three pens per treatment and five lambs per pen) according to the principle of homogeneity. Two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated according to the NRC. The diet treatments were designed as (1) OH treatment containing 25% alfalfa hay and 35% oat hay, and (2) AH treatment containing 35% alfalfa hay with 25% oat hay. The forage-to-concentrate ratio for both diets was 65: 35 (DM basis). Three replicates were randomly selected from each treatment to determine growth performance, fatty acid profile and rumen bacterial communities in lambs. Results revealed no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences in dry matter intake and average daily gain between the two diet groups. Cholesterol and intramuscular fat were significantly (p > 0.05) higher in the AH group, while no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in pH24 value. The muscle fatty acid compositions of lambs were obviously (p < 0.05) influenced by the diet treatments. Compared with the OH group, the C16:1, C17:0, and C20:3n6 contents were higher (p < 0.05) in the AH group, whereas the content of C18:1n9c, C20:1, C18:3n3, and C22:6n3 was obviously (p < 0.05) increased in the OH group. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were significantly higher in the OH group, whereas no significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents among the two diet treatments. Bacterial composition was generally separated into two clusters based on principal coordinate analysis, and the OH group had a higher Shannon index. The relative abundance at the genes level of the Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was obviously (p < 0.05) increased in the AH group and the relative abundances of Prevotella_1, Fibrobacter, and Bacteroidales_UCG_001_unclassified were obviously (p < 0.05) enriched in the OH group. Integrated correlation analysis also underscored a possible link between the muscle fatty acid compositions and significantly altered rumen microbiota. Overall, oat-based roughage in FTMR could promote a beneficial lipid pattern in the Longissimus lumborum muscles of lambs. These findings provide a potential insight into diet effects on fatty acid profile and the rumen microbiome of lambs, which may help make decisions regarding feeding.

Impact of purine nucleotide on fatty acid metabolism and expression of lipid metabolism-related gene in the liver cell of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Studies have suggested that dietary purine nucleotides (NT) affect the muscle and liver fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. To examine the direct regulation of liver fatty acid metabolism by purine NT in rainbow trout, the liver cells were cultured in the presence of 500μmol/L inosine, adenosine, or guanosine monophosphate (IMP, AMP, or GMP). The expression of pparα was significantly decreased in the liver cells cultured with purine NT for 24h, whereas the expression of fads2 (Δ5) was increased. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in the liver cells was significantly higher after culturing with GMP. To determine the dose-dependent effects of NT, 50, 100, and 500μmol/L GMP was added to the liver cells cultured in L-15 medium. At 48h, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, Ʃ PUFA, and Ʃ n-3 PUFA content in the 50μM GMP-containing medium was significantly higher compared with the other medium. The expression of Δ5 fads2, elovl2, and elovl5 in the liver cells was significantly higher in the 500μmol/L GMP-containing medium at 48h along with increased srebp-1 expression. These results suggest that purine NT directly affect fatty acid composition through modification of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in the liver of rainbow trout.

Effects of toll like receptor 4 overexpression on blood parameters, body composition, and gastrointestinal microbial diversity in sheep

Genetic modifications can improve the health status and disease resistance of farm animals. In the previous study, genetically modified (GM) sheep overexpressing toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) were produced. The GM sheep had stronger ability to eliminate invasive microbes compared to the wild-type (WT) sheep. Physiological status and immune homeostasis, blood parameters, body composition, and gastrointestinal microbial diversity were evaluated in this study to elucidate the effects of TLR4 overexpression. In a set of 10 GM rams, the TLR4 mRNA and protein expression levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, muscle, kidney, and spleen were higher than those of the WT (n = 10; P < 0.05). No significant differences in the parameters of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and in the composition of circulating T lymphocyte subsets were observed between the GM and WT sheep (P > 0.05). Of the biochemical parameters, only total protein levels differed (were higher) in the GM sheep than in the WT sheep (P < 0.05) while no significant differences were observed for the other indices (P > 0.05). GM and WT sheep showed similar offal weights and muscle fatty acid and amino acid compositions (P > 0.05). Furthermore, TLR4 overexpression did not affect the community structure of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Eleven KEGG pathways associated with the TLR4 gene, physiology and biochemistry, growth and metabolism, fatty acids, and amino acids did not demonstrate significant differences between the GM and WT sheep (P > 0.05). In conclusion, TLR4 overexpression had no principal or adverse effects on the physiological development and health of sheep, except for the general mRNA and protein expression levels.

