Lipid Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Fractional and Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids from the Bud Parts of Plants of the Betula L. Genus by Opening Phases

Fractional and Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids from the Bud Parts of Plants of the Betula L. Genus by Opening Phases

Changes in maternal blood and placental lipidomic profile in obesity and gestational diabetes: Evidence for sexual dimorphism.

Obesity and gestational diabetes (GDM) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and program the offspring for cardiometabolic disease in a sexually dimorphic manner. The placenta transfers lipids to the fetus and uses these substrates to support its own metabolism impacting the amount of substrate available to the growing fetus. We collected maternal plasma and placental villous tissue following elective cesarean section at term from women who were lean (pre-pregnancy BMI 18.5-24.9), obese (BMI>30) and type A2 GDM (matched to obese BMI) with male or female fetus (n=4 each group). Lipids were extracted and fatty acid composition of different lipid classes were analyzed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Significant changes in GDM vs obese, GDM vs lean, and obese vs lean were determined using t-test with a Tukey correction set at p<0.05. In placental samples 436 lipids were identified, among which 85 showed significant changes. Of note only in male placentas significant decreases in C22:6 - docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triglyceride lipid species were seen when comparing tissue from GDM women to lean. In maternal plasma we observed no effect of obesity. GDM or fetal sex. This is the first study assessing fatty acid composition of lipids in matched maternal plasma and placental tissue from lean, obese, and GDM women stratified by fetal sex. It highlights how GDM affects distribution of fatty acids in lipid classes changes in a sexually dimorphic manner in the placenta.

Зміни жирнокислотного складу проростків кукурудзи за впливу мікробіологічного комплексу

Orientation of agricultural production to ecological expediency leads to interest in the use of microbial preparations that are able to increase the resistance of plants to negative environmental factors and activate germination processes. This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the influence of a microbiological complex on the sowing properties of seeds and the fatty acid composition of seedlings of different breeding samples of corn. Methods. Corn seeds of two lines 1-Ak026 and 2-Ak033 and their simple interline hybrid, which is the parent component of the three-line hybrid NUBiSe included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine, were used for the research. Seed inoculation was carried out with a microbial complex, which contained biological preparations Sporazyn, Avercom, and Phytovit. Seedlings from the seeds of the corresponding corn samples not treated with the microbial complex served as controls. The fatty acid composition of lipids was determined in the biological material of corn seedlings of different variants of the experiment. The Folch method was used to extract fats from plant material. Hydrolysis and methylation of fatty acids of lipids obtained from corn seedlings was carried out according to DSTU ISO 5509-2002. Fatty acids were detected and identified by gas chromatography. The quantity of fatty acids was calculated by the method of internal normalization in percentages. Results. The influence of the microbiological complex on the quantitative and qualitative composition of fatty acids of the lipid complex of corn seedlings was established, which depended on the breeding sample. In the process of research, 22 fatty acids were detected and quantitatively identified in corn seedlings. In the seedlings of lines 1-Ak033 and 2-Ak033, 20 and 19 of them were found, respectively, and in the hybrid – 18. The highest percentage content (more than 90 %) was revealed for palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1n9c), and linoleic (C18:2ω6c) fatty acids. The use of the microbial complex made it possible to detect the fatty acids in line 1 and the hybrid that were not detected in the samples without inoculation. Conclusions. The study of the fatty acid composition of the microbial preparation Sporazyn revealed the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (67.47 %) and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated (0.48). The use of microbiological preparations on corn seeds increased the activity of the germination processes, which led to the improvement of sowing properties and changes in the fatty acid composition of the lipid complex of seedlings of various breeding forms of Zea mays.

Exposure to a Combination of Fusarium Mycotoxins Leads to Lipid Peroxidation and Influences Antioxidant Defenses, Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipids, and Renal Histology in Laying Hens.