Impact of dietary dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz.) supplementation on carcase traits, breast meat quality, muscle fatty and amino acid composition and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens

This trial was performed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of dry dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz.) on carcase traits, breast meat quality, muscle fatty and amino acid composition and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens. A total of 120 Arbour Acres broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three groups and fed basal diet (CON), basal diet supplemented with 0.5 g/kg (LD) or 1.0 g/kg (HD) of dandelion. The results showed that compared with LD group, the eviscerated percentage of HD group tended to be higher (p = 0.090), while the abdominal fat yield tended to be lower (p = 0.078). In addition, dandelion quadratically increased redness, water loss rate, the proportion of C20:2, C20:4n-6, C22:6n-3 and the sum of n-3 PUFA and decreased cooking loss of Pectoralis major (PA) muscle (p < 0.05). The crude protein content of PA muscle showed a linear decrease trend with increasing dandelion levels (p = 0.057). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values on d 3 and d 5 were linearly and quadratically decreased (p < 0.05). The results indicated that dandelion could be used as natural antioxidant in broiler chickens’ diets to benefit meat quality and lipid oxidative stability. Highlights Dietary dandelion quadratically increased redness value and proportion of PUFA, while decreased cooking loss of Pectoralis major muscle. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of Pectoralis major muscle on d 3 and d 5 were linearly and quadratically decreased by dietary dandelion supplementation. The beneficial effect of 0.5 g/kg of dandelion was superior to 1.0 g/kg.

70 Ahiflower (Buglosoides Arvensis) oil supplementation alters whole blood and muscle fatty acid profile in mature horses

The omega-3 (n-3) profile of common plant-based ingredients are derived from α-linolenic acid (ALA). Previous research has indicated that horses lack the ability to convert ALA or other short-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (SC-PUFA) into the biologically relevant docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Ahiflower (Buglossoides Arvensis) oil is a novel plant-based source of omega-3 fatty acids derived from n-3 stearidonic acid (SDA), and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid (see Table 1 for fatty acid profile). The objective of this trial was to evaluate how supplementation of Ahiflower oil to horses would alter whole blood and muscle fatty acid composition. Mature Quarter Horses (n = 20) were balanced by age, BW, and BCS and assigned to one of 4 treatment groups. LOW (n = 5; BW = 507.12 ± 2.3kg; BCS = 5.4 ± 0.3) was offered 30mL/day of Ahiflower oil. HIGH (n = 5; BW = 517.45 ± 4.5kg; BCS = 5.7 ± 0.1) was offered 60mL/day of Ahiflower oil. FLAX (n = 5; BW = 497.25 ± 3.5kg; BCS = 6.1 ± 0.7) was offered a flaxseed pellet (CP = 15.42%, Total omega-3 = 3.75%) formulated to provide the same amount of total omega-3′s as LOW was offered. PAST (n = 5; BW = 508.14 ± 3.6kg; BCS = 5.2 ± 0.6) was allowed free-choice access to mixed grass pasture (CP = 16.0%, Total omega-3 = 0.79%). All horses were offered 1.81kg/d of Purina® Strategy GX® (CP = 14.24%, Total omega-3 = 0.44%) daily. LOW, HIGH, and FLAX were housed in drylots by treatment group and were offered 2.0% BW as Timothy grass hay (CP = 10.10%, Total omega-3 = 0.35%). On d 0, 30, and 60 blood samples were collected along with a mid-gluteal muscle sample (∼1g). Samples were analyzed for fatty acid profile via LC-HPLC (UF ATCL).Data were analyzed via ANOVA (SAS 9.4). Horses in the LOW group had a 12.5% increase in total omega-3, while horses in HIGH had a 40.1% increase. Similar differences were observed for EPA (LOW = 19.2%; HIGH = 40.1%), and GLA (LOW = 60.1%; HIGH = 167%). Horses in HIGH had a greater increase from baseline in muscle EPA + DHA compared with all other groups (250%). All differences were significant at P < 0.05. Taken together these data indicate that horses had the ability to convert the PUFA's in Ahiflower oil into EPA. Increased EPA in whole blood and muscle tissue potentially allows for increased production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and prostaglandins. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanism by which this conversion occurs.