The effects of combined short-term (3 days) exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins at both the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 5 mg/kg; FB1: 20 mg/kg) and twice the dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg/kg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) on the kidneys of laying hens were examined. Our study aimed to investigate how these mycotoxins interacted with membrane lipid fatty acid (FA) composition and lipid peroxidation processes. It was observed that the levels of conjugated dienes and trienes were higher than the control in the low-mix group on day 3, and malondialdehyde concentration was higher on days 2 and 3. The proportion of phospholipid (PL) FAs showed that saturated and monounsaturated FAs increased. Still, both n3 and n6 polyunsaturated FAs decreased significantly on day 2 of exposure in the high-mix group. Among the n3 FAs, the level of docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n3) and among n6 FAs, arachidonic (C20:4 n6) acids decreased mainly on day 2 in the high-mix group. The results suggest that the combined exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins induced lipid peroxidation in the kidneys of laying hens, which resulted in marked changes in the PL FA profile. Histological examination revealed time- and dose-dependent increases as consequences of mycotoxin exposure.

Влияние заменителей рыбьего жира в кормах сиговых рыб (Coregonidae) на рост, физиологические показатели и жирнокислотный состав липидов

The results of a study on the replacement of fish oil in the feed for two-year-old whitefish with other sources of lipids have been carried out. When replacing a fifth of the fish oil (4 out of 20%) with flaxseed oil, there was no significant difference in growth, fish survival, physiological parameters, and fatty acid composition of lipids. In the following experiments, fish oil was changed to linseed, soybean, rapeseed and camelina oils. When replacing 5, 7, 10 and 15 of 20% of fish oil with flaxseed oil, the content of omega-3 acids in fish muscles increased from 9 to 27%, including the sum of long-chain acids – docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) – from 2.4 to 23.5%, which demonstrates the ability of whitefish to transform maternal alpha-linolenic acid, which is rich in linseed oil, into long-chain polyunsaturated acids. At the same time, the amount of monounsaturated oleic acid decreased from 41.4 to 21.7%. An improvement in the fatty acid composition of feed when vegetable oils were introduced instead of fish oil indicates its low quality, as indicated by high mortality, a decrease in vitamin C, and a deterioration in the fatty acid composition of lipids in fish that received food with the highest amount of fish oil. Based on the consideration of all indicators, the best results were obtained when replacing half of the fish oil with linseed oil (10% out of 20%). At the same time, the quality of fish products was preserved. The amount of DHA and EPA in 100 g of farmed fish muscle was 0.89 g, which satisfies the daily human need for these important omega-3 acids for health. When replacing fish oil with camelina, soybean and rapeseed oils, the results were slightly worse.

Изменение химических, физико-химических и биологических свойств липополисахарида Ochrobactrum cytisi IPA7.2 при О-дезацилировании

Lipopolysaccharides are compounds of bacterial origin that have biological activity against plants, animals and humans. This work provides information on the preparation and characterization of the properties of modified lipopolysaccharide derivatives of the rhizosphere bacterium Ochrobactrum cytisi IPA7.2. Deacylation has been carried out using alkaline hydrolysis, followed by chromatographic separation of the fractions. O-deacetylation of O-polysaccharide led to a 2-fold increase in the extinction of the products of the phenol-sulfuric acid reaction. The fatty acid composition of lipid A did not change during alkaline hydrolysis. A comparison of supramolecular particles in an aqueous medium of native and deacylated forms of lipopolysaccharide using dynamic light scattering revealed that, as a result of modification, the size of micelles decreased from 65 nm to 35 nm and their negative zeta potential increased from –22 mV to –30 mV. It has been found that non-stoichiometric acetylation of lipopolysaccharide O. cytisi IPA7.2 did not affect the interaction with specific antibodies but was important for the manifestation of growth-stimulating activity towards potato microplants.