53 Hemp seed oil as a novel fatty acid supplement for horses

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play a role in regulating the body's response to inflammation. Most grains fed to horses are high in linoleic acid (LA), a pro-inflammatory n6 PUFA, compared with α-linolenic acid (ALA), an anti-inflammatory n3 PUFA. Recent interest in hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil (HSO) as a PUFA source has arisen due to its unique fatty acid (FA) profile, which includes γ-linolenic acid (GLA), an n6 PUFA with anti-inflammatory properties. Dietary GLA is rapidly converted to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), a precursor to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Manipulating dietary FA may lead to alterations in tissue FA profiles in the horse which could promote a reduced inflammatory response. Thus, our objective was to determine if oral supplementation of HSO for 28 d would cause detectable changes in FA composition in synovial fluid (SF) and skeletal muscle (MUS). Six Thoroughbred geldings (11 ± 3.2 yrs, 568 ± 26 kg BW) were used in a crossover experiment with 2 consecutive 63d periods. Horses were offered a control (CON) basal diet of hay and concentrate or the basal diet with the addition of 166 mL HSO delivering 5g GLA. Diets were designed to be isocaloric. Over 7d, HSO was introduced gradually, maintained for another 28d, and then removed and horses resumed basal diets for an additional 28d. Horses were weighed, and body condition score (BCS) assessed weekly. MUS and SF samples werecollected on d0, d35, and d63 of each period. MUS biopsies were taken from the middle gluteus muscle at a depth of 8cm. SF was collected from the left carpus joint. FA were extracted from MUS and SF and analyzed by GC. Individual FA are represented as g of FA per 100g of total fatty acids. Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED in SAS (v.15.1 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). No changes in BW or BCS were observed throughout the study. In SF, GLA was detected after 28d of HSO supplementation (0.32 ± 0.06g/100g) but not at any other time point. On d 28, horses supplemented with HSO also had greater SF DGLA (0.31 ± 0.04g/100g) than CON (0.19 ± 0.04g/100g; P = 0.04). MUS ALA tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in horses fed CON compared with HSO. No other differences were observed for FA in MUS or SF. These results indicate that 28d of HSO supplementation can modify FA profiles in equine skeletal muscle and synovial fluid. This could potentially influence inflammation signaling molecules and subsequently the inflammatory response, however, longer studies with more horses are needed to determine peak incorporation and the effects of varying quantities of HSO in the diet.

Effects of high-grain diet feeding on fatty acid profiles in milk, blood, muscle, and adipose tissue, and transcriptional expression of lipid-related genes in muscle and adipose tissue of dairy cows

BackgroundHigh-grain (HG) diets affect lipid metabolism in the liver and mammary tissue of dairy cows, but its effects on muscle and adipose tissue have not been wide evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study is to clarify this issue.MethodsTwelve Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups: conventional diet group (CON, n = 6) and the HG diet group (n = 6). On day 7 of week 4, rumen fluid was sampled to measure pH, milk was sampled to measure components, and blood was sampled to measure biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition. After the experiment, cows were slaughtered to collect muscle and adipose tissue for fatty acid composition and transcriptome analysis.ResultsHG feeding decreased the ruminal pH, milk’s fat content and long-chain fatty acid proportion (P < 0.05) and increased the proportion of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in the milk (P < 0.05) as compared with CON diets. The concentrations of blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the HG cows were lower than those in CON cows (P < 0.05). In muscle tissue, HG feeding tended to increase the triacylglycerol (TG) concentration (P < 0.10). Transcriptome analysis revealed changes in the biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty acids pathway, the regulation of lipolysis in the adipocytes pathway, and the PPAR signalling pathway. In adipose tissue, HG feeding increased the concentration of TG and decreased the concentration of C18:1 cis9 (P < 0.05). At the transcriptome level, the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, linoleic acid metabolism pathway, and PPAR signalling pathway were activated.ConclusionHG feeding leads to subacute rumen acidosis and a decreased milk fat content. The fatty acid profiles in the milk and plasma of dairy cows were changed by HG feeding. In muscle and adipose tissue, HG feeding increased TG concentration and up-regulated the expression of genes related to adipogenesis, while down-regulated the expression of genes related to lipid transport. These results complement our knowledge of the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in dairy cows and expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which HG diets affect lipid metabolism in muscle and adipose tissue.

Carcase traits, meat quality, and lipogenic gene expression in muscle of lambs fed wheat bran feruloyl oligosaccharides

This study investigated the effects of dietary feruloyl oligosaccharides derived from fermented wheat bran (FOs-FWB) supplementation on carcase traits, meat quality, muscle fatty acid composition, and the expression of lipogenic genes in lambs. In a completely randomised design, 50 Dorper × thin-tailed Han lambs (20.21 ± 3.36 kg) were randomly divided into five treatments with ten replications. The lambs in the control group were fed a basal diet, while those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg FOs-FWB. The shear forces of longissimus dorsi (LD) in lambs fed 50 and 100 mg/kg FOs-FWB were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < .05). Lambs fed with 200 mg/kg FOs-FWB had higher crude protein and lower fat contents in LD muscle (p < .05), the ash content in LD muscle was increased by FOs-FWB supplementation (p < .05). Lambs fed 50 mg/kg FOs-FWB had significantly higher proportions of C18:1n − 9, C20:1, C18:3n − 3, C18:3n − 6 and total n − 3 (p < .05). The proportion of C18:3n − 6 was significantly increased by 100 mg/kg FOs-FWB supplementation (p < .05). Feeding 200 mg/kg FOs-FWB significantly decreased proportions of C14:0 and total saturated fatty acid (SFA), but increased proportions of C18:1n − 9, C18:2n − 6, total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) to SFA ratio (p < .05). Moreover, increases in the proportion of C22:6n − 3 and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were observed in lambs fed FOs-FWB (p < .05). The relative expression levels of ACC, FAS, and SCD genes in the LD muscle of lambs fed 200 and 400 mg/kg FOs-FWB were higher than the control group (p < .05). Dietary supplementation with 100, 200, 400 mg/kg FOs-FWB significantly increased the relative mRNA expression level of LPL (p < .05). Furthermore, a decrease in the relative mRNA expression level of PPARγ was observed in lambs fed 50 mg/kg FOs-FWB (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with FOs-FWB reduced shear force, enhanced intramuscular fat content and PUFAs proportion and stimulated lipogenic gene expression in LD muscle of lambs, especially at a level of 200 mg/kg addition. Highlights Dietary FOs-FWB improved the tenderness of the meat. Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg FOs-FWB increased the content of intramuscular fat and PUFAs, as well as the ratio of UFA to SFA. Dietary FOs-FWB affected the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism.

Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid Classes of Capoettaumbla

ABSTRACT In this study, seasonal changes in the muscle tissue, total lipid, and fatty acid composition of phospholipid (PL), triacylglycerol (TAG), and phospholipid classes of female Capoeta umbla were investigated. Fatty acid compositions of TAG and PL classes were found to be different in C. umbla muscle. Percentages of myristic acid, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, monounsaturated fatty acid (ΣMUFA), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were found to be higher in TAG than the values determined in PL classes. In PL classes, 16:0, 18:0, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA), EPA (20:5n-3), DHA (22:6n-3), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA) were higher than TAG fraction.