Adaptation of Litoral Halophytes to the Conditions of the Coastal Territories of the White Sea: Involvement of Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids

Adaptation of Litoral Halophytes to the Conditions of the Coastal Territories of the White Sea: Involvement of Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids

Heat tolerance of a tropical-subtropical rainforest tree species Polyscias elegans: time-dependent dynamic responses of physiological thermostability and biochemistry.

Heat stress interrupts physiological thermostability and triggers biochemical responses that are essential for plant survival. However, there is limited knowledge on the speed plants adjust to heat in hours and days, and which adjustments are crucial. Tropical-subtropical rainforest tree species (Polyscias elegans) were heated at 40°C for 5 d, before returning to 25°C for 13 d of recovery. Leaf heat tolerance was quantified using the temperature at which minimal chl a fluorescence sharply rose (Tcrit ). Tcrit , metabolites, heat shock protein (HSP) abundance and membrane lipid fatty acid (FA) composition were quantified. Tcrit increased by 4°C (48-52°C) within 2 h of 40°C exposure, along with rapid accumulation of metabolites and HSPs. By contrast, it took > 2 d for FA composition to change. At least 2 d were required for Tcrit , HSP90, HSP70 and FAs to return to prestress levels. The results highlight the multi-faceted response of P. elegans to heat stress, and how this response varies over the scale of hours to days, culminating in an increased level of photosynthetic heat tolerance. These responses are important for survival of plants when confronted with heat waves amidst ongoing global climate change.

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TAGETES PATULA FLOWERS GROWN IN YAKUTIA AND IVANOVO REGION

The biochemical composition of primary and secondary metabolites of Tagetes patula flowers grown on the territory of Yakutia and Ivanovo region was studied. It has been shown that the content of essential nutrients such as proteins, lipids and water-soluble polysaccharides in T. patula flowers varied insignificantly. The qualitative composition of monosaccharides of water-soluble polysaccharides, the amino acid composition of proteins and the fatty acid composition of lipids did not differ in all the studied samples. The monosaccharide composition of water-soluble polysaccharides, the fatty acid composition of lipids, the amino acid composition of the proteins of T. patula flowers grown in Yakutia and the Ivanovo region have been established. In all studied samples of T. patula flowers, the following phenolic compounds were identified: tocopherol, isorhamnetin, laricitrin, quinine, gallic, chlorogenic and ellagic acids, as well as the following terpenoids: stigmasterol, sitosterol, α- and β-amirin. According to the research results, it was shown that the place of collection of T. patula flowers for the subsequent production of biologically active additives from them does not have a significant effect on their biochemical composition.

Investigation of the biopotential of products of hydrolysis of waste from cutting the white-legged shrimp Penaeus vannamei

The relevance of studying the biopotential of shrimp waste and their hydrolysates is due to the need for complex processing of secondary raw materials of aquatic organisms to obtain useful products. At the fish processing plant Vichyunai-Rus LLC when manufacturing food products from white-legged shrimp, up to 60 % of the mass of waste (cephalothorax, shell) remains. This raw material contains valuable organic components, but is not processed. The paper proposes its complex processing with the production of hydrolysates in two ways – high-temperature and enzymatic. During thermohydrolysis in the aquatic environment, three fractions are formed from shrimp waste (fatty, water-soluble and water-insoluble). After separation, the water-soluble fraction was sublimated, and the water-insoluble fraction was dried by convection. The fat fraction was further purified by washing in warm water. The general chemical composition of shrimp waste and hydrolysis products has been studied. It has been shown that water-soluble hydrolysates are a good source of protein components (66.6–71.6 %). In comparative studies of the amino acid composition of water-soluble hydrolysates, the presence of all essential amino acids is established with minor differences between the samples. Both hydrolysates are dominated by alanine, arginine, glycine, isoleucine, lysine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, valine (3.3–6.4 g/100 g of protein). In terms of formol-titratable nitrogen in fermentolisates, alkalase ferments shrimp waste more actively than collagenase. The fatty acid composition of lipids isolated by thermohydrolysis from shrimp waste has been analyzed. Shrimp oil is characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (44.7 %) with a relatively low content of omega-3 family acids (10.7 %) and a high content of omega-6 (33.9 %) at a ratio of 1 : 3.2 (close to the physiologically recommended). The organoleptic characteristics of water-soluble and water-insoluble shrimp hydrolysates have been studied. Due to the content of valuable biologically active components in hydrolyzates, their use as food and feed additives – sources of active peptides, high-molecular proteins, minerals and chitinous components – is recommended.

UV mutagenesis followed by hydrogen peroxide treatment ameliorates lipid production and omega-3 fatty acids levels in Chlorella sp.

The high potential Chlorella sp. was obtained after the UV mutation which produces higher biomass and lipid content than the wild type. The lipid content and biomass were increased from 34 to 48 % dry cell weight and 1.42 to 1.97 g/L respectively. Further, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment increased both biomass and lipid content in mutant, whereas wild type did not show any considerable change in both biomass and lipid content. A 3-fold increase in total lipid yield was observed after the H2O2 treatment in mutant when compared to the untreated wild type. H2O2 treatment also altered the fatty acid composition of lipids resulting in enhanced eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content. Overall results indicate that the strain improvement of Chlorella sp. by UV mutagenesis and oxidative stress by H2O2 treatment enhances the biomass and lipid content with high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Furthermore, the H2O2 treated mutant cells showed upregulation of the important genes involved in the fatty acid synthesis pathway.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS OBTAINED BY BIOCONVERSION OF PEA AND CHICKPEA SERUM

In this work, we studied the chemical composition of preparations obtained by bioconversion of carotenoid yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa of pea and chickpea whey, a secondary product of flour processing into food protein concentrate. In the process of growth, yeast assimilate carbohydrate, nitrogenous components and provided the chemical composition of biological products, allowing them to be attributed to the highest group of fodder yeast. The chemical composition of dry biomass from whey: total protein (Nx6.25) – 58.90–61.29%, fat – 1.20–2.31%, ash elements – 3.53–4.53%, soluble and insoluble fibers – 9.33–10.35% and 22.52–26.04%, respectively. The biological effectiveness of lipids based on the study of the fatty acid composition of lipids: the ratio of saturated:monoenoic:polyenoic fatty acids is characterized by the predominance of unsaturated acids – 17 : 62 : 18 in the pea preparation and 18 : 33 : 45 in the chickpea preparation. The pea preparation contains 2.4 times more ω-6 of linoleic acid, the chickpea preparation contains 2.5 times more oleic acid. The biological effectiveness of lipids was also confirmed by chromatographic analysis of the composition of carotenoid components, which is represented by phytoin, torulene, β-carotene, torularodine and phytoin. There is no phytoin in the chickpea biological product, but β-carotene is present in a larger amount (2.8 times). The biological value of biological products with a yield of 0.50–0.54 g/100 cm3 is confirmed by the amount of essential amino acids and their rate (114–278% for pea and 120–242% for chickpea biological products). For both drugs, there is no toxicity in experiments with the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, in the presence of which its active growth is observed. With a pea preparation, the growth factor is 29.1% higher than with distilled water, with a chickpea preparation it is 18.6% higher. In the body of animals, a biologically complete protein with essential amino acids, lipids and carotenoids in the composition of pea and chickpea preparations will actively participate in the metabolism not only as energy materials, but also as biologically active components in the synthesis of hormones, vitamins and other vital compounds.