Fermented mixed feed alters growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and muscle fatty acid and amino acid profiles in finishing pigs.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented mixed feed (FMF) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition and mRNA expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism in finishing pigs. In the present study, 144 finishing pigs (Duroc×Berkshire×Jiaxing Black) were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens per group and 12 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (CON), a basal diet+5% FMF and a basal diet+10% FMF. The experiment lasted 38d after 4d of acclimation. The results showed that 5% and 10% FMF significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) of the females but not the males (P<0.05), but FMF supplementation showed no impact on carcass traits. Moreover, 10% FMF supplementation increased the meat color45min and meat color24h values, while it decreased the shear force relative to CON (P<0.05). In addition, 10% FMF significantly increased the contents of flavor amino acids (FAA), total essential AA (EAA), total non-EAA (NEAA) and total AA relative to CON (P<0.05). Furthermore, the diet supplemented with 10% FMF significantly increased the concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 PUFA and total PUFA, and the PUFA to saturated fatty acids ratio (P<0.05), suggesting that FMF supplementation increased meat quality. Moreover, compared with the CON, 10% FMF supplementation increased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes, including CEBPα, PPARγ, SREBP1 and FABP4, and upregulated the expression of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis (ACAA1 and FADS2). Together, our results suggest that 10% FMF dietary supplementation improved the female pigs' growth performance, improved the meat quality and altered the profiles of muscle fatty acids and amino acids in finishing pigs. This study provides a reference for the production of high-quality pork.

Comparison of Antioxidant Capacity and Muscle Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Nervous and Calm Hu Sheep.

This study determined the effect of temperament on antioxidant capacity and the relationship between antioxidant capacity and the contents of amino acids (AA) and fatty acids (FA) in muscle of Hu sheep. Organ and muscle samples of five calm and five nervous Hu sheep were collected to determine the antioxidant capacity and the contents of AA and FA in muscle tissue. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide excretion enzyme (SOD) in muscle and intestinal tissue of calm Hu sheep were lower than those of nervous Hu sheep (p < 0.01), and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver of calm Hu sheep was significantly higher than that of nervous Hu sheep (p = 0.050). The content of AA of calm Hu sheep was higher than that of nervous Hu sheep, especially the content of reductive amino acids, which was significantly higher than that of nervous Hu sheep (p = 0.029). Fatty acid content of nervous Hu sheep was higher than that of calm type, and saturated fatty acid content was significantly higher than that of calm type (p = 0.001). The SOD content in muscle tissue was positively correlated with the contents of aspartic acid (Asp), alanine (Ala) and lysine (Lys). Catalase (CAT) activity was positively correlated with Ala content. There was a significant positive correlation between total antioxidants (T-AOC) and glutamate (Glu) (p < 0.05). MDA concentration was positively correlated with lauric acid (C12:0), triseconic acid (C13:0), myristic acid (C14:0) content (p < 0.01), and ginkgo acid (C15:0) content. The total antioxidants (T-AOC) was negatively correlated with stearic acid (C18:0) (p < 0.05). Our conclusion is that the antioxidant capacity of calm Hu sheep is superior to that of nervous Hu sheep, which may be due to the higher AA (especially reductive amino acids (Arg, Lys, Ala and Glu)) content in the muscle and the lower FA (especially SFA) content, which improve the antioxidant capacity of the organism and allow for further exploration of the mechanisms by which animal temperament affects antioxidant performance.

Fatty Acid Composition of Northern Pike from an Arctic River (Northeastern Siberia, Russia)

We assayed the fatty acid composition of muscles of the northern pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 inhabiting the Gyda River, Siberia, Russia using gas-liquid chromatography. Of 43 fatty acids identified in the pike samples, 23 fatty acids accounted for 99.3% of the total content. The most abundant saturated fatty acids (SFA, 31.6%) were palmitic (C16:0, 20.0%) and stearic (C18:0, 7.3%) acids. Among monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, 15.1%), oleic acid (C18:1n9, 10.2%) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 4.1%) demonstrated the highest levels. The most represented polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 53.3%) were arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, 7.6%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3, 7.3%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3, 26.3%). The fatty acid profile of specimens from the Gyda River was different in comparison to profiles found in other pike populations, most likely due to different diets. Pike flesh has good nutrition quality in terms of a low n-6/n-3 ratio (0.36), low atherogenic (0.39), and thrombogenic (0.22) indices, and a high ratio of hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (2.83), and this species can be recommended as a replacement or alternative to other fish sources in traditional diets.