Oxidative stress and protection against it in bacteria

Microorganisms are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are formed in various ways, in particular, as a result of respiration or other intracellular processes, during metal-catalyzed Fenton reactions, as a result of the action of UV- and X-radiation, under the influence of some antimicrobial drugs, or during the host immune oxidative-burst response against infection agents. In this review, we take a look at the mechanisms of microbial cell damage, including damage of lipids and proteins. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is one of the main molecular mechanisms involved in oxidative damage to cellular structures. A variety of products are formed during LPO reactions: alkoxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, hydroperoxides, diene conjugates, carbonyl compounds, aldehyde adducts with biopolymers, alcohols, esters, etc. These products include cytotoxic and highly reactive compounds. Free radical reactions of protein damage occur via hydrogen atom abstraction from α-carbon or SH-, NH2-groups of aminoacids and electron abstraction from nucleophile centers of proteins resulting in the fragmentation of proteins, their denaturation and the formation of amino acid radicals. Bacteria show a significant adaptive potential to the influence of stress agents, including ROS. We summarized the data on bacterial antioxidant protection, ROS redox sensors, and regulators of bacterial cell response to ROS exposure, focusing on the features of anaerobic microorganisms, as their responses to the oxidative damage are the least studied, and many problems remain unsolved. This review contains information about changes in fatty acid composition of lipids of the plasma membrane to maintain the necessary fluidity, and, thus, counteract the effects of various stressing agents, including ROS. The main modifications of the fatty acid composition of lipids important for the regulation of membrane fluidity are described, in particular, via changes in the degree of lipid saturation, cis/trans isomerization, and synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids.

The effect of storage temperature on the quality of avocado fruits from different climatic zones

Avocado is one of the most valuable products, as it is characterized by a high content of biologically active substances, including vitamins, mineral elements, fats, and dietary fibers. According to a complex of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators, the consumption properties of avocado fruits from different countries of origin, which are sold in Ukraine, have been investigated. Among the organoleptic indicators, the state of peel and pulp, taste, and smell has been determined according to the developed scoring scale. It has been established that the Haas type (Colombia) fruits have a light green pulp and a deep green peel that does not lag well behind the flesh, they are quite firm, the taste is watery, and there are no significant defects, the stem is not damaged. Haas (Israel) avocados had light green pulp and a brownish-black peel that separated from the flesh very well, with little evidence of pollination, a nice buttery flavour, and a nice texture. There is a slight peel defect (pollination mark) with an area of less than 4 cm2, which does not affect the fruit's flesh, and the stem is not damaged. The fruit of the Fuerte type (Israel) had a light green pulp and a deep-green peel that did not lag well behind the flesh, a somewhat grassy taste, and a loose flesh texture. The fruit had a defect in the peel (lens) with an area of less than 6 cm2, which does not affect the fruit's flesh, and the stem is not damaged. It has been found that the researched types of avocado fruits from different countries of origin differ in shape, size, and the ratio of peel, pulp, and stone. From the physicochemical parameters, the mass fraction of moisture, the content of dry soluble substances, active acidity, the content of ascorbic acid, and the fatty acid composition of lipids of avocado fruits have been determined.

SEED LIPIDS OF PUNICA GRANATUM L. CULTIVAR "KAYUM", GROWING IN UZBEKISTAN

This article presents the results of a study of the fatty acid composition of lipids of Punica granatum L. variety "Kayum", growing in the Kuva district of the Fergana region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The fatty acid composition of pomegranate seed lipids after conversion of the corresponding fatty acids into methyl esters was determined on an Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector using an HP-5 capillary column with a stationary phase. Neutral lipids were extracted from air-dried crushed seeds in gasoline using a Soxhlet apparatus. Chromatographic analysis of the oil made it possible to establish the presence of 18 saturated and unsaturated higher fatty acids. Seed oil of Punica granatum L. variety "Kayum" contains the richest set of unsaturated (total 94%) and saturated (total 6%) fatty acids. The main component of pomegranate seed oil is punicic acid (51.25%). Along with punicic acid, α-eleostearic (13.09%), β-eleostearic (10.36%) and catalpic acids (4.55%) were found, which belong to conjugated α-linolenic acids. Among unsaturated fatty acids, α-linoleic (7.15%) and oleic (6.51%) acids were also found. Saturated fatty acids are mainly represented by palmitic (3.11%), stearic (2.10%) and arachidonic (0.58%) acids. The remaining saturated and saturated fatty acids were characterized by a low content. The composition of fatty acids of polar glyco- and phospholipids was determined. Thus, the results of the study can provide valuable information for the development of drugs and nutritional supplements based on pomegranate seed oil of the variety"Kayum".

Taxonomy and diet determine the polar and neutral lipid fatty acid composition in deep-sea macrobenthic invertebrates

Taxonomy and diet determine the polar and neutral lipid fatty acid composition in deep-sea macrobenthic invertebrates

Study on the physicochemical indexes, nutritional quality, and flavor compounds of Trichiurus lepturus from three representative origins for geographical traceability.

Trichiurus lepturus (hairtail) is an important economic component of China's marine fishing industry. However, due to the difficulty in identifying the appearance of hairtail from different geographical distributions, hairtails with geographical indication trademarks were imitated by general varieties. In this study, the texture characteristics, color, basic nutrients, amino acids, mineral, fatty acids, and volatile flavor substances were used as indicators for multivariate statistical analysis to determine whether three origins of hairtails from the habitats of Zhoushan (East China Sea, T.Z), Hainan (South China Sea, T.N), and Qingdao (Yellow Sea, T.Q) in the market could be distinguished. The findings revealed that there were significant differences in amino acids composition, mineral composition, fatty acid composition in lipids, and volatile flavor substances among the hairtails of three origins (P < 0.05), but no differences in color, texture, protein content. T.Z had moisture, crude fat, essential amino acids (EAA), flavor amino acids (FAA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and docosahexaenoic acids and dicosapentaenoic acids (ΣEPA + DHA) contents of 74.33, 5.4%, 58.25 mg⋅g-1, 46.20 mg⋅g-1, 66.84 and 19.38%, respectively, and the contents of volatile alcohols, aldehydes and ketones were 7.44, 5.30, and 5.38%, respectively. T.N contains moisture, crude fat, EAA, FAA, UFA and ΣEPA + DHA as 77.69, 2.38%, 64.76 mg⋅g-1, 52.44 mg⋅g-1, 65.52 and 29.45%, respectively, and the contents of volatile alcohols, aldehydes and ketones as 3.21, 8.92, and 10.98%, respectively. T.Q had the contents of moisture, crude fat, EAA, FAA, UFA, and ΣEPA + DHA 79.69, 1.43%, 60.9 mg⋅g-1, and 49.42 mg⋅g-1, respectively. The contents of unsaturated fatty acid and ΣEPA + DHA were 63.75 and 26.12%, respectively, while the volatile alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were 5.14, 5.99, and 7.85%, respectively. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) multivariate statistical analysis showed that volatile flavor compounds could be used as the most ideal indicators for tracing the source of hairtail. In conclusion, the findings of this study can distinguish the three hairtail origins using some basic indicators, providing ideas for hairtail geographical identification.

Short communication: Effect of combined fungicide treatments on fatty acid content in Eisenia fetida earthworms

Aim of study: To study the toxic effects of a combined fungicide in Eisenia fetida earthworms and in its lipid fatty acid composition. Material and methods: We investigated the acute toxicity (LC50, 14 days) of a combined fungicide (active ingredients: carbendazim + cyproconazole) in Eisenia fetida using artificial substrate. The quantitative content of fatty acids (FAs) of body lipids was determined by the method of high-sensitivity gas chromatography. Main results: Moderate toxicity of the combined fungicide was determined for Eisenia fetida earthworms. Changes in behavioral response, biomass loss, and mortality of test objects were detected. A decrease in the content of saturated FAs was found. At the same time, an increase of long-chain polyunsaturated FAs content of ω6 and ω3 families, which are involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes, was revealed. Modulation of the lipid FAs profile in Eisenia fetida worms is explained by the participation of the FAs in the restructuring of the organism reactivity system under fungicidal load. Research highlights: The reorganization of the FA profile can be considered as an early criterion of metabolic perturbations in earthworms under the action of fungicides. Understanding the toxic potential of fungicides to organisms in soil ecosystems is essential for practical risk assessment in response to pesticide application.

PSXII-2 Effect of TG5 (c.-422C&amp;gt;T) Polymorphism on Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle Tissue in Bull

Abstract Intensive fat deposition is accompanied by an increased synthesis of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a decrease in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue. The TG5 (c.-422C &amp;gt;T) polymorphism is associated with fat metabolism in Bos Taurus. The aim of the research was to study the effect of TG5 (c.-422C &amp;gt;T) polymorphism on fatty acid composition of muscle tissue in Hereford bulls. Polymorphism TG5 (c.-422C &amp;gt;T) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. The fatty acid composition of lipids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography on a “Kristall-4000 Lux” chromatograph (Russia). Hereford bulls were slaughtered at 15 months of age. Two groups of bulls with TG5CC and TG5CT genotypes were formed according to the results of genotyping. The total share of SFA and MUFA in muscles of bulls with the TG5CC genotype was 71.2% and exceeded indicators of their peers by 1.0%. These data were consistent with increased synthesis of inter- and intramuscular fat, as well as subcutaneous adipose tissue. The TG5CT genotype was associated with better fat quality in terms of essential fatty acids content, which accounted for 29.8%. Bulls with TG5CT genotype outperformed their peers in content of palmitic by 0.74% and behenic by 0.02% among saturated fatty acids, palmitoleic by 0.67% among monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic by 1.07%, linolenic by 0.15 % and arachidonic by 0.05% among polyunsaturated fatty acids. The maximum content of stearic (by 1.72%) and oleic (by 0.72%) fatty acids was observed in the group with the TG5CC genotype. The greatest (by 0.08 units) ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids indicated the best quality of adipose tissue in TG5CT bulls. Thus, the increased intensity of fat deposition in TG5CC carriers had a negative impact on the quality of meat.

Comparative Fatty Acid Compositional Profiles of Rhodotorula toruloides Haploid and Diploid Strains under Various Storage Conditions

Microbial-based fatty acids (FAs), biofuels and oleochemicals are potential alternatives to fossil fuels and other non-renewable resources. Rhodotorula toruloides (formerly Rhodosporidium toruloides) is a basidiomycetous oleaginous yeast, and cells of the wild-type diploids can accumulate lipids to over 70 wt% on a dry cell weight basis in nutrient-limited conditions. Meanwhile, several haploid strains have been applied as hosts for producing high-value fatty acid derivatives through genetic modification and metabolic engineering. However, the differences in fatty acid compositional profiles and their stability between diploid and haploid strains remain unknown in this oleaginous yeast. Here, we grew a haploid strain R. toruloides NP11 and its parental diploid strain R. toruloides CGMCC 2.1389 (4#) under identical conditions and compared the profiles in terms of cell growth, lipid production, fatty acid compositions of lipids as well as storage stability of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). It was found that lipids from R. toruloides composed of fatty acids in terms of chain length ranged from short-chain FAs (C6–C9) to very long-chain FAs (VLCFAs, C20–C24) and some odd-chain FAs (C15 and C17), while long-chain fatty acids (C14–C18) were the most abundant ones. In addition, NP11 produced a little more (1 wt%) VLCFAs than that of the diploid strain 4#. Moreover, no major changes were found for FAMEs being held under varied storage conditions, suggesting that FAMEs samples were stable and robust for fatty acid compositional analysis of microbial lipids. This work revealed the fatty acid profiles of lipids from R. toruloides haploid and diploid strains, and their stability under various storage conditions. The information is valuable for reliable assessment of fatty acid compositions of lipids from oleaginous yeasts and related microbial cell factories